The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. It is protected by three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord work together to coordinate actions and transmit sensory information through neural signals.
A complete discussion of fetal development, physiology
of the child immediately after birth, and growth and
development through the early years of life lies within the
province of formal courses in obstetrics and pediatrics.
However, many physiological principles are peculiar to
the infant, and this chapter discusses the more important
of these principles.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits sensory information using signals. It contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain weighs around 1,400 grams in adults and contains structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum that act as relay stations or control functions like appetite, sleep, and movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates internal organs.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptxcarolineouma6
The nervous system has approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The nervous system coordinates functions and sensory information by transmitting signals throughout the body. It has sensory functions of gathering information and motor functions of acting on decisions. The brain weighs approximately 1400g in adults and 1200g in elderly. The corpus callosum connects the brain hemispheres and transfers information between them.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Neuroanatomy and neuroscience_at_a_glance_2012_barker_revision_notesElsa von Licy
The document provides an overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system. It discusses the development of the nervous system and organization of the central nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. It also covers the cells of the nervous system including neurons and glial cells, as well as the physiology of neurons including ion channels, action potentials, neurotransmission, and sensory systems.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It begins by stating that the nervous system controls all body activities and is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves. It then provides details on the anatomy and cellular components of the nervous system, including neurons, neuroglia, the myelin sheath and different classifications of nerve fibers.
A complete discussion of fetal development, physiology
of the child immediately after birth, and growth and
development through the early years of life lies within the
province of formal courses in obstetrics and pediatrics.
However, many physiological principles are peculiar to
the infant, and this chapter discusses the more important
of these principles.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits sensory information using signals. It contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain weighs around 1,400 grams in adults and contains structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum that act as relay stations or control functions like appetite, sleep, and movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates internal organs.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptxcarolineouma6
The nervous system has approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The nervous system coordinates functions and sensory information by transmitting signals throughout the body. It has sensory functions of gathering information and motor functions of acting on decisions. The brain weighs approximately 1400g in adults and 1200g in elderly. The corpus callosum connects the brain hemispheres and transfers information between them.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Neuroanatomy and neuroscience_at_a_glance_2012_barker_revision_notesElsa von Licy
The document provides an overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system. It discusses the development of the nervous system and organization of the central nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. It also covers the cells of the nervous system including neurons and glial cells, as well as the physiology of neurons including ion channels, action potentials, neurotransmission, and sensory systems.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It begins by stating that the nervous system controls all body activities and is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves. It then provides details on the anatomy and cellular components of the nervous system, including neurons, neuroglia, the myelin sheath and different classifications of nerve fibers.
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It describes the nervous system as having two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The document also describes the basic types of cells that make up the nervous system - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia or glial cells, which support neurons. It provides details on the structure and function of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted.
definition of nervous system,distribution of nervous system in body,classification,Neuron structure and functions ,anatomy of glial cells and Types ,functions of Glial cells
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). There are two main types of neural cells: neurons, which process and transmit information, and neuroglia (also called glial cells or glia), which support and protect neurons. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, which can be chemical or electrical. The CNS is divided into gray matter, containing cell bodies, and white matter, containing myelinated axons.
Hi Guys, this PPT covers Nervous System for class 10th, Tamil Nadu state board.
To access similar content click the Blogger link below:
https://konjampadipoma.blogspot.com/
The nervous system is made up of nerves and cells that carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls functions like blood pressure, breathing, hormone levels, and behaviors. It is composed of neurons, neuroglia, and other supporting cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to control bodily functions and respond to internal and external stimuli.
Review of Nervous System, Unconsciousness, and CVA. The Nursing Core FunctionsAyinla Kazeem
This presentation was made at several sessions of Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme for Nigerian Nurses in Kwara State, and have undergone series of editing till date. While still working on the final editing to totally conform with global standard of practice, I deemed it necessary to share it in this forum.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key points include:
- The nervous system can be divided structurally into the CNS and PNS, and functionally into sensory, motor, and interneuron categories.
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in different shapes and sizes. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons.
- The spinal cord is part of the CNS and acts as an information conduit between the brain and body via spinal nerves. It facilitates reflexes through interconnected neurons in the gray matter
cerebrovascular accidents - types, causes and its managementVarunMahajani
This PowerPoint presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding cerebrovascular accidents types, stages of management, medical management, surgical management, nursing management, complications and their management
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the body. Neuroglial cells provide support and homeostasis for neurons. The document describes the main cell types of the peripheral and central nervous system, including Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and how they function. It also discusses the blood brain barrier, which regulates movement between the bloodstream and brain.
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system and its cells. It notes that the nervous system consists of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The basic functional units are neurons, which transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, which support and protect neurons. The key neuroglia are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells. Neurons have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The axon is insulated by a myelin sheath produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Diseases can damage neurons and neuroglia like in multiple
1. Full consciousness is an alert state where one is oriented to person, place, time and can comprehend language and think clearly.
2. A confused state involves disorientation and inability to think clearly or use sound judgment.
3. Lethargy is characterized by slowed speech, mental processing and motor activity while still maintaining some orientation.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support. The nervous system is organized into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into four lobes. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory.
The nervous system consists of two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The structures that make up the nervous system include neurons, neuroglia, the brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves. Neurons are specialized to conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to the neurons. The spinal cord is protected within the bony vertebral column and surrounded by three layers of meninges.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and adrenal medulla. It begins by describing the peripheral nerves, including the 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves. It then discusses the autonomic nervous system in more detail, including its role in involuntary functions. It describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their origins, neurotransmitters, and effects on various organs. The adrenal medulla is discussed as modified neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. Dual innervation of organs by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems allows for homeostatic balance.
In biology, the classical doctrine of the nervous system determines that it is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
This document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and classifying headaches. It discusses the structures in the head that can cause pain, mechanisms of headache transmission, and classification of primary vs secondary headaches. Primary headaches include migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches. Migraines are further classified as those with or without aura. Secondary headaches are etiology-based and require identifying underlying causes like sinusitis, meningitis, or brain tumors. A thorough history, physical exam, and selective testing can help diagnose the headache type and rule out serious underlying conditions.
More Related Content
Similar to anatomyandphysiologyofnersys-200901053003.pptx
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It describes the nervous system as having two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The document also describes the basic types of cells that make up the nervous system - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia or glial cells, which support neurons. It provides details on the structure and function of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted.
definition of nervous system,distribution of nervous system in body,classification,Neuron structure and functions ,anatomy of glial cells and Types ,functions of Glial cells
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). There are two main types of neural cells: neurons, which process and transmit information, and neuroglia (also called glial cells or glia), which support and protect neurons. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, which can be chemical or electrical. The CNS is divided into gray matter, containing cell bodies, and white matter, containing myelinated axons.
Hi Guys, this PPT covers Nervous System for class 10th, Tamil Nadu state board.
To access similar content click the Blogger link below:
https://konjampadipoma.blogspot.com/
The nervous system is made up of nerves and cells that carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls functions like blood pressure, breathing, hormone levels, and behaviors. It is composed of neurons, neuroglia, and other supporting cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to control bodily functions and respond to internal and external stimuli.
Review of Nervous System, Unconsciousness, and CVA. The Nursing Core FunctionsAyinla Kazeem
This presentation was made at several sessions of Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme for Nigerian Nurses in Kwara State, and have undergone series of editing till date. While still working on the final editing to totally conform with global standard of practice, I deemed it necessary to share it in this forum.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key points include:
- The nervous system can be divided structurally into the CNS and PNS, and functionally into sensory, motor, and interneuron categories.
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in different shapes and sizes. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons.
- The spinal cord is part of the CNS and acts as an information conduit between the brain and body via spinal nerves. It facilitates reflexes through interconnected neurons in the gray matter
cerebrovascular accidents - types, causes and its managementVarunMahajani
This PowerPoint presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding cerebrovascular accidents types, stages of management, medical management, surgical management, nursing management, complications and their management
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the body. Neuroglial cells provide support and homeostasis for neurons. The document describes the main cell types of the peripheral and central nervous system, including Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and how they function. It also discusses the blood brain barrier, which regulates movement between the bloodstream and brain.
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system and its cells. It notes that the nervous system consists of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The basic functional units are neurons, which transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, which support and protect neurons. The key neuroglia are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells. Neurons have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The axon is insulated by a myelin sheath produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Diseases can damage neurons and neuroglia like in multiple
1. Full consciousness is an alert state where one is oriented to person, place, time and can comprehend language and think clearly.
2. A confused state involves disorientation and inability to think clearly or use sound judgment.
3. Lethargy is characterized by slowed speech, mental processing and motor activity while still maintaining some orientation.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support. The nervous system is organized into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into four lobes. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory.
The nervous system consists of two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The structures that make up the nervous system include neurons, neuroglia, the brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves. Neurons are specialized to conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to the neurons. The spinal cord is protected within the bony vertebral column and surrounded by three layers of meninges.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and adrenal medulla. It begins by describing the peripheral nerves, including the 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves. It then discusses the autonomic nervous system in more detail, including its role in involuntary functions. It describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their origins, neurotransmitters, and effects on various organs. The adrenal medulla is discussed as modified neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. Dual innervation of organs by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems allows for homeostatic balance.
In biology, the classical doctrine of the nervous system determines that it is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
Similar to anatomyandphysiologyofnersys-200901053003.pptx (20)
This document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and classifying headaches. It discusses the structures in the head that can cause pain, mechanisms of headache transmission, and classification of primary vs secondary headaches. Primary headaches include migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches. Migraines are further classified as those with or without aura. Secondary headaches are etiology-based and require identifying underlying causes like sinusitis, meningitis, or brain tumors. A thorough history, physical exam, and selective testing can help diagnose the headache type and rule out serious underlying conditions.
Stroke power point presentation copy.pptxRahulJankar4
1) Acute ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke and time is critical for treatment. The earlier treatment can begin, the better the outcomes.
2) Thrombolysis using rtPA is the standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke but it is still underused. Reducing the door-to-needle time to under 60 minutes is the most important factor for improving patient outcomes.
3) RtPA works by disrupting blood clots. It is administered as a 10% bolus followed by a 90% infusion over 60 minutes. Close monitoring of blood pressure and neurological status is required during and after treatment due to risk of hemorrhage.
Primary headache types and management gate02.pptxRahulJankar4
Primary headaches are caused by traction, inflammation or vascular changes affecting pain-sensitive structures in the head or neck. They include migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches. Migraines typically cause moderate to severe throbbing pain that is worsened by activity along with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia. They are often relieved by sleep, vomiting or pressing on the temporal artery. Tension headaches cause mild to moderate non-pulsing pain that does not worsen with activity. Cluster headaches are characterized by severe, explosive pain around one eye and are associated with tearing and congestion.
Acute thrombolysis in Stroke PPT Dr Jankar copy.RahulJankar4
This document discusses protocols for treating acute ischemic stroke with intravenous thrombolysis (IV tPA). It emphasizes that reducing time from hospital arrival to tPA treatment (door-to-needle time) is critical, as earlier treatment leads to better patient outcomes. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is used to quantify stroke severity and monitor for deterioration, and online certification is available. Intravenous tPA should be administered as a 10% bolus followed by a 60 minute infusion at 0.9 mg/kg, with blood pressure and neurological monitoring during and after treatment.
Actilyse_E2E_IV thrombolysis in high-risk AIS patients_V2.pptxRahulJankar4
This document discusses intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in high-risk acute ischemic stroke patients. It begins by reviewing the evidence from major clinical trials that established alteplase as the standard of care for stroke thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. It then examines the evidence for thrombolysis in several high-risk patient profiles, including those with cardioembolic stroke, recent myocardial infarction, baseline hyperglycemia, and hypertension. For hypertension, it discusses management to control blood pressure before and after thrombolysis to reduce hemorrhagic risks while maintaining cerebral perfusion. The document concludes that alteplase is effective and safe for thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients with baseline blood
This document discusses neurosyphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum that affects the nervous system. It describes four clinical types of neurosyphilis: asymptomatic neurosyphilis, meningovascular neurosyphilis, Tabes dorsalis, and general paralysis of insane. For each type, it outlines the characteristic symptoms, areas of the nervous system affected, and progression over time. The document also covers investigations, medical management using penicillin, and principles of physiotherapy assessment and management focusing on strengthening, balance/coordination exercises, and improving functional capacity.
Taking Charge after Stroke (TaCAS) is an effective intervention for improving outcomes for people living in the community after a stroke. It aims to spark intrinsic motivation by putting the person with stroke "in the driving seat" and focusing on their dreams and goals beyond just the stroke. The TaCAS trial found Take Charge improved quality of life, independence, and participation at 6 and 12 months follow-up compared to usual care. It was effective with as few as one session and showed better results with two sessions. Take Charge is a low-cost, easy to deliver intervention that can change clinical practice by supporting better long-term stroke recovery outcomes through enhancing intrinsic motivation.
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and affects over 12 million people in India. Risk factors in India include febrile seizures, head injury, and developmental delay. Management involves classifying epilepsy based on seizure type and etiology. First-line treatments include levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and lacosamide. Levetiracetam is effective for focal seizures, epilepsy in the elderly, and children. Lamotrigine reduces seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Oxcarbazepine has similar efficacy to carbamazepine with fewer side effects. Lacosamide has a low interaction potential. Midazolam nasal spray and clobaz
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It defines stroke as an abrupt neurological deficit caused by a focal vascular issue. Strokes are classified as either ischemic, due to thrombosis, embolism or hypoperfusion, or hemorrhagic, caused by intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Common risk factors for stroke include age, gender, heredity, previous vascular events, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and oral contraceptives. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation for neurological deficits or risk factors and imaging tests like CT/MRI to identify vascular lesions and determine if the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic. Further tests may be
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It discusses how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The nervous system performs sensory, integrative and motor functions through neurons and neuroglial cells. It transmits signals through nerve impulses conducted along neurons.
This document summarizes different diseases of skeletal muscle including:
1) Neurogenic atrophy which is caused by damage to peripheral nerves or motor neurons. It results in muscle fiber atrophy and grouping.
2) Muscular dystrophies which are genetic disorders of the sarcolemma including Duchenne muscular dystrophy characterized by loss of dystrophin and inflammation.
3) Metabolic myopathies such as McArdle disease caused by glycogen breakdown defects and mitochondrial myopathies with accumulation of abnormal mitochondria.
4) Inflammatory myopathies such as dermatomyositis with skin rashes and perivascular inflammation and inclusion body myositis seen in older adults.
1. The first goal is to determine the site of the lesion by examining the distribution and pattern of weakness. Common patterns include proximal limb-girdle weakness, distal weakness, proximal arm/distal leg weakness, and distal arm/proximal leg weakness.
2. The second goal is to determine the cause by taking a thorough history including symptoms, temporal evolution, family history, and associated systemic features. Precipitating factors can provide clues to specific disorders.
3. The third goal is to determine if a specific treatment exists and if not, optimally manage symptoms to maximize function and quality of life. A pattern-recognition approach using historical and examination findings helps narrow the differential diagnosis.
The document provides guidance on performing and documenting a neurologic exam. It outlines the key components to assess including mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, reflexes, sensation, cerebellar function, and gait. For each component, it describes the specific tests or maneuvers to perform and how to grade or characterize the findings. The goal is to provide a thorough yet concise neurologic exam that accurately documents any abnormalities.
Dementia is a serious brain disease that affects memory and daily functioning, and gets worse over time. It has many potential causes, including Alzheimer's disease, strokes, Parkinson's disease, head injuries, and certain medical conditions or medications. Symptoms start with memory problems but eventually impair a person's ability to live independently. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. People should speak to their doctor if they have any concerns about dementia symptoms.
Protocols For Organ Donation powerpoint format.pptxRahulJankar4
This document provides guidelines for the management of potential organ donors. It begins with definitions of brain death and potential organ donor. It then discusses the history and criteria for determining brain death, including the Harvard criteria from 1968 and the Uniform Determination of Death Act from 1981. The document outlines the tests used to diagnose brain stem death in India, including neurological exams and the apnea test. It notes the physiological changes that occur after brain stem death and provides guidelines for multisystem management and care of the potential organ donor to optimize organ donation.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. INTRODUCTION
01-09-2020 2
The nervous system is a highly complex
part of an animal that coordinates its
actions and
transmitting
sensory information by
signals to and from
different parts of its body.
7. The nervous system has approximately
01-09-2020 7
10 million
information
sensory neurons that send
about the internal and
external environment to the brain and
500,000 motor neurons that control the
muscles and glands.
11. • Ganglia are ovoid structures containing cell bodies of neurons
and glial cells supported by connective tissue. Ganglia function like
relay stations - one nerve enters and an other exits.
01-09-2020 11
17. The brain accounts for approximately 2% of
the total body weight; it weighs
approximately 1,400 g in an average young
adult. In the elderly, the average brain weighs
approximately 1,200 g.
01-09-2020 17
20. •Information transferred includes sensation,
memory, and learned discrimination.
•Right-handed people and some left-handed
people have cerebral dominance on the left
01-09-2020 20
side of the brain for verbal,
and
linguistic,
analytic
arithmetical, calculating,
functions.
•The non-dominant hemisphere is responsible
for geometric, spatial, visual pattern, and
musical functions.
28. The thalamus lies on either side of the
third ventricle and acts primarily as a relay
station for all sensation except smell. All
memory, sensation, and pain impulses also
pass through this section of the brain.
01-09-2020 28
29. •The hypothalamus is located anterior and
inferior to the thalamus. The
hypothalamus lies immediately beneath
and lateral to the lower portion of the
wall of the third ventricle.
01-09-2020 29
30. •It includes the optic chiasm (the point at which
the two optic tracts cross) and the mamillary
01-09-2020 30
emotional response
bodies (involved in olfactory
to
reflexes and
odors). The
infundibulum of the hypothalamus connects
it to the posterior pituitary gland.
31. •Plays an important role in the endocrine
system because it regulates the pituitary
secretion of hormones that influence
metabolism, reproduction, stress
response, and urine production.
01-09-2020 31
32. by promoting
01-09-2020 32
•Maintain fluid balance
•Maintains temperature regulation
vasoconstriction or vasodilatation
•Site of the hunger center and is involved in appetite
control
33. •Centers for regulating the sleep–wake cycle,
01-09-2020 33
blood pressure, aggressive and
behavior, and emotional responses
sexual
(i.e.,
blushing, rage, depression, panic, and fear)
•Controls and regulates the autonomic nervous
system
37. •Nerve fibers from all portions of the cortex
converge in each hemisphere and exit in the
form of a tight bundle of nerve fibers known as
the internal capsule.
•Having entered the pons and the medulla, each
bundle crosses to the corresponding bundle from
th0
e
1-09-2
o
020pposite side. 37
40. •The midbrain connects the pons and the
cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres; it
contains sensory and motor pathways and
serves as the center for auditory and visual
reflexes. Cranial nerves III and IV originate in
the midbrain.
01-09-2020 40
41. •The pons is situated in front of the cerebellum
between the midbrain and the medulla and is a
bridge between the two halves of the cerebellum,
and between the medulla and the cerebrum. Cranial
nerves V to VIII connect to the brain in the pons. The
01-09-2020 41
Portions of the
pons contains motor
pons
and sensory pathways.
also control the heart,
respiration, and blood pressure.
42. • The medulla oblongata contains motor fibers from the brain to
the spinal cord and sensory fibers from the spinal cord to the
brain. Most of these fibers cross, or decussate, at this level.
Cranial nerves IX through XII connect to the brain in the
medulla.
01-09-2020 42
44. •The cerebellum is separated from the cerebral
hemispheres by a fold of dura mater, the tentorium
cerebelli. The cerebellum has both
inhibitory actions and is largely
coordination of movement. It also controls
01-09-2020 44
excitatory and
responsible for
fine
movement, balance, position sense (awareness of where
each part of the body is), and integration of sensory
input.
46. Structures protecting the brain
The meninges (fibrous connective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord)
provide protection, support, and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.
01-09-2020 46
49. Dura mater
•It is the outermost layer and covers the
brain and the spinal cord. It is tough,
thick, inelastic, fibrous, and gray.
•There are four extensions of the dura:
The falx cerebri, which separates the
two hemispheres in a longitudinal
plane.
01-09-2020 49
50. The tentorium, which is an infolding of the
dura that forms a tough membranous shelf.
The falx cerebelli, which is between the
two lateral lobes of the cerebellum.
The diaphragm sellae, which provides a
“roof” for the sella turcica.
01-09-2020 50
51. • When excess pressure occurs in the cranial cavity, brain tissue may be
compressed against the tentorium or displaced downward, a process
called herniation.
01-09-2020 51
52. •Arachnoid
It is the middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate
membrane that closely resembles a spider web (hence the
name arachnoid). It appears white because it has no blood
supply.
The arachnoid layer contains the choroid plexus, which is
responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
01-09-2020 52
53. •This membrane also has unique fingerlike projections,
arachnoid villi, that absorb CSF.
•In the normal adult, approximately 500 mL of CSF is
produced each day but 125 to 150 mL is absorbed by
the villi.
01-09-2020 53
55. •When blood enters the system (from trauma or
haemorrhagic stroke), the villi become obstructed and
hydrocephalus (increased size of ventricles) may result.
•Pia mater—It is the innermost membrane; a thin,
transparent layer that lies closely to brain and extends
into every fold of the brain’s surface.
01-09-2020 55
58. •The ventricular and subarachnoid system contains
approximately 125 to 150 mL of fluid, while 15 to 25
mL of CSF is located in each lateral ventricle.
•The composition of CSF is similar to other extracellular
fluids (such as blood plasma), but the concentrations
of the various constituents are different.
01-09-2020 58
59. •The analysis and laboratory report of CSF usually
contains information on color, specific gravity, protein
count, white blood cell count, glucose, and other
electrolyte levels; it may also be tested for
immunoglobulins or lactate.
•Normal CSF contains a minimal number of white blood
cells and no red blood cells.
01-09-2020 59
60. Cerebral circulation
01-09-2020 60
•The cerebral circulation receives approximately 15% of
the cardiac output. The brain does not store nutrients
and has a high metabolic demand that requires the
high blood flow.
61. •In contrast to other organs that may tolerate
decreases in blood flow because of their adequate
collateral circulation, the brain lacks additional
collateral blood flow, which may result in irreversible
tissue damage when blood flow is occluded for even
short periods of time.
01-09-2020 61
64. veins and
01-09-2020 64
Cerebral
sinuses are unique
because, unlike other
the body,
not have
veins in
they do
valves to
blood from
backward
depend
prevent
flowing
and
on both
and blood
gravity
pressure.
65. Blood–brain barrier
01-09-2020 65
• The CNS is inaccessible to many substances that circulate in the
blood plasma (e.g., dyes, medications, and antibiotics). After
being injected into the blood, many substances cannot reach the
neurons of the CNS because of the blood–brain barrier. This
barrier is formed by the endothelial cells of the brain’s capillaries,
which form continuous tight junctions, creating a barrier to
macromolecules and many compounds.
66. •All substances entering the CSF must filter through
the capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes. Often
altered by trauma, cerebral oedema, and cerebral
hypoxemia, the blood–brain barrier has implications
in the treatment and selection of medication for CNS
disorders as well as serving a protective function.
01-09-2020 66
68. • Brain waves are
rhythmic
fluctuation of
electric potential
between parts of
the brain as seen
on an
electroencephalo
gram (EEG). To
measure brain
waves electrodes
are placed
the scalp
onto
using
the EEG.
01-09-2020 68
69. Anatomy of the spinal cord
•Approximately 45 cm (18 in)
long and about the thickness of
a finger, it extends from the
foramen magnum at the base of
the skull to the lower border of
the first lumbar vertebra, where
it tapers to a fibrous band called
the conus medullaris.
01-09-2020 69
70. • Continuing below the second lumbar space are the nerve roots
that extend beyond the conus, which are called the cauda
equina because they resemble a horse’s tail. Similar to the
brain, the spinal cord consists of gray and white matter.
01-09-2020 70
76. 01-09-2020 76
The vertebrae
are separated
by disks,
except for the
and
first
second
cervical, the
sacral, and the
coccygeal
vertebrae.
77. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The peripheral nervous system includes
the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and
the autonomic nervous system.
01-09-2020 77
79. Three are
entirely sensory
(I, II, VIII), five
VI, XI,
and
mixed
are motor (III,
IV, and
XII), four
are (V,
VII, IX, and X) as
they have both
and
sensory
motor
functions.
01-09-2020 79
81. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
•The autonomic nervous system regulates the activities
of internal organs such as the heart, lungs, blood
vessels, digestive organs, and glands. Maintenance
and restoration of internal homeostasis is largely the
responsibility of the autonomic nervous system.
01-09-2020 81
83. •Sympathetic stimuli are mediated by nor-epinephrine and
parasympathetic impulses are mediated by acetylcholine.
•Sympathetic neurons are located in the thoracic and the
lumbar segments of the spinal cord; their axons, or the pre-
ganglionic fibers, emerge by way of anterior nerve roots
from the eighth cervical or first thoracic segment to the
second or third lumbar segment.
01-09-2020 83
84. Sympathetic Syndromes
•Dilation of the pupil of the eye on the same side as a
penetrating wound of the neck (evidence of disturbance of
the cervical sympathetic cord)
•Temporary paralysis of the bowel (indicated by the
absence of peristaltic waves and the distention of the
intestine by gas) after fracture of any one of the lower
dorsal or upper lumbar vertebrae with hemorrhage into
the base of the mesentery
•Marked variations in pulse rate and rhythm that often
follow compression fractures of the upper six thoracic
vertebrae.
01-09-2020 84
88. •Coordination of Movement. The smoothness,
accuracy, and strength that characterize the
muscular movements of a normal person are
attributable to the influence of the
cerebellum and the basal ganglia.
01-09-2020 88
89. SENSORY SYSTEM FUNCTION
01-09-2020 89
Integrating Sensory Impulses
• The thalamus integrates all sensory impulses except
olfaction. It plays a role in the conscious awareness of pain
and the recognition of variation in temperature and touch.
The thalamus is responsible for the sense of movement and
position and the ability to recognize the size, shape, and
quality of objects.
90. Receiving Sensory Impulses
• Afferent impulses travel from their points of origin to their
destinations in the cerebral cortex via the ascending pathways
directly, or they may cross at the level of the spinal cord or in
the medulla, depending on the type of sensation that is
registered. Sensory information may be integrated at the level
of the spinal cord or may be relayed to the brain.
01-09-2020 90
91. Sensory Losses
• Destruction of a sensory nerve results in total loss of sensation in
its area of distribution. Transection of the spinal cord yields
complete anesthesia below the level of injury. Selective destruction
or degeneration of the posterior columns of the spinal cord is
responsible for a loss of position and vibratory sense in segments
distal to the lesion, without loss of touch, pain, or temperature
perception.
01-09-2020 91
93. CONCLUSION
• As discussed throughout the presentation, learning about anatomy
and physiology of brain and spinal cord will help nurses to
understand the functioning of nervous system and various
neurological disorders.
• Nurses can do neurological assessment of patients, observe the
sign and symptoms, provide the necessary nursing care, prevent
mplications and support the patient psychologically.
an
01-y
09-2c
02o
0 93
94. REFERENCES
01-09-2020 94
1.Janice L. Hinkle, Kerry H. Cheever. Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of
Medical Surgical Nursing. 2015. New Delhi. Wolters Kluwer.13th Edition.
Volume 1. Pg. no.1821-1834.
2.Lewis. Medical Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of clinical
problems.2015. New Delhi. Elsevier. 2nd Edition. Volume II. Pg. no.1391-
1400.
3.Joyce M. Black, Jane Hokanson Hawks. Medical Surgical Nursing Clinical
Management of Positive Outcomes.2015. New Delhi. Reed Elsevier India
Private Limited. Volume II. Pg. No. 1330-1331.
4.B D Chaurasia. HUMAN ANATOMY Regional and applied dissection and
clinical. 2010. New Delhi. CBS Publishers. 5th edition. Volume 3. Pg. no. 315-
449.