The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits sensory information using signals. It contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain weighs around 1,400 grams in adults and contains structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum that act as relay stations or control functions like appetite, sleep, and movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates internal organs.
The nervous system is comprised of neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit electro-chemical signals while glial cells provide support. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into four lobes which control different functions and is separated into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body and controls both voluntary and involuntary functions.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support. The nervous system is organized into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into four lobes. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. It is protected by three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord work together to coordinate actions and transmit sensory information through neural signals.
A complete discussion of fetal development, physiology
of the child immediately after birth, and growth and
development through the early years of life lies within the
province of formal courses in obstetrics and pediatrics.
However, many physiological principles are peculiar to
the infant, and this chapter discusses the more important
of these principles.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Review of Nervous System, Unconsciousness, and CVA. The Nursing Core FunctionsAyinla Kazeem
This presentation was made at several sessions of Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme for Nigerian Nurses in Kwara State, and have undergone series of editing till date. While still working on the final editing to totally conform with global standard of practice, I deemed it necessary to share it in this forum.
The nervous system is comprised of neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit electro-chemical signals while glial cells provide support. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into four lobes which control different functions and is separated into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body and controls both voluntary and involuntary functions.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support. The nervous system is organized into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into four lobes. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. It is protected by three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord work together to coordinate actions and transmit sensory information through neural signals.
A complete discussion of fetal development, physiology
of the child immediately after birth, and growth and
development through the early years of life lies within the
province of formal courses in obstetrics and pediatrics.
However, many physiological principles are peculiar to
the infant, and this chapter discusses the more important
of these principles.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Review of Nervous System, Unconsciousness, and CVA. The Nursing Core FunctionsAyinla Kazeem
This presentation was made at several sessions of Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme for Nigerian Nurses in Kwara State, and have undergone series of editing till date. While still working on the final editing to totally conform with global standard of practice, I deemed it necessary to share it in this forum.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the command center interpreting sensory information and controlling motor functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin through sensory and motor nerves. Key components of the CNS include the brain, neurons, spinal cord, and sensory organs. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and other regions that control various functions.
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the central nervous system. It discusses the brain regions including the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. It also covers the spinal cord, protective coverings, blood supply, common disorders like strokes, and the cranial nerves.
The document outlines the major regions and structures of the brain and cranial nerves. It discusses that the brain weighs around 3 pounds and is divided into four main regions: the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is the largest region and is divided into left and right hemispheres, which are further divided into five functional lobes. The brain and cranial nerves are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
The document discusses the brain and cranial nerves. It provides details on:
- The four major regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
- The organization of brain tissue into gray and white matter.
- Structures that protect and support the brain, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
- Functional areas of the cerebrum including motor, sensory, and association areas and their locations within the brain's lobes.
The third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve, originates from nuclei located in the midbrain and controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the iris and ciliary body. It is responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation. Damage to the third cranial nerve results in ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis, and loss of accommodation due to paralysis of the extraocular muscles, sphincter pupillae, and ciliary body respectively.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, accounting for about 3% of body weight. It is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that allow for sensory input, integration of information, and motor output responses. Within the CNS, the brain is the largest organ and contains regions like the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum that are involved in higher functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs through nerves and ganglia.
The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) originates in the midbrain. It contains motor fibers that innervate four of the six extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris and the intraocular muscles that control the pupil and lens. The nerve exits the midbrain and travels through the cavernous sinus before dividing into superior and inferior branches in the orbit. The inferior branch provides motor input to three extraocular muscles and also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion which controls pupil constriction and accommodation.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human brain. It describes the brain's four major regions - the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and five lobes. The brain is associated with 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The document outlines the brain's organization into gray matter and white matter and discusses structures that support and protect the brain like the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier. It provides details on the cerebrum's functional areas including motor, sensory, and association areas.
Hi Guys, this PPT covers Nervous System for class 10th, Tamil Nadu state board.
To access similar content click the Blogger link below:
https://konjampadipoma.blogspot.com/
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
cerebrovascular accidents - types, causes and its managementVarunMahajani
This PowerPoint presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding cerebrovascular accidents types, stages of management, medical management, surgical management, nursing management, complications and their management
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the development of the central nervous system from the neural tube, and defines the major subdivisions of the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the types of neurons and glial cells, their roles, and the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system like the meninges and blood-brain barrier.
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three layers of tissue (the meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Blood enters the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and drains into venous sinuses which form the jugular veins. The blood brain barrier regulates what substances can enter the brain by restricting passage through tight junctions between endothelial cells.
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve). It begins by describing the origin and course of the nerve, including its nuclei in the midbrain and pathways through the brainstem and cavernous sinus. It then discusses the individual branches and functions of the nerve in innervating the extraocular muscles and parasympathetic fibers to the eye. The summary concludes by noting that damage to the third cranial nerve can cause a total third nerve palsy presenting with ptosis, external eye movement limitations, pupil dilation and loss of accommodation.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The document provides information on the nervous system, including its main divisions and components. It discusses:
1) The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is divided into somatic and autonomic systems.
2) The autonomic nervous system has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which work in opposition to activate the body during stress and restore it to resting state.
3) The brain is the control center of the body and is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It is protected by meninges and
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the command center interpreting sensory information and controlling motor functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin through sensory and motor nerves. Key components of the CNS include the brain, neurons, spinal cord, and sensory organs. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and other regions that control various functions.
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the central nervous system. It discusses the brain regions including the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. It also covers the spinal cord, protective coverings, blood supply, common disorders like strokes, and the cranial nerves.
The document outlines the major regions and structures of the brain and cranial nerves. It discusses that the brain weighs around 3 pounds and is divided into four main regions: the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is the largest region and is divided into left and right hemispheres, which are further divided into five functional lobes. The brain and cranial nerves are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
The document discusses the brain and cranial nerves. It provides details on:
- The four major regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
- The organization of brain tissue into gray and white matter.
- Structures that protect and support the brain, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
- Functional areas of the cerebrum including motor, sensory, and association areas and their locations within the brain's lobes.
The third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve, originates from nuclei located in the midbrain and controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the iris and ciliary body. It is responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation. Damage to the third cranial nerve results in ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis, and loss of accommodation due to paralysis of the extraocular muscles, sphincter pupillae, and ciliary body respectively.
The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems, accounting for about 3% of body weight. It is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains billions of neurons and neuroglia that allow for sensory input, integration of information, and motor output responses. Within the CNS, the brain is the largest organ and contains regions like the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum that are involved in higher functions. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs through nerves and ganglia.
The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) originates in the midbrain. It contains motor fibers that innervate four of the six extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris and the intraocular muscles that control the pupil and lens. The nerve exits the midbrain and travels through the cavernous sinus before dividing into superior and inferior branches in the orbit. The inferior branch provides motor input to three extraocular muscles and also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion which controls pupil constriction and accommodation.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human brain. It describes the brain's four major regions - the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and five lobes. The brain is associated with 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The document outlines the brain's organization into gray matter and white matter and discusses structures that support and protect the brain like the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier. It provides details on the cerebrum's functional areas including motor, sensory, and association areas.
Hi Guys, this PPT covers Nervous System for class 10th, Tamil Nadu state board.
To access similar content click the Blogger link below:
https://konjampadipoma.blogspot.com/
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
cerebrovascular accidents - types, causes and its managementVarunMahajani
This PowerPoint presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding cerebrovascular accidents types, stages of management, medical management, surgical management, nursing management, complications and their management
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the development of the central nervous system from the neural tube, and defines the major subdivisions of the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the types of neurons and glial cells, their roles, and the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system like the meninges and blood-brain barrier.
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three layers of tissue (the meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Blood enters the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and drains into venous sinuses which form the jugular veins. The blood brain barrier regulates what substances can enter the brain by restricting passage through tight junctions between endothelial cells.
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve). It begins by describing the origin and course of the nerve, including its nuclei in the midbrain and pathways through the brainstem and cavernous sinus. It then discusses the individual branches and functions of the nerve in innervating the extraocular muscles and parasympathetic fibers to the eye. The summary concludes by noting that damage to the third cranial nerve can cause a total third nerve palsy presenting with ptosis, external eye movement limitations, pupil dilation and loss of accommodation.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The document provides information on the nervous system, including its main divisions and components. It discusses:
1) The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is divided into somatic and autonomic systems.
2) The autonomic nervous system has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which work in opposition to activate the body during stress and restore it to resting state.
3) The brain is the control center of the body and is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It is protected by meninges and
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres and controls functions like reasoning and movement. The brain stem regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Glial cells support neurons. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins in blood circulation.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document provides an overview of preeclampsia and eclampsia. It begins with an introduction and outlines risk factors and classifications. It then describes clinical features such as hypertension and proteinuria. The pathophysiology section explains how abnormal placentation leads to reduced blood flow and imbalance of prostaglandins. Complications are also discussed, including renal failure, pulmonary edema, and intrauterine growth restriction. The document provides information on diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This seminar presentation discusses hypersensitivity reactions, which are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to benign antigens. It covers the objectives, mechanisms, classification, complications, and references related to hypersensitivity reactions. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity, Type III involves immune complex formation and deposition, and Type IV involves T-cell mediated reactions. The presentation provides examples and details of each type of hypersensitivity reaction and their clinical implications.
This document discusses inflammation. It defines inflammation as the body's local response to injury or infection aimed at eliminating the cause of injury and initiating repair. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The early response involves vasodilation and increased permeability, causing swelling. The late response involves neutrophils in acute inflammation and macrophages in chronic cases, which work to destroy pathogens and initiate healing. Understanding inflammation is important for diagnosing conditions like appendicitis and treating diseases.
This document provides an overview of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), for nursing students. It defines RDS as a lack of pulmonary surfactant, outlines its pathophysiology and risk factors. The document discusses the clinical presentation of RDS, including respiratory distress, radiographic findings and laboratory abnormalities. It also covers diagnosis, differential diagnoses, treatment including surfactant replacement and supportive care, complications and prevention of RDS through antenatal corticosteroids.
1. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, characterized by fluid and protein exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation is slower in onset and longer lasting, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis.
2. The key features of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the site of injury. Chronic inflammation features mononuclear cell infiltration, persistent tissue damage, and attempts to repair through fibrosis and angiogenesis.
3. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen with certain infections, featuring focal collections of activated macrophages that develop an epithelial-like appearance known
Cellular injury can result in adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis, or intracellular accumulation. The outcome depends on the injurious agent and cell type. Adaptations include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Reversible injury includes fatty changes and pigment accumulation. Necrosis is cell death resulting from hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or calcium influx. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrenous. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy. It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that spreads to involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Common causes are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and past gynecological procedures. Symptoms can range from mild to severe abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and tests. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is defined as implantation outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. Causes may include anatomical obstructions or abnormalities in the fallop
The document discusses acid-base balance and disturbances. It defines the two main buffer systems - metabolic (kidneys) and respiratory (lungs) - that work to maintain blood pH between 7.35-7.45. Five primary acid-base imbalances are described: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and mixed disturbances. Diagnosis involves blood tests including arterial blood gases and electrolytes to classify the disturbance based on pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause rather than just the pH effect.
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It defines autoimmune diseases as conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. The causes include genetic factors, environmental triggers like infections, and defects in immunologic tolerance. Some specific autoimmune diseases discussed are rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, and systemic sclerosis. The mechanisms, clinical features, pathology, and treatment options are described for each condition.
Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events may result from problems in practice, products, procedures or systems. Improving patient safety demands a complex, system-wide effort involving performance improvement, risk management, infection control, safe clinical practices, and a safe environment of care. Unsafe injections expose millions of people to infections worldwide each year. Ensuring single-use injection devices and safety boxes are available in every healthcare facility can prevent reuse and unsafe waste disposal.
The document discusses integumentary disorders and provides information on the anatomy and functions of the skin. It describes common skin conditions like eczema, acne, and psoriasis. Eczema is characterized by redness, dryness, and itching. Acne presents as inflamed papules and pustules on the face and back. Psoriasis causes thickened red patches covered with silvery scales. The document outlines signs, causes, and management approaches for various dermatological disorders and skin lesions.
A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including the major glands and hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which regulate many other endocrine glands. Other glands covered include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, and pineal. The document outlines how to assess endocrine disorders and lists some common laboratory studies. It also provides details on diabetes mellitus, describing the main types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiac and abdominal examination. It outlines the objectives, symptoms, and physical examination techniques for assessing the cardiovascular and abdominal systems. The cardiovascular section covers inspection of the jugular veins, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and measurement of blood pressure. The abdominal section reviews inspection, auscultation, percussion and palpation techniques. Proper examination order and identification of normal versus abnormal findings are emphasized.
This document summarizes several endocrine system disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pituitary adenomas. It provides epidemiological data on certain disorders and describes associated symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical management approaches. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes are also briefly discussed.
This document provides guidance on effectively breaking bad news to patients. It discusses the importance of this communication skill for healthcare professionals. The document outlines best practices for setting, perception checking, invitation, knowledge sharing, exploring the patient's response, and summarizing. Key aspects include ensuring privacy, empathy, clarity, and allowing time for the patient's questions and reactions. The SPIKES protocol is presented as a framework for structuring the discussion. Examples of both best practices and things to avoid are also highlighted.
2 Assessment of patient with respiratory disorder.pptxMohammedAbdela7
This document provides guidelines for performing a physical examination of the thorax and lungs. It begins by outlining the session objectives and general examination guidelines. It then discusses pertinent history data to obtain, such as cough characteristics and sputum type/color. The physical exam involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Inspection evaluates breathing patterns, respiratory distress signs, and overall appearance. Palpation assesses tracheal position, chest expansion, tactile fremitus, and tenderness. Percussion and auscultation are also performed to evaluate the lungs. Proper equipment, patient positioning, and exam techniques are emphasized throughout.
This document provides an overview of critical thinking, evidence-based medicine, and how to practice evidence-based medicine. It defines critical thinking as the process of conceptualizing and evaluating information to guide beliefs and actions. Evidence-based medicine is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values/circumstances. The history of evidence-based medicine is discussed, from Cochrane's work in the 1970s highlighting gaps between research and practice, to Guyatt coining the term "evidence-based medicine" in 1991 and Sackett explaining the combination of research, expertise, and patient factors in 1996. The five steps to practice evidence-based medicine are described as developing questions, finding evidence, appraising evidence, integrating
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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anatomy and physiology.pptx
1. INTRODUCTION
2/13/2023 1
The nervous system is a highly complex
part of an animal that coordinates its
actions and
transmitting
sensory information by
signals to and from
different parts of its body.
5. The nervous system has approximately
2/13/2023 5
10 million
information
sensory neurons that send
about the internal and
external environment to the brain and
500,000 motor neurons that control the
muscles and glands.
6. • Ganglia are oval-shaped structures containing cell bodies of
neurons and glial cells supported by connective tissue. Ganglia
function like relay stations - one nerve enters and an other exits.
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10. The brain accounts for approximately 2% of
the total body weight; it weighs
approximately 1,400 g in an average young
adult. In the elderly, the average brain weighs
approximately 1,200 g.
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14. The thalamus lies on either side of the
third ventricle and acts primarily as a relay
station for all sensation except smell. All
memory, sensation, and pain impulses also
pass through this section of the brain.
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15. •The hypothalamus is located anterior and
Inferior to the thalamus. The
hypothalamus lies immediately beneath
and lateral to the lower portion of the
wall of the third ventricle.
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16. •It includes the optic chiasm (the point at which
the two optic tracts cross) and the mamillary
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emotional response
bodies (involved in olfactory
to
reflexes and
odors). The
infundibulum of the hypothalamus connects it
to the posterior pituitary gland.
17. •Plays an important role in the endocrine
system because it regulates the pituitary
secretion of hormones that influence
metabolism, reproduction, stress
response, and urine production.
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18. by promoting
2/13/2023 18
•Maintain fluid balance
•Maintains temperature regulation
vasoconstriction or vasodilatation
•Site of the hunger center and is involved in appetite
control
19. •Centers for regulating the sleep–wake cycle,
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blood pressure, aggressive and
behavior, and emotional responses
sexual
(i.e.,
blushing, rage, depression, panic, and fear)
•Controls and regulates the autonomic nervous
system
23. •Nerve fibers from all portions of the cortex meet
in each hemisphere and exit in the form of a
tight bundle of nerve fibers known as the
internal capsule.
•Having entered the pons and the medulla, each
bundle crosses to the corresponding bundle from
th0
e
1-09-2
o
020pposite side. 37
2/13/2023 23
26. •The midbrain connects the pons and the
cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres; it
contains sensory and motor pathways and
serves as the center for auditory and visual
reflexes. Cranial nerves III and IV originate in
the midbrain.
2/13/2023 26
27. •The pons is situated in front of the cerebellum
between the midbrain and the medulla and is a
bridge between the two halves of the cerebellum,
and between the medulla and the cerebrum. Cranial
nerves V to VIII connect to the brain in the pons. The
2/13/2023 27
Portions of the
pons contains motor
pons
and sensory pathways.
also control the heart,
respiration, and blood pressure.
28. • The medulla oblongata contains motor fibers from the brain to
the spinal cord and sensory fibers from the spinal cord to the
brain. Most of these fibers cross, or intersecting, at this level.
Cranial nerves IX through XII connect to the brain in the
medulla.
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29. •The cerebellum is separated from the cerebral
hemispheres by a fold of dura mater, the tentorium
cerebelli. The cerebellum has both
inhibitory actions and is largely
coordination of movement. It also controls
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excitatory and
responsible for
fine
movement, balance, position sense (awareness of where
each part of the body is), and integration of sensory
input.
31. Structures protecting the brain
The meninges (fibrous connective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord)
provide protection, support, and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.
2/13/2023 31
34. Dura mater
•It is the outermost layer and covers the
brain and the spinal cord. It is tough,
thick, inelastic, fibrous, and gray.
•There are four extensions of the dura:
The falx cerebri, which separates the
two hemispheres in a longitudinal
plane.
2/13/2023 34
35. The tentorium, which is an infolding of the
dura that forms a tough membranous shelf.
The falx cerebelli, which is between the
two lateral lobes of the cerebellum.
The diaphragm sellae, which provides a
“roof” for the sella turcica.
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36. • When excess pressure occurs in the cranial cavity, brain tissue may be
compressed against the tentorium or displaced downward, a process
called herniation.
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37. •Arachnoid
It is the middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate
membrane that closely resembles a spider web (hence the
name arachnoid). It appears white because it has no blood
supply.
The arachnoid layer contains the choroid plexus, which is
responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
2/13/2023 37
38. •This membrane also has unique fingerlike projections,
arachnoid villi, that absorb CSF.
•In the normal adult, approximately 500 mL of CSF is
produced each day but 125 to 150 mL is absorbed by
the villi.
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39. •When blood enters the system (from trauma or
haemorrhagic stroke), the villi become obstructed and
hydrocephalus (increased size of ventricles) may result.
•Pia mater—It is the innermost membrane; a thin,
transparent layer that lies closely to brain and extends
into every fold of the brain’s surface.
2/13/2023 39
41. •The ventricular and subarachnoid system contains
approximately 125 to 150 mL of fluid, while 15 to 25
mL of CSF is located in each lateral ventricle.
•The composition of CSF is similar to other extracellular
fluids (such as blood plasma), but the concentrations
of the various constituents are different.
2/13/2023 41
42. •The analysis and laboratory report of CSF usually
contains information on color, specific gravity, protein
count, white blood cell count, glucose, and other
electrolyte levels; it may also be tested for
immunoglobulins or lactate.
•Normal CSF contains a minimal number of white blood
cells and no red blood cells.
2/13/2023 42
43. Cerebral circulation
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•The cerebral circulation receives approximately 15% of
the cardiac output. The brain does not store nutrients
and has a high metabolic demand that requires the
high blood flow.
44. •In contrast to other organs that may tolerate
decreases in blood flow because of their adequate
collateral circulation, the brain lacks additional
collateral blood flow, which may result in irreversible
tissue damage when blood flow is occluded for even
short periods of time.
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45. Blood–brain barrier
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• The CNS is inaccessible to many substances that circulate in the
blood plasma (e.g., dyes, medications, and antibiotics). After
being injected into the blood, many substances cannot reach the
neurons of the CNS because of the blood–brain barrier. This
barrier is formed by the endothelial cells of the brain’s capillaries,
which form continuous tight junctions, creating a barrier to
macromolecules and many compounds.
46. •All substances entering the CSF must filter through
the capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes. Often
altered by trauma, cerebral oedema, and cerebral
hypoxemia, the blood–brain barrier has implications
in the treatment and selection of medication for CNS
disorders as well as serving a protective function.
2/13/2023 46
47. Anatomy of the spinal cord
•Approximately 45 cm (18 in)
long and about the thickness of
a finger, it extends from the
foramen magnum at the base of
the skull to the lower border of
the first lumbar vertebra, where
it tapers to a fibrous band called
the conus medullaris.
2/13/2023 47
48. • Continuing below the second lumbar space are the nerve roots
that extend beyond the conus, which are called the cauda
equina because they resemble a horse’s tail. Similar to the
brain, the spinal cord consists of gray and white matter.
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51. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The peripheral nervous system includes
the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and
the autonomic nervous system.
2/13/2023 51
53. Three are
entirely sensory
(I, II, VIII), five
VI, XI,
and
mixed
are motor (III,
IV, and
XII), four
are (V,
VII, IX, and X) as
they have both
and
sensory
motor
functions.
2/13/2023 53
55. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
•The autonomic nervous system regulates the activities
of internal organs such as the heart, lungs, blood
vessels, digestive organs, and glands. Maintenance
and restoration of internal homeostasis is largely the
responsibility of the autonomic nervous system.
2/13/2023 55
57. •Sympathetic stimuli are mediated by nor-epinephrine and
parasympathetic impulses are mediated by acetylcholine.
•Sympathetic neurons are located in the thoracic and the
lumbar segments of the spinal cord; their axons, or the pre-
ganglionic fibers, emerge by way of anterior nerve roots
from the eighth cervical or first thoracic segment to the
second or third lumbar segment.
2/13/2023 57
58. Sympathetic Syndromes
•Dilation of the pupil of the eye on the same side as a
penetrating wound of the neck (evidence of disturbance of
the cervical sympathetic cord)
•Temporary paralysis of the bowel (indicated by the
absence of peristaltic waves and the distention of the
intestine by gas) after fracture of any one of the lower
dorsal or upper lumbar vertebrae with hemorrhage into
the base of the mesentery
•Marked variations in pulse rate and rhythm that often
follow compression fractures of the upper six thoracic
vertebrae.
2/13/2023 58
62. •Coordination of Movement. The smoothness,
accuracy, and strength that characterize the
muscular movements of a normal person are
attributable to the influence of the
cerebellum and the basal ganglia.
2/13/2023 62
63. SENSORY SYSTEM FUNCTION
2/13/2023 63
Integrating Sensory Impulses
• The thalamus integrates all sensory impulses except
olfaction. It plays a role in the conscious awareness of pain
and the recognition of variation in temperature and touch.
The thalamus is responsible for the sense of movement and
position and the ability to recognize the size, shape, and
quality of objects.
64. Receiving Sensory Impulses
• Afferent impulses travel from their points of origin to their
destinations in the cerebral cortex via the ascending pathways
directly, or they may cross at the level of the spinal cord or in
the medulla, depending on the type of sensation that is
registered. Sensory information may be integrated at the level
of the spinal cord or may be relayed to the brain.
2/13/2023 64
65. Sensory Losses
• Destruction of a sensory nerve results in total loss of sensation in
its area of distribution. Transection of the spinal cord yields
complete anesthesia below the level of injury. Selective destruction
or degeneration of the posterior columns of the spinal cord is
responsible for a loss of position and vibratory sense in segments
distal to the lesion, without loss of touch, pain, or temperature
perception.
2/13/2023 65
67. CONCLUSION
• As discussed throughout the presentation, learning about anatomy
and physiology of brain and spinal cord will help nurses to
understand the functioning of nervous system and various
neurological disorders.
• Nurses can do neurological assessment of patients, observe the
sign and symptoms, provide the necessary nursing care, prevent
mplications and support the patient psychologically.
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68. REFERENCES
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1.Janice L. Hinkle, Kerry H. Cheever. Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of
Medical Surgical Nursing. 2015. New Delhi. Wolters Kluwer.13th Edition.
Volume 1. Pg. no.1821-1834.
2.Lewis. Medical Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of clinical
problems.2015. New Delhi. Elsevier. 2nd Edition. Volume II. Pg. no.1391-
1400.
3.Joyce M. Black, Jane Hokanson Hawks. Medical Surgical Nursing Clinical
Management of Positive Outcomes.2015. New Delhi. Reed Elsevier India
Private Limited. Volume II. Pg. No. 1330-1331.
4.B D Chaurasia. HUMAN ANATOMY Regional and applied dissection and
clinical. 2010. New Delhi. CBS Publishers. 5th edition. Volume 3. Pg. no. 315-
449.