The female reproductive organs

1. Presented By:
Miss. M.K.Kaku
Nursing Tutor

2. CONTENTS
 EXTERNAL GENITELIA
 INTERNAL GENITELIA
ASSESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

3. INTRODUCTION
The reproductive organs in female is concerned with,
• Copulation
• Fertilization
• Growth & Development of fetus
• For exit of fetus to the outer world from womb
The organs are broadly Divided into:
External Genitelia
Internal Genitalia
Accessory reproductive Organs

4. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
The vulva or pudendum includes all visible external genital organs in the
perineum.
Consist of ,
 Mons pubis
 Labia majora
 Labia minora
 Clitoris
 Vestibule: Urethral opening
Vaginal orifice & Hymen
Opening of Bartholin’s Ducts
Skene’s Glands or paraurethral gland

5. MONS PUBIS
• It is the pad of subcutaneous adipose connective
tissue.
•Lying in front of the pubis.
•It is covered with hair.

6. LABIA MAJORA
• They are two skin folds of fat which makes the boundary of
vulva.
• It is covered with hair and contain sweat glands
• Where they join medially forms the postirior commissure in
front of the anus.
• The labia majora is homologous to scrotum in male.

7. LABIA MINORA
• They are two thin folds of skin on either side within the labia
majora.
• They divide to enclose the clitoris and unite with each other in
front and behind the clitoris to form prepuce and frenulum
respectively.
• The lower portion of labia minora fuses across the midline to form
a fold of skin known as fourchette.
• The labia minora has no fat , hair follicles and sweat glands.

8. CLITORIS
•It is a small cylindrical erectile body, measuring about
1.5 - 2 cm situated in the most anterior part of vulva.
•It is consist of glans, a body and two crura.
•Clitoris is homologous to penis in male.

9. VESTIBULE
• It is triangular space bounded anteriorly by clitoris, posteriorly by the
fourchette and either side by labia minora.
• There are four openings in vestibule:
1. Urethral opening : It is situated in front of vaginal orifice.
2. Vaginal orifice : Vaginal orifice lies in the postirior end of vestibule and
is of varying size and shape.
It is incompletely closed by a septum of mucous membrane, called
hymen. It is usually ruptured at consummation of marriage.

10. 3. Openings of Bartholin’s ducts : There are two Bartholin's
glands ( Greater Vestibular glands ), one on each side of vagina.
 During sexual excitement it secretes alkaline mucus which
helps in lubrication.
4. Skene’s glands : Also known as paraurethral glands situated
either side of urethral orifice postirior. It is homologous to prostate
in male.

11. VESTIBULAR BULB
 These are bilateral
elongated erectile tissues
situated beneath the mucous
membrane of vestibule.

12. INTERNAL GENITALIA
The internal genital organs in female include,
• Vagina
• Uterus
• Fallopian tubes
• Ovaries

13.  RELATIONS :
 ANTIRIORLY : Upper 1/3 - Base of bladder
Lower 1/3 - Urethra and lower half firmly embedded with it.
 POSTIRIORLY : Upper 1/3 – Pouch of Duglas
Middle 1/3 – Rectal Wall
Lower 1/3 – Perineal body then anal canal.
 LATERAL WALLS : Upper 1/3 – Pelvic cellular tissue
Middle 1/3 – Jointed with lavator ani
Lower 1/3 – Vestibular bulb , Bartholin’s gland , Bulbocarveneous
Muscle.

14. VAGINA
The vagina is a fibro muscular canal extend from vestibule to cervix.
 It is directed upwards and backwards between the bladder in front and
rectum behind.
It is receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse, excretory channel
for menstrual flow and passageway for childbirth.
WALLS:
1. ANTIRIOR WALL : 7 cm
2. POSTIRIOR WALL : 9 cm
3. LATERAL WALL

15.  FORNICES :
The fornices are the clefts formed at the top of vagina
due to projection of cervix through the anterior wall . There
are four fornices :
1. ANTERIOR FORNIX : deep
2. POSTIRIOR FORNIX : Shallow
3. TWO LATERAL FORNIX

16.  STUCTURE S:
• Muscular coat
• Submucosal layer
• Muscular layer - [ A ] Inner Circular [ B ] Outer longitudinal
• Fibrous Coat
 VAGINAL SECRETION:
 From the puberty to menopause the pH of vaginal secretion is ACIDIC (4-5)
because of presence of DODERLEINS BECILLI which produce lactic acid.

17. UTERUS
The uterus is hollow pyriform muscular organ situated in the pelvis between
the bladder and the rectum.
 POSITION:
• The normal position of uterus is ANTEVERSION & ANTEFLEXION
 MEASUREMENT AND PARTS:
• Length – 8 cm
• Width – 5cm
• Thickness – 1.25 cm
• Wight – 50 to 80 g.

18. Parts are:
1. FUNDUS : A dome shaped portion superior to the fallopian tubes.
2. BODY : The central portion between fundus and cervix is called Body of uterus.
3. CERVIX : An inferior portion is called cervix that opens into the vagina.
4. ISTHMUS : It is a constricted region between body and cervix.
CAVITY:
• The interior of the body of the uterus is called the UTERINE CAVITY. At the cervix it is called
CERVICAL CANAL. The fundus has no cavity within it.
• The cervix opens into the uterine cavity at internal os and exterior at vagina by external os.

19.  RELATIONS:
• ANTERIORLY : Above internal os – The body forms postirior wall of uterovesical pouch.
Bellow internal os – Separated from base of bladder by loose areola tissue.
• POSTIRIOR : It is covered with peritoneum & forms the anterior wall of the Pouch of Douglas.
• LATERALLY : The double fold of peritoneum of broad ligament.
STRUCTURE:
There are three layers of uterusfrom outsideto inside:
1. PARIMETRIUM : It is a part of visceral peritoneum laterallyit becomesbroad ligaments.
2. MAYOMETRIUM : It consistof thickbundlesof smooth muscle fibresarranged in inner circular
and outer longitudinalor oblique.

20. 3. ENDOMATRIUM : The mucous lining of the cavity is called
endometrium.
 It is highly vascularised which allows the implantation after
fertilization
 The endometrium is further divided into two layers:
From inward to outward,
 Stratum functionalis ( Functional layer) : The compact and spongy
layer combinly called functional
layer. It lines the uterine cavity and slough off during menstruation.
 Stratum Basalis ( Basal layer) : It is permanent and give rise to anew
stratum functionalis.

22.  LIGAMENTS:
 Broad ligament
 Round ligament
 Uterosacral ligament
 Transverse/ Cardinal ligament
 Pubocervical fascia

23. FALLOPIAN TUBE
The fallopian tubes ( Uterine tubes) are hollow muscular tube, about 10 cm long
and extend from sides of uterus on each side between fundus and body in the uterine cavity.
They lies in the upper free border of broad ligament opening into the peritoneal cavity close to
the ovaries.
It has two openings:
1. Uterine opening which opens from uterine cavity
2. Pelvic opening which opens close to ovaries in peritoneal cavity.
PARTS:
 Interstital or Intramural : Lies in the wall of uterus. It is 1.25 cm long
 Isthumus : 2nd part after the interstital part ends in ampulla. It is 3-4 cm long

25. Ampulla : It is the largest part of fallopian tube which ios 5 cm long.
The fertilization normally occur at this part.
Infundibulum : It is the ending part of fallopian tube which is 1.25 cm
long . This part contains finger like projection
surrounding the pelvic opening called FIMBRIAE. It is attached to
the outer pole of the ovary, here it is called ovarian fimbriae.
STRUCTURE:
From outward to inward:
1. Serous layer
2. Muscular layer
3. Mucous membrane containing cillia.

26. OVARIES
The ovaries are paired sex glands in the female concerned
with germ cell maturation and steroidogenesis.
 Each gland is oval in shape and pinkish gray in colour.
It measures about 3cm in length , 2 cm in width and 1cm in thickness.
 STRUCTURE:
• Each ovary consist of the following parts: ( outward to inward )
Germinal epithelium – This is a layer of simple epithelium that covers
the surface of ovary.
Tunica albugenia – It is whitish capsule of dense irregular connective
tissue located intermediately deep to the germinal epithelium.

27. Germinal or
Ovarian follicles

28.  Ovarian cortex – It is situated just deep to the tunica albugenia which
contains Ovarian follicles
 Ovarian Medulla – It is situated deep to the ovarian cortex consist of
loosely arranged connective tissue. The medulla contains blood vessels ,
lymphatic vessels and nerves.
 Each ovary contains the hillum that is the point of entrance and exit for
blood vessels and nerves along which the mesovarium is attached.
 LIGAMENTS:
 Ovarian Ligament
Suspensory ligament

29. ACCESARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
BREAST ( MAMMARY GLAND )
The breast are large modified sebaceous glands. The breast
are bilateral and concerned with lactation following childbirth.
 It usually extend from second to sixth rib in midclavicular line.
 It lies in the subcutaneous tissue .
 A lateral projection of the breast toward axilla is known as axillary tail of
spence.
 The weighs 200 – 300 g during childbearing age.

31.  STRUCTURE:
 AREOLA : The areola is placed at the centre of the breast and is pigmented. The diameter of
areola is 2.5 cm.
Montgomery glands are accessory glands located around the areola, they can secrete the milk.
 NIPPLE : The nipple is muscular projection covered by pigmented skin. It is vascular and
surrounded by unstriated muscles which make it erectile.
It accommodates about 15- 20 lactiferous ducts and their openings.
LOBE OF BREAST : The breast is composed of 12-20 lobes. Each lobe has one lactiferous duct
that opens in the nipple.
LOBULES : Each lobe has about 10 – 100 lobules that contains alveolar cell surrounded by
mayoepithelial cells and capillaries.

32.  Alveolar cells : Production, storage and secretion of milk.
 Mayoepithelial cells : They are placed at surrounding the
alveolar cells. Contraction of these cells squeezes the alveoli and
ejects the milk into larger duct.
 AMPULLA : Behind the nipple , the main duct dilates to form
ampulla here milk is stored.
 LIGAMENTS:
 Copper’ s ligament : This ligaments support the breast and
maintain the shape of breast.