This presentation provides an overview of bone development processes, including membranous and endochondral ossification. It discusses the types of cartilage and their roles, along with common bone disorders such as fractures, rickets, and epiphyseal plate disorders. The presentation aims to enhance understanding of skeletal growth, structure, and related clinical conditions.

2. Introduction to Bone Development
• Bone develops through two processes:
• membranous and endochondral ossification.
• Membranous ossification
• involves bone development directly from a connective tissue membrane.
• Endochondral ossification
• involves the replacement of cartilage by bone.
• Both processes are essential for the formation and growth of skeletal
structures.

3. Membranous Ossification
• Bones of the vault of the skull develop rapidly through membranous
ossification.
• Small areas of membrane persist between the bones at birth, allowing
for skull molding during childbirth.
• Membranous ossification protects the developing brain and provides
flexibility to the skull.

5. Endochondral Ossification
• Long bones of the limbs develop through endochondral ossification, a
slower process.
• This process is not completed until late adolescence or early
adulthood (around age 18 to 20).
• Key components include diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, and
metaphysis.

6. Cartilage
• Cartilage is a connective tissue with cells and fibers embedded in a gel-
like matrix.
• Three types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
• Hyaline cartilage is crucial for growth in length of long bones and
covers articular surfaces in joints.
• Fibrocartilage is found in joint discs and repairs slowly when damaged.
• Elastic cartilage provides flexibility and is present in structures like the
ear and epiglottis.

8. Bone Fractures
• Fractures result in severe local pain and loss of function.
• Deformity depends on the mechanism of injury, muscle pull, and
ligamentous attachments.
• Fracture repair involves hemorrhage, followed by involvement of
blood vessels, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts in the healing process.

10. Rickets
• Rickets is a condition of defective mineralization of the cartilage
matrix in growing bones.
• Results in excess cartilage growth and widening of epiphyseal plates.
• Deformities include bowing of long bones, bossing of the skull, and
pelvic deformities.

12. Epiphyseal Plate Disorders
• Disorders affecting the epiphyseal plate primarily impact children and
adolescents.
• Trauma, infection, diet, exercise, and endocrine disorders can disturb
growth and lead to deformity.
• Examples include slipped epiphysis and limb length discrepancies.