The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including: - The abdomen is divided into four quadrants and nine regions based on anatomical planes. - Major organs in the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine and large intestine. - The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid portions), rectum and anal canal. - Other structures discussed include the peritoneum, muscles of the abdominal wall, and boundaries of the abdominal cavity.

1. Anatomy of Abdomen
- Nilay Majumder

2. INTRODUCTION
• It is the largest body cavity. It
lies between the thorax(chest)
and the pelvis.

3. In Abdominal cavity there are four
Quadrants and nine Region

4. Four Quadrants based on those
planes
• Midsagittal Plane: Vertical line going through the middle
of the abdomen.
• Transumbilical Plane: Horizontal line going through the
umbilicus.
• And the four quadrents are :
Right Upper Quadrents (RUQ).
Left Upper Quadrents (LUQ).
Right Lower Quadrents (RLQ).
Left Lower Quadrents (LLQ).

7. The line of division
•Vertical lines of division: Left and Right Mid-
Claviculer lines
•Horizontal lines of division:
• Transpyloric Plane: Sometimes used. It is
halfway between the jugular notch and the
pubic bone.
• Subcostal Plane: Upper plane, passing through
the inferior-most margin of the ribs.
• Transtubercular Plane: The line transversing
the pubic tubercle.

9. Nine Regions
• Division:
• Upper: Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric,
Left Hypochondriac.
• Middle: Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left
Lumbar.
• Lower: Right Iliac fossa, Hypogastric
(Suprapubic), Left Iliac fossa.

11. Bounderies of Abdomen
• Superior Border: The Diaphragm.
• Inferior Border: The Pelvic Brim.
• Anterior Border: The muscle of abdominal wall.
• Posterior Border: Lumber Vertebrae.

12. The organs of Abdomen
• Our digestive system related organs lies in
the abdominal cavity.
The main organs are:
Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder,
Kidneys, Spleen, Small Intestine, Large
Intestine, Blood vessels, Lymph vessels, Nerves,
Lymph nodes.

13. Organsof Abdomen

14. The Stomach
• The Stomach generally situated in the right epigastric
region, but the location varies depending on position,
weight, physiology, etc.
• The pylorus of the stomach at the level of L1, in the
transpyloric plane.
• Superior Border:diaphragm, oesophagus, left lobe of liver
• InferiorBorder:transvers colon and small intestine
• Anterior Border: left lobe of liver
• Posterior Border: pancreas, spleen, left kidney
• Stomach has three mainly three parts, Esophageal
Sphincter, Body of stomach, Pyloric Sphincter.

16. Liver
• Liver is the largest gland of the body. Its weight is about
1.4kg in average adult. It occupies most of the right
hypocondriac region.
• Organs associated with the liver:
• Superiorly: diaphragm & anteriorly abdominal wall.
• Inferiorly: Stomach, bile duct, duodenum, right kidney.
• Posteriorly: Oesophagus, Gall Bladder, Vertebral Column.
• Laterally: Lower ribs and diaphragm.
• It is divided two principal lobes:
• A large right lobe & a smaller left lobe – separated by
falciform ligament.

18. Pancreas
• The Pancreas is a greyish pink-coloured gland. Its
about 12-15 cm & weight about 60g.
• Its resembles like a fish with its head and neck in the
C-shaped curve of the duodenum. Its body extending
horizontally behind the stomach.
• Pancreas divided into three main parts:
• Head of the pancreas, body of the pancreas, tail of
the pancreas.
• Its tail touching the Spleen.
• The pancreas is the both Endocrine and Exocrine
gland.

20. Gall Bladder
• Gall Bladder is a pear-shape sac. It about 7-10
cm in long and 3 cm broad. It can hold 30-50 ml
of bile. It lies in the under surface of the liver. It
is attached there by areolar connective tissue.
• Gall Bladder divided into a Fundus, Body, and
Neck.
• There is a duct of gall bladder is called Cystic
duct. Is about 4cm in length. It passes form the
neck of Gall Bladder & joins the hepatic duct,
thereby forming the common bile duct.

22. Bile Ducts
• Right and Left hepatic ducts join to form the
common hepatic duct.
• The hepatic duct goes downward and join cystic
duct from the gall bladder.
• The Cystic and Hepatic ducts together form the
common bile duct. It is joined by the pancreatic
duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
• The opening of the combined ducts into the
duodenum is controlled by the hepatopancretic
sphincter.

24. Small Intestine
• Small Intestine is like a tube. It extend from
the stomach to the ileocaecal valve, where it
joins the Large intestine.
• It lies in the umbilical region of the abdomen,
surrounded by large intestine.
• It is about 2.5 cm in diameter and 6m (20
feet) in length.

26. • The Small Intestine of three parts:
• 1. The Duodenum is the uppermost part of the small
intestine. Its one end is attached to the pylorus
end of the stomach. It is about 25 cm in length.
Its shape is like the latter “C”.
• 2. The Jejunumis the second Part of the small
intestine. Its upper end is attached to the
duodenum. It is about 2.5 m (8 feet) long.
• 3. the Ileumis the last part of small intestine. Its
upper end is attached to the jejunum. It is about
3.5m (12 feet) in length. It joins in the large
intestine at the ileocaecal sphincter

28. Large Intestine,Rectum & Anal Canal
• The Large Intestine extend from the ileocaecal junction to
the anus. It is about 1.5 m in long.
• It is dividedinto:
• A. Caecum
• B. Colon
i. Ascending colon
ii. Transvers colon
iii. Descending colon
iv. Sigmoid colon
• C. Rectum
• D. Anal Canal

30. A tube-shaped sac attached to and
opening into the lower end of the
large intestine is called vermiform
appendix.

31. The parts of the large intestine

32. The Caecum
• The caecum, the first part of the large
intestine is given name caecum. It is about 5
to 8cm (2-3 inch) long. It is located in the
lower right quadarent and the right iliac fossa
of the abdomen.

33. The colon
• The colon is divided into four portions.
1. Ascending Colon.
2. Transvers Colon.
3. Descending Colon.
4. Sigmoid Colon.

35. The Ascending Colon
• The ascending colon is a hollow tube about 2.5
inches in diameter and about 8 inches long. Lies
in a vertical portion on the right side of the
abdomen, extending upto the lower border of
the liver. The ileum joins the large intestine at
the junction of caecum & ascending colon. The
ileocaecal valve allows material to pass from the
ileum into the large intestine, but not in the
reverse direction.
• It lies in the right iliac & right lumber region.

36. The Transverse Colon
• The transverse colon is a hollow tube about
2.5 inches (6 cm) in diameter and around 18
inches (46 cm) in length. It passes
horizontally across the abdomen, below the
liver, stomach, and spleen. The transverse
colon extends from the hepatic flexure to the
splenic flexure, the two points at which the
colon bends itself to form 90-degree angles.
• It lies in the epigastric and umbilical region.

37. The descending colon
• Its diameter is roughly 2.5 inches (7 cm),
while its length is approximately 9 to 10
inches (25 cm). It lies in the vertical position.
It is present on the left side of the abdomen.
It extends from the point below the stomach
and spleen to the level of the iliac crest.
• It lies mainly in the left lumber region.

38. The sigmoid colon
• The sigmoid colon (pelvic colon) is the part of
the large intestine that is closest to the
rectum and anus. It forms a loop that
averages about 35–40 cm in length.
It is called sigmoid because it describes an S-
shaped curve.
• It lies in the hypogastric region.

40. The rectum
• It is about 20 cm (7 to 8 inch). It is
situated anterior to the sacrum and
the coccyx. It starts from the
sigmoid colon and ends in the anal
canal.

41. The anal canal
• The terminal 2-3 cm of the rectum is the anal
canal. The mucus membrane of the anal
canal is arranged in longitudinal folds called
anal column. It contains the network of
arteries & vain.
• Two muscles control the anus The internal
Sphincter & the External Sphincter

42. Muscles of abdomen
• There are mainly four type of muscles
that form the abdominal wall.
• They are:
• 1. Rectus abdominis.
• 2. External oblique.
• 3. Internal oblique.
• 4. Transverse abdominise.

44. The peritoneum
• It is covering of the abdominal organs. It is
the largest membrane. This layer is divided
two parts. The outer layer is the parietal
peritoneum. The inner layer is the visceral
peritoneum covers the organs of the cavity.

45. Thank you