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1. Norma Frontalis

2. Norma Frontalis
• The anterior view of the skull.
• Presents an irregular surface with 3
excavations:
1. one nasal cavity
2. two orbital cavities.

3. Six Regions of
Norma Frontalis
• Frontal Region
• Orbital Region
• Nasal Region
• Zygomatic Region
• Maxillary Region
• Mandibular Region.

4. I. THE FRONTAL REGION

5. Boundaries:
Superior
- top of the skull
Inferior
- orbits and root of
the nose
- frontal process of
the maxillae
Laterally
- frontal process of the
zygomatic bone.

6. Characteristics
Features:
1. Frontal Tuberosity or
Eminence
2. Superciliary Arch
3. Glabella
4. Nasion
5. Supraorbital Margin
6. Supraorbital Notch.

7. II. THE ORBITAL REGION

8. Bones involved:
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic Bone
3. Sphenoid Bone
4. Frontal Bone
5. Palatine Bone
6. Ethmoid Bone
7. Lacrimal Bone.

9. BOUNDARIES OF THE
ORBITAL CAVITY

10. Roof
- orbital plate of the
frontal bone
- lesser wings of
sphenoid.

11. Lateral wall
- Zygomatic process
of the frontal bone
- Orbital plate of the
zygomatic bone
- Orbital plate of the greater
wings of sphenoid.

12. Medial Wall
- Frontal process of
the maxilla
- Lacrimal bone
- Orbital plate of
ethmoid bone
- Body of sphenoid.

13. Floor
- Orbital plate of the maxilla
- Orbital plate of the
zygomatic bone
- Orbital process of
the palatine bone.

14. Base
Superiorly – frontal bone
Medially - frontal process
of the maxilla
Laterally - frontal process of
the zygomatic
bone
Inferiorly - Maxilla medially
- zygomatic bone
laterally.

15. Apex
- Formed by the
convergence of the
four walls.

16. OPENINGS INTO THE
ORBITAL CAVITY

17. Opening Location Structure
Orbital opening 5/6 of the eyeball
Supraorbital notch
/ foramen
Superior margin Supraorbital
nerves/vessels
Infraorbital
groove and canal
Floor/orbital
plate of maxilla
Infraorbital nerve
and blood vessels
Nasolacrimal
canal
Medial wall Nasolacrimal duct

18. Opening Location Structure
Inferior Orbital
Fissure
Between maxilla and
greater wing of
sphenoid
1. Maxillary nerve
and its
zygomatic
branch
2. Inferior
Opthalmic vein
3. Sympathetic
nerves

19. Opening Location Structure
Superior Orbital
Fissure
Between greater and
lesser wings of
sphenoid
1. Lacrimal N.
2. Frontal N.
3. Trochlear N.
4. Occulomotor N.
(upper and lower
divisions)
5. Abducent N.
6. Superior
Opthalmic Vein

20. Opening Location Structure
Anterior Ethmoidal
Foramen
Frontal Bone 1. Nasociliary N.
2. Anterior
Ethmoidal V. A.
and N.
Posterior
Ethmoidal Foramen
Frontal Bone 1. Posterior
Ethmoidal V., A.
and N.
Optic Canal Lesser Wing of
Sphenoid
1. Optic N.
2. Opthalmic N.

21. III. THE NASAL REGION

22. Bones involved
1. Nasal Bone
2. Frontal Bone
3. Ethmoid Bone
4. Sphenoid Bone
5. Vomer
6. Maxilla
7. Palatine Bone
8. Lacrimal Bone
9. Inferior nasal Concha.

23. BOUNDARIES OF THE
NASAL CAVITY

24. Anterior
– pyriform aperture
Posterior
- Pharynx thru
the posterior nares.

25. Superior Wall
1. Anterior
– nasal bone
-nasal process of the
frontal bone
2. Middle
- cribriform plate of ethmoid
bone
3. Posterior
- body of the sphenoid

26. Median Wall
- Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
- Vomer.

27. Lateral Wall
1. Contain turbinates or conchae which are bony
elevations made up of:
a. Superior and middle conchae of
the ethmoid bone
b. Inferior nasal conchae or
turbinates
2. Bounded by the posterior nares
3. Contain meatuses between nasal conchaes.

28. The Paranasal Sinuses
These are pneumatic bones surrounding the
nasal cavity.
Functions:
1. Lighten the bone of the skull
2. Resonating chambers.

29. Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral
Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Meatus Sinus Drainage
Supreme or highest nasal
meatus or spheno-
ethmoidal recess
Sphenoidal sinus
Superior Nasal Meatus Posterior ethmoidal sinus

30. Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral
Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Meatus Sinus Drainage
Middle nasal meatus Anterior and middle
ethmoidal sinus; frontal
sinus; and maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal duct

31. IV. THE ZYGOMATIC REGION

32. - forms the prominence of a cheek, contributes to the
lateral orbital wall and floor, parts of the walls of
temporal and infratemporal fossae and completes
the zygomatic arch.
- roughly quadrangular with anteromedial and frontal
processes.
- It can be described as having three surfaces, five
borders and two processes.

33. Lateral View of the Zygomatic Bone
The Three Processes of
the Zygomatic Bone:
1. Temporal process
2. Frontal process
3. Maxillary process

34. THE THREE SURFACES OF THE
ZYGOMATIC BONE

35. 1. Anterolateral Surface
-is convex and pierced near its
orbital border by the
zygomaticofacial foramen (for
the zygomaticofacial nerve and
vessels); below this zygomaticus
minor and, posteriorly,
zygomaticus major are
attached.

36. 2. Posteromedial Temporal Surface
- has a rough anterior
area for articulation
with the maxilla and a
smooth, concave
posterior area
extending up
posteriorly on its
frontal process as the
anterior aspect of the
temporal fossa.

37. 3. Orbital Surface
- smooth and concave, is the
anterolateral part of the
orbital floor and
adjoining lateral wall,
extending up on the
medial aspect of its
frontal process.

38. THE FIVE BORDERS OF THE
ZYGOMATIC BONE

39. 1. Orbital
2. Maxillary
3. Temporal
4. Posteroinferior
5. Posteromedial

40. OPENINGS OF THE
ZYGOMATIC REGION

41. Foramen Location Structure
Zycomatico-facial
foramen
Below the lateral
part of the lower
margin of the
orbit
1. zygomatigo-
facial branch
of the
Zygomatic N.
2. Lacrimal A.
Zygomatico-
temporal foramen
Temporal process
of the zygomatic
bone
Zygomatico-
temporal N. and
blood vessels

42. V. MAXILLARY REGION

43. Characteristic Features:
1. Anterior nasal spine
2. Infraorbital foramen
3. Canine fossa
4. Subnasal/incisive fossae
5. Canine emminence
6. Jugum or zygomatico-
alveolar arch
7. Alveolar processes of the
maxilla.

44. Lateral View of the Maxilla
The 4 processes:
1. Frontal process
2. Zygomatic
process
3. Alveolar process
4. Palatine process.

45. OPENINGS OF THE MAXILLA IN
NORMA FRONTALIS

46. Opening Location Structure
Infraorbital
foramen
Below the
infraorbital
margin
Infraorbital N.,
A., and V.
Alveolar processes Lower margin of
the maxilla
Roots of
maxillary teeth

47. VI. THE MANDIBULAR REGION

48. - Involves the mandible which is the strongest
bone of the face
- Houses the lower teeth
- Develops in 2 symmetrical halves which fuse
and ossify in the first year of life.

49. Characteristic Features of the Mandible
1. Symphisis menti
2. Mental protruberance
3. Alveolar processes
4. Mental foramen.

50. OPENINGS IN THE
MANDIBLE

51. r
Opening Location Structure
Mental foramen Between the apices of
the mandibular
premolars
Mental nerve
Alveolar processes Upper border of the
mandible
Roots of mandibular
teeth
Mandibular foramen Lingual side of the
ramus of the mandible
Mandibular N.