This document discusses soft tissue analysis in cephalometric evaluations. It begins by explaining the importance of analyzing soft tissue profiles in orthodontic treatment planning. It then outlines various soft tissue landmarks used in cephalometric analysis of the profile, nose, chin, and lips. Specific angular measurements are described to evaluate different regions of the soft tissue facial profile, including nasal angle, nasolabial angle, mentocervical angle, and others. The document provides details on traditional planes of reference and how to assess vertical facial proportions, convexity, and prominence of different soft tissue structures.
This document describes a new soft tissue cephalometric analysis tool developed from Arnett and Bergman's facial analysis philosophy. Forty-six adult models were used to create a cephalometric database. Key midface structures are marked using metallic beads on lateral cephalograms. Measurements are made of soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks relative to the True Vertical Line (TVL) to diagnose dentoskeletal factors, soft tissue components, facial lengths, TVL projections, and harmony of facial parts. Cephalometric treatment planning uses the soft tissue analysis to optimize occlusal and facial results through positioning of the incisors, moving the mandible, defining the maxillary occlusal plane, and assessing chin projection.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Bjork's analysis, a method developed by orthodontist Arne Bjork to analyze craniofacial growth and development using lateral cephalograms. It describes Bjork's landmarks, angular and linear measurements used to construct a facial diagram. Bjork conducted studies on Scandinavian children to establish norms for comparison. His analysis helps determine the amount and distribution of facial prognathism based on configurations in the facial diagram.
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
Ricketts analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document describes a new soft tissue cephalometric analysis tool developed from Arnett and Bergman's facial analysis philosophy. Forty-six adult models were used to create a cephalometric database. Key midface structures are marked using metallic beads on lateral cephalograms. Measurements are made of soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks relative to the True Vertical Line (TVL) to diagnose dentoskeletal factors, soft tissue components, facial lengths, TVL projections, and harmony of facial parts. Cephalometric treatment planning uses the soft tissue analysis to optimize occlusal and facial results through positioning of the incisors, moving the mandible, defining the maxillary occlusal plane, and assessing chin projection.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Bjork's analysis, a method developed by orthodontist Arne Bjork to analyze craniofacial growth and development using lateral cephalograms. It describes Bjork's landmarks, angular and linear measurements used to construct a facial diagram. Bjork conducted studies on Scandinavian children to establish norms for comparison. His analysis helps determine the amount and distribution of facial prognathism based on configurations in the facial diagram.
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
Ricketts analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. It defines the setup and landmarks used in PA cephalometry. It then summarizes several common PA cephalometric analyses including Ricketts analysis, Grummons analysis, and Grayson analysis. Ricketts analysis measures dental, skeletal, and jaw relationships. Grummons analysis uses planes, volumes, asymmetries, and ratios to compare sides. Grayson analysis constructs midlines in different frontal planes to analyze asymmetry in 3 dimensions.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic-surgical treatment planning to determine the extent and location of asymmetries and surgical corrections needed.
Soft tissue cephalometrics analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
This document discusses analysis points related to Ricketts and planes as well as interpretation and Tweed analysis. It appears to be about orthodontic treatment planning and analyzing a patient's case.
This document discusses Steiner's acceptable compromises for compensating for sagittal discrepancies between the upper and lower jaws. It provides guidelines for adjusting the positions of the upper and lower incisors based on the ANB angle. A case example is used to illustrate how to predict changes to the ANB angle through growth or treatment and adjust incisor positions accordingly. The document also discusses individualizing treatment proposals based on factors like soft tissue function.
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses utility arches, which are orthodontic appliances used to apply light forces in the dental arch. It provides details on:
- The historical background and development of utility arches based on biomechanical principles.
- Common wire dimensions and materials used, including stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium alloys.
- The standard design components of utility arches, including molar, vertical, and incisal segments.
- Different types of utility arches like passive arches, intrusion arches, and retraction/protrusion arches and how they are activated to apply specific orthodontic forces.
The Steiner analysis was one of the first modern cephalometric analyses. It emphasized the interrelationships between measurements and offered guidelines for treatment planning based on predicted changes from growth and orthodontic therapy. The analysis includes skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements. Key skeletal measurements include SNA, SNB, and ANB angles. Key dental measurements include UI-NA and LI-NB angles and distances. The Holdaway ratio evaluates lower incisor prominence. The S-line assesses lower facial balance.
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
Schwarz analysis divides the evaluation into craniometry (skeletal) and gnathometry (dental) using reference lines and planes. Craniometry assesses the skeletal base and profile using angles like J angle, F angle, and TMJ position. Gnathometry evaluates the dentition using angles like B angle, gonial angle, and axial tooth inclinations. Linear measurements include anterior cranial base, ascending ramus, maxillary base, and soft tissue thickness. The analysis provides metrics to assess the skull, jaws, dentition, and facial profile.
This document provides an overview of pitchfork analysis for evaluating changes in cephalometric radiographs over time. It discusses landmarks used for superimposing tracings of the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible. For the cranial base, sella and nasion are commonly used. The maxilla can be superimposed along the palatal plane or contours of the zygomatic arches. For the mandible, the lower border, symphysis, or gonion-gnathion and gonion-menton planes are used. Pitchfork analysis expresses changes in molar and incisor relationships algebraically to quantify treatment effects.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of intrusion arches used in orthodontics to correct deep overbites. It begins by defining intrusion and describing the biomechanics and principles involved. It then covers 9 specific intrusion arch designs: 1) Rickett's Utility Arch 2) Tipback Springs 3) Burstone's Continuous Intrusion Arch 4) Burstone's Three Piece Intrusion Arch 5) K-SIR 6) Connecticut Intrusion Arch 7) PG Retraction Spring 8) Translation Arch 9) Lingual Arch for intruding lower incisors. For each type, it provides details on materials, design, and mechanics of intrusion.
This document provides information on various non-patient compliant fixed functional appliances used to treat Class II malocclusions, including the Herbst appliance, MARA, Advansync, and fixed twin block. It discusses the history, design, advantages, disadvantages, and effects of each appliance. In general, these fixed functional appliances can eliminate patient compliance issues compared to removable appliances, have continuous effects, and shorter treatment times, but may have higher breakage and mechanical dislodgement risks.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
1. A brief history noting its development from craniometry and introduction in the early 20th century.
2. A description of common cephalometric equipment including the Broadbent bolton type and highleys type.
3. An explanation of landmarks and planes used in cephalometric analysis including horizontal planes like SN plane and vertical planes like A-Pog line.
4. A summary of common cephalometric analyses like Downs analysis, Steiner's analysis, and Wits appraisal which are used to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
- Cephalometrics involves analyzing and measuring radiographic images of the head called cephalograms. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks to assess craniofacial structures.
- There are several commonly used analyses in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, Tweed analysis, and the Wits appraisal. These analyses establish norms for skeletal and dental relationships and angles that can be used to diagnose malocclusions.
- Landmarks, reference planes like the Frankfort horizontal and mandibular planes, and angular and linear measurements between them allow for evaluation of the positions of jaws, teeth, and soft tissues to develop treatment plans. Serial cephalograms also enable
This document provides an overview of posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. It defines the setup and landmarks used in PA cephalometry. It then summarizes several common PA cephalometric analyses including Ricketts analysis, Grummons analysis, and Grayson analysis. Ricketts analysis measures dental, skeletal, and jaw relationships. Grummons analysis uses planes, volumes, asymmetries, and ratios to compare sides. Grayson analysis constructs midlines in different frontal planes to analyze asymmetry in 3 dimensions.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic-surgical treatment planning to determine the extent and location of asymmetries and surgical corrections needed.
Soft tissue cephalometrics analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
This document discusses analysis points related to Ricketts and planes as well as interpretation and Tweed analysis. It appears to be about orthodontic treatment planning and analyzing a patient's case.
This document discusses Steiner's acceptable compromises for compensating for sagittal discrepancies between the upper and lower jaws. It provides guidelines for adjusting the positions of the upper and lower incisors based on the ANB angle. A case example is used to illustrate how to predict changes to the ANB angle through growth or treatment and adjust incisor positions accordingly. The document also discusses individualizing treatment proposals based on factors like soft tissue function.
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses utility arches, which are orthodontic appliances used to apply light forces in the dental arch. It provides details on:
- The historical background and development of utility arches based on biomechanical principles.
- Common wire dimensions and materials used, including stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium alloys.
- The standard design components of utility arches, including molar, vertical, and incisal segments.
- Different types of utility arches like passive arches, intrusion arches, and retraction/protrusion arches and how they are activated to apply specific orthodontic forces.
The Steiner analysis was one of the first modern cephalometric analyses. It emphasized the interrelationships between measurements and offered guidelines for treatment planning based on predicted changes from growth and orthodontic therapy. The analysis includes skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements. Key skeletal measurements include SNA, SNB, and ANB angles. Key dental measurements include UI-NA and LI-NB angles and distances. The Holdaway ratio evaluates lower incisor prominence. The S-line assesses lower facial balance.
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
Schwarz analysis divides the evaluation into craniometry (skeletal) and gnathometry (dental) using reference lines and planes. Craniometry assesses the skeletal base and profile using angles like J angle, F angle, and TMJ position. Gnathometry evaluates the dentition using angles like B angle, gonial angle, and axial tooth inclinations. Linear measurements include anterior cranial base, ascending ramus, maxillary base, and soft tissue thickness. The analysis provides metrics to assess the skull, jaws, dentition, and facial profile.
This document provides an overview of pitchfork analysis for evaluating changes in cephalometric radiographs over time. It discusses landmarks used for superimposing tracings of the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible. For the cranial base, sella and nasion are commonly used. The maxilla can be superimposed along the palatal plane or contours of the zygomatic arches. For the mandible, the lower border, symphysis, or gonion-gnathion and gonion-menton planes are used. Pitchfork analysis expresses changes in molar and incisor relationships algebraically to quantify treatment effects.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of intrusion arches used in orthodontics to correct deep overbites. It begins by defining intrusion and describing the biomechanics and principles involved. It then covers 9 specific intrusion arch designs: 1) Rickett's Utility Arch 2) Tipback Springs 3) Burstone's Continuous Intrusion Arch 4) Burstone's Three Piece Intrusion Arch 5) K-SIR 6) Connecticut Intrusion Arch 7) PG Retraction Spring 8) Translation Arch 9) Lingual Arch for intruding lower incisors. For each type, it provides details on materials, design, and mechanics of intrusion.
This document provides information on various non-patient compliant fixed functional appliances used to treat Class II malocclusions, including the Herbst appliance, MARA, Advansync, and fixed twin block. It discusses the history, design, advantages, disadvantages, and effects of each appliance. In general, these fixed functional appliances can eliminate patient compliance issues compared to removable appliances, have continuous effects, and shorter treatment times, but may have higher breakage and mechanical dislodgement risks.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
1. A brief history noting its development from craniometry and introduction in the early 20th century.
2. A description of common cephalometric equipment including the Broadbent bolton type and highleys type.
3. An explanation of landmarks and planes used in cephalometric analysis including horizontal planes like SN plane and vertical planes like A-Pog line.
4. A summary of common cephalometric analyses like Downs analysis, Steiner's analysis, and Wits appraisal which are used to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
- Cephalometrics involves analyzing and measuring radiographic images of the head called cephalograms. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks to assess craniofacial structures.
- There are several commonly used analyses in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, Tweed analysis, and the Wits appraisal. These analyses establish norms for skeletal and dental relationships and angles that can be used to diagnose malocclusions.
- Landmarks, reference planes like the Frankfort horizontal and mandibular planes, and angular and linear measurements between them allow for evaluation of the positions of jaws, teeth, and soft tissues to develop treatment plans. Serial cephalograms also enable
This document discusses cephalometry, which involves analyzing standardized radiographs of the skull and facial bones. It describes the history and development of cephalometry from anthropological studies. The key types of cephalograms are lateral and frontal views. Cephalometry is used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships and abnormalities. The document outlines the equipment, positioning of patients, and evaluation of radiographs. It identifies important landmarks and reference planes used in cephalometric analysis. Several common cephalometric analyses are described, including measurements and norms. The document concludes with references on orthodontics and cephalometrics.
This document discusses Burstone soft tissue analysis, which was developed to provide additional facial analysis beyond just hard tissue measurements for orthognathic surgery planning. It outlines various soft tissue landmarks and measurements of the lips, chin, nose, and lower face that assess facial form, lip position and shape, vertical proportions, and chin prominence. Standard values are provided for each measurement based on Burstone and Legan's studies. The soft tissue analysis aims to better capture facial esthetics compared to just skeletal measurements.
Cephalometrics (hard and soft tissue ) - in detailBhanu Singh
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, and their skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements. The document also covers cephalometric landmarks, planes, tracing technique, imaging systems, uses of cephalograms, and limitations. The principal goal of cephalometric analysis is to evaluate dentofacial relationships and compare patients to normal reference groups.
Cephalometric analysis involves taking standardized radiographs of the craniofacial region and using anatomical landmarks to measure angular and linear relationships between skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures. It provides detailed information on how these structures relate to each other. Key points are that cephalometric analysis allows for reproducible imaging of the head and shows soft tissue outlines. Common radiograph views are frontal and lateral. Analysis is used for craniofacial growth assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, and research. Landmarks, planes of reference, and angular and linear measurements provide quantitative evaluation of skeletal and dental relationships.
This document provides information about cephalometrics in orthodontics, including:
- A definition of cephalometrics and brief history of its development in the 1930s.
- The key equipment used in cephalometric radiography and various reference planes used in analysis.
- The main uses of cephalometrics, including diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring treatment progress, research, and more.
- Sources of error in cephalometric analysis related to projections, landmark identification, and measuring systems.
- Details on specific cephalometric analyses techniques like Downs, Steiner, Ballard conversion, and Pi analysis.
Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery part 2MaherFouda1
1. Lateral cephalograms are useful tools for assessing orthognathic patients, allowing evaluation of dentoskeletal dysmorphology, monitoring of jaw growth and treatment progress, surgical planning, and assessment of surgical and relapse changes.
2. Cephalograms provide a 2D representation of a 3D structure and certain features are best assessed visually rather than through measurements alone. Landmarks, reference planes, qualitative template analysis, and quantitative analyses can all be used to evaluate cephalograms.
3. Measurements must be interpreted cautiously and in the context of a full clinical examination, as cephalometric analyses have limitations related to landmark identification and population norms that may not apply to a given patient.
This document provides a summary of the clinical diagnosis of Class II malocclusion. It describes the extraoral and intraoral features, diagnostic process including case history, photos, radiographs and casts. It analyzes features of Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions. Key aspects of cephalometric analysis are outlined including measurements of cranial bases, facial heights, angles between cranial structures, jaw bases and dentoalveolar structures. Growth patterns and effects of functional appliances are discussed.
Role of cephalometry and panoramic radiographs in orthodontics.drjibis
ITS A CONCISE SLIDES ON THE ROLE OF CEPHALOMETRY AND OPG IN ORTHODONTICS, PREPARED BY ME AND ASSISTED BY DR. ZARAH ADAM FROM UMTH MAIDUGURI. DONT FORGET TO ATLEAST DROP A COMMENT.
This document discusses various cephalometric analyses used in orthognathic surgery planning, including COGS, Grummons, Holdaway, and Arnett/Bregman analyses. It provides details on landmarks, measurements, and norms for assessing the horizontal and vertical skeletal relationships, dental parameters, and soft tissue profiles. The COGS analysis measures cranial base, maxilla, mandible, occlusal plane and dental angulations. Norms are compared to a sample from the University of Colorado. Analysis of cephalometrics is discussed for determining applicable norms for the Rajasthani population in India.
Downs analyzed 20 individuals with excellent occlusions using cephalometric analysis. He identified 5 skeletal and 5 dental parameters to characterize facial patterns, including the facial angle, angle of convexity, A-B plane, mandibular plane angle, and Y axis. The analysis found normal ranges for each parameter and showed how deviations from these ranges indicate different facial types and relationships between the denture and skeletal pattern. Downs demonstrated how this analysis can be used to evaluate treatment outcomes and classify malocclusions.
Cephalometrics involves taking radiographic measurements of head structures to analyze skeletal and dental relationships. Common cephalometric analyses include Steiner's analysis which evaluates skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationships and Tweed's diagnostic triangle which relates mandibular plane angle to lower incisor inclination. Cephalometric landmarks, reference planes and specific angular measurements are used to classify patients and guide orthodontic treatment planning.
This document discusses various cephalometric analyses used in orthodontic treatment planning and orthognathic surgery planning. It describes analyses such as COGS, Burstone soft tissue analysis, Dipaolo's quadrilateral analysis, Sassouni analysis, and others. Key components of each analysis are defined, such as skeletal and dental measurements, landmarks, planes, ratios and norms. The document provides detailed information on performing various cephalometric measurements and analyses to evaluate the skeletal structure and dental relationships of patients considered for orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographic images. It discusses the history and key figures in the development of cephalometry. The document outlines several commonly used cephalometric analyses including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, and Tweed analysis. It describes the landmarks, planes, angles, and linear measurements used in cephalometric assessment. The principles, goals, types, and techniques of cephalometric analysis are summarized. Limitations and sources of error in cephalometrics are also mentioned.
The generation of numbers derived
manually or from a computer does not in
itself make cephalometrics a science, and
C
ephalometrics should not
necessarily be considered
as a science.
This document provides information about cephalometry and cephalometric analysis for general practitioners. It defines key terms like cephalometry, cephalogram, and standardization. It describes important cephalometric landmarks, lines, and planes used in analysis. Common cephalometric measurements are outlined that provide information about skeletal and dental relationships to assess malocclusions. Limitations of cephalometry including magnification, distortion, and blurring are also noted.
selection of preformed archwires during the alignment stage of preadjusted or...Maher Fouda
This document discusses orthodontic archwire selection during the alignment stage of treatment with preadjusted appliances. It provides details on different types of archwires used for alignment including multi-strand stainless steel, conventional and superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi), and heat-activated NiTi wires. Superelastic NiTi wires are preferred for alignment due to their low stiffness, high springback, and ability to deliver nearly constant light forces during tooth movement. The document discusses various archwire sequences used during alignment and leveling, noting that there is no set sequence but heat-activated NiTi can replace multiple stainless steel wires to reduce visits and discomfort.
The document discusses orthodontic initial alignment. It defines alignment as moving teeth into their correct positions in relation to the planned dental arch form. Initial alignment uses thin, flexible round archwires to move tooth crowns horizontally into better positions, as root positions are often closer to correct. It describes using progressively thicker archwires as alignment improves. Factors like bypassing severely displaced teeth, using reinforcement sleeves, and avoiding excessive forces are discussed to optimize initial tooth movement.
This document discusses various techniques for orthodontic tooth alignment and leveling. It begins by outlining the stages of the straight wire technique. It then provides details on objectives and techniques for the initial alignment and leveling stage, including:
- Aligning tooth brackets to allow progression to stiffer archwires
- Placing brackets slightly off-center to aid in correcting tooth rotations
- Techniques for aligning high or impacted canine teeth, such as auxiliary wires or springs
- Using archwire sleeves or bypass arches to protect crowded incisors from unwanted movement
- Achieving curve of spee flattening mostly through proclination of mandibular incisors
The document emphasizes using lighter arch
Moment-to-Force Ratios and Controlling RootNew Microsoft PowerPoint Presentat...Maher Fouda
1. Moment-to-force ratios describe the relationship between an applied orthodontic force and the counterbalancing moment, or rotational force, required to control tooth movement.
2. Altering the ratio of the moment of an applied force to the moment generated by a force couple at the bracket allows for different types of tooth movement, from simple tipping to controlled tipping to bodily movement.
3. Achieving the desired tooth movement depends on manipulating these moments such that their ratio results in the desired movement, whether that be tipping, controlled tipping, or translation without rotation.
The document discusses orthodontic bracket prescriptions, including:
1) Early edgewise brackets required wire bends to control tooth movement, while contemporary brackets have built-in prescriptions for in-out, tip, and torque adjustments.
2) Lawrence Andrews introduced the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance with customized brackets programmed for specific tooth control without wire bends.
3) Later prescriptions like Roth and MBT incorporated changes like more torque in upper incisors to compensate for bracket limitations, while individual adaptations are often needed for specific cases.
This document discusses orthodontic controlled space closure using fixed appliances. It describes a case where the maxillary and mandibular first premolars were extracted and all teeth were bonded with pre-adjusted edgewise brackets. Initial alignment took 4 months. Space closure involved retracting the anterior teeth with a continuous tear drop loop activated over months until the extraction space was closed after 9 months. It discusses principles and objectives of space closure, including maintaining the desired occlusal and aesthetic outcomes through controlled tooth movement.
1. Retention is required after active orthodontic tooth movement to allow tissues to remodel and support teeth in their new positions.
2. Several factors can cause relapse, including residual forces in the periodontium and gingiva as they remodel over 3-6 months, forces from muscles and occlusion, and ongoing facial growth.
3. The type of original malocclusion, treatment performed, and a patient's growth pattern inform the appropriate retention plan, which may include removable or fixed retainers worn long-term to stabilize results.
The document discusses bracket variations that can be used to optimize tooth positioning for different malocclusion types. Specifically, it describes how inverting the bracket on an upper lateral incisor that is palatally displaced can provide beneficial labial root torque to help align the crown and root. Inverting the bracket changes the torque prescription from +10 degrees to -10 degrees, facilitating labial movement of the root during treatment. Careful selection and positioning of brackets can simplify treatment of localized anomalies.
Andrew identified 6 keys to normal occlusion based on a study of non-orthodontic models. The 6 keys are:
1. Proper molar relationship between the upper first molar and lower second molar.
2. Positive crown angulation for all teeth.
3. Negative crown inclination for most teeth, except upper front teeth.
4. Teeth should be free from undesirable rotations.
5. Tight contact points between all teeth.
6. An occlusal plane that is relatively flat, rather than a deep or reverse curve of Spee.
When these 6 keys are present, it results in optimal intercuspation and occlusion. Deviations
MBT wire sequence during orthodontic alignment and levelingMaher Fouda
This document discusses different archwire sequences used during tooth leveling and aligning. It begins by describing a case where a non-extraction approach was used with .016 HANT wires for initial alignment. After 3 months, rectangular HANT wires were placed, followed by .019/.025 stainless steel wires after 6 months to help correct the occlusion. The document then provides historical background on archwires and discusses the introduction of nickel-titanium wires as substitutes for steel wires during initial alignment. Heat-activated nickel-titanium wires are described as being able to replace 3 traditional stainless steel wires. Recommendations are provided on when stainless steel wires are still preferable to heat-activated wires.
This document discusses arch form in orthodontic treatment. It notes that while custom archwires were traditionally used, preadjusted appliances assumed one arch form could fit all patients. However, some customization is still needed. The document examines stability of arch form changes after treatment and notes expansion, especially of lower intercanine width, often relapses. It recommends using tapered, square, and ovoid arch forms to balance efficiency and accuracy for individual patients.
Orthodontic alignment phase of pre-adjusted fixed appliance ...Maher Fouda
1. The document discusses the orthodontic alignment phase when using pre-adjusted fixed appliances. It begins by describing how the original edgewise appliance required wire bending to position each tooth, whereas pre-adjusted brackets incorporate each tooth's final position.
2. It then explains how pre-adjusted brackets achieve three-dimensional control of each tooth's position by varying bracket base thickness, slot angulation, and base contour. Various archwire sequences and techniques used during initial alignment are also described.
3. The summary concludes by noting that efficient initial alignment is important for simplifying future treatment and is typically achieved using light nickel-titanium or steel wires until adequate alignment is reached.
Hazards of swallowing orthodontic appliancesMaher Fouda
The document discusses the clinical examination process for orthodontic patients, including assessing risks of foreign body aspiration or ingestion. A thorough examination involves obtaining medical history, conducting extra-oral and intra-oral exams, and taking radiographs. It is important to evaluate predisposing factors that could increase risks, such as medications, medical conditions, or behaviors. Symptoms may vary depending on the location of any foreign objects in the airway, esophagus, or gastrointestinal tract. Proper patient positioning and emergency procedures should be followed to address any potential complications.
This document provides an overview of functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It begins with an introduction to functional appliances and their use in guiding natural forces to correct morphological abnormalities. It then covers classifications of functional appliances, how cephalometric analysis is used to assess patients, and descriptions of common appliances like the activator, bionator, and twin-block. The document discusses how functional appliances can correct Class II and III malocclusions by influencing facial growth. In under 3 sentences.
This document discusses deep bite, including its definition, types, etiology, diagnosis, factors, and treatment. A deep bite is defined as excessive vertical overlap of the upper and lower incisors. It can be true, caused by infraocclusion of posterior teeth, or pseudo, with normal posterior eruption. Causes include genetic, acquired, and muscular factors. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, casts, radiographs, and cephalograms. Treatment aims to correct the underlying occlusion and may involve bite planes, fixed appliances, or intrusion/extrusion of teeth to reduce the overbite. Bite ramps are an effective option to help correct a deep bite over time through posterior development.
1. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through remodeling of the alveolar bone in response to prolonged mechanical forces on teeth. Bone resorbs on the pressure side and forms on the tension side of the periodontal ligament.
2. Physiologic tooth movements include eruption, drift, and minor movements during mastication. Eruption occurs through growth of the root and forces from the periodontal ligament.
3. When forces are within physiologic limits, tooth movement occurs through frontal resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension side. Excessive forces cause hyalinization and undermining resorption.
This document discusses the classification, etiology, clinical features, and assessment of Class II malocclusions. It describes two main types of Class II malocclusions - Division 1 where the upper anteriors are proclined, and Division 2 where the upper anteriors are retroclined. Class II Division 1 is often due to a skeletal Class II pattern or habits that procline the upper incisors. Class II Division 2 can be associated with a mild skeletal Class II or reduced lower facial height. A thorough assessment of skeletal patterns, soft tissues, dental factors, growth potential, and likelihood of stability is needed to determine the appropriate treatment approach.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
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3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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3. The soft-tissue envelope of the face plays an important
role in esthetics, functional balance and facial harmony.
The changes occurring in soft tissue profile in the course
of orthodontic therapy represent an important point of
study.
One of the reasons why soft tissue analysis has been
neglected is that orthodontic therapy was primarily
concerned with the correction of hard structure (bone and
teeth). A good mechanical relationship between
mandibular and maxillary dentures was formerly regarded
as the sole aim of orthodontic treatment
4. The importance of soft tissue morphology is seen clearly
through the results of functional treatment methods and
relapses despite of satisfactory correction of dentoskeletal
morphological relations.
In the course of time, orthodontists have become
increasingly aware that facial aesthetics must also be
considered in planning.
5. Anatomy of soft tissue profile
The visible surface of the soft
tissue facial profile extends
from the hairline(trichion) to
the superior cervical crease.
6. RADIOGRAPH OF SOFT TISSUE PROFILE
The soft tissue profile appears as
a light radio opaque area covering
the bony structures of the face.
The use of special filters during
the radiological exposure of the
patients can also provide a more
clear imaging of the soft tissue
profile in a lateral cephalogram.
7. Soft tissue profile Cephalometric landmarks
G= Glabella
N= Soft tissue nasion
Radix or root of the nose
Dorsum of the nose
Supratip depression
P=Pronasale
Sn= subnasale
9. Soft tissue profile
Cephalometric planes of reference
Traditionally two planes have been used
the Sella turcica-nasion (SN).
the Frankfort horizontal(FH).
Additional references are also used
Constructed horizontal (chp) plane.
True horizontal plane.
10. Sella turcica-nasion (SN) plane:
The SN plane is more suitable for assessment of changes induced by
growth and/or treatment with in the same individual over time.
Low variability in identifying sella turcica and nasion is an advantage
of using this plane, as is the fact that sella turcica and nasion
represent midsagittal structures.(i.e. no superimposition = no double
images = less confusion).
Use of the SN plane may provide wrong and inaccurate information if
the inclination of this plane is either too high or too low. A sella
turcica positioned too superiorly or inferiorly would account for a low
or high inclination of the SN plane respectively.
11. Nasion (N):
The most anterior
point of the
nasofrontal suture.
Sella (S):
A constructed point as
the center of sella
turcica.
12. The Frankfort horizontal(FH):
It is one of the oldest and most frequently used horizontal
lines in the cephalometric analysis of the facial contour
It runs from the point porion (Po) to the point orbital
(Or).
The FH plane has been advocated to more accurately
represent the clinical impression of jaw position. However,
it has the disadvantage of being difficult to determine in a
radiograph and impossible to determine in a profile photo
13. Orbitale (Or):
The lowest point on
the lower margin of the
bony orbit.
Porion (P):
The highest point on
the upper margin of
the external auditory
canal or the ear rod.
14. Constructed horizontal (chp) plane :
As an alternative, Legan and Burstone suggest using a
constructed horizontal line drawn through nasion at an
angle of 7 degrees to the SN line.
This constructed horizontal tends to be parallel to true
horizontal. However, in those cases in which SN is
excessively angulated, even the constructed horizontal
would not approximate true horizontal, in which case an
alternative reference line must be sought.
15.
16. True Horizontal:
Cephalogram are obtained traditionally with the head in
the natural head position.
“True horizontal” is drawn perpendicular to a vertical line
on the radiograph.
A vertical reference line can be traced perpendicular to a
perpendicular to “True horizontal” passing through
subnasale (SnV) or glabella. Soft-tissue landmarks may be
related to one of these vertical reference lines.
This approach offers advantage that natural head position
approximates the position in which clinical judgments are
made.
17. True horizontal should be preferred over intracranial lines
such as the FH line or line drawn from the point nasion to
the point sella. This is because the intracranial lines are
subject to larger biological variation than the true
horizontal.
Its drawbacks include strict adherence to technique and
difficulty in conducting studies where cephalograms have
been obtained from various facilities.
21. 1. Vertical Facial Proportions
The search for the profile with ideal proportions is one of the
oldest aims of art. These ideal proportions provide the basic
standard for assessment of the average profile (mean value,
biometric mean, or average).
The profile may be divided into three approximately equal
parts:
a)Frontal Third : Tr to N
b)Nasal Third : N to Sn
c)Gnathic Third : Sn to Gn
22.
23. The Gnathic third may be up to a tenth greater (55%), with
the mid face (N-Sn) occupying 45%andthe lower face
(Sn-Gn) 55% of the total anterior facial height (N-Go).
24. 2. Convexity of the Profile
This analysis depends on the following two reference lines :
The line joining the forehead
and the border of the upper lip,
The line joining the border of
the upper lip and
the soft tissue pogonion.
25. The following three profile types are
differentiated according to the relationship
between these two lines:
Straight profile:
The two lines form a
nearly straight line.
26. Convex profile:
The two reference lines form
an angle, indicating a
relative backward placement
of the chin (posterior
divergent).
27. Concave profile:
The two reference lines form
an angle indicating a relative
forward displacement of the
chin (anterior divergent).
28. 3. Angle of Facial Convexity
(Downs)
It is formed by the (G-Sn) line and
the (Sn-Pog') line.
The mean value is 12 degrees (SD±
4 degrees). A clockwise angle is
positive and a counterclockwise
angle is negative.
A smaller positive or negative
value suggests a Class III
relationship.
A high positive value reflects a
Class II relationship.
The value of this angle, however,
does not reveal the localization o f
the deformity
30. 1. Nasofacial angle
Nasal projection is evaluated by
the nasofacial angle
It is formed by the intersection of
(G-Pog’) line with a line drawn
along the axis o f the radix.
It is approximately 30 to 35
degrees.
31. 2. Inclination o f the nasal
base
(Rohrich and Bell)
The angle formed between the true
vertical and a line through the long
axis o f the nostril.
The angle varies from about 90
degrees in men to as much as 105
degrees in women.
32. 3. Nasolabial Angle
(Legan and Burstone)
The nasolabial angle is formed by
two lines, namely, a columella
tangent and an upper lip tangent.
An arbitrary value o f 90 to 110
degrees has been described as the
norm. It has a mean value o f 102 ± 4
degrees.
This angle is influenced by both the
inclination o f the columella of the
nose as well as the position o f the
upper lip.
33. Schcideman et al. drew a postural
horizontal line through subnasale
and further divided the nasolabial
angle into two angles :
a. columella tangent to postural
horizontal (25 degrees)
b. upper lip tangent to postural
horizontal (85 degrees)
They argue that each o f these
angles should be assessed
individually in as much as they vary
independently.
An apparently normal nasolabial
angle may be oriented in an
abnormal fashion, a fact that would
be disclosed if the component
angles were measured individually.
34. 4. Nasomental Angle
This angle is constructed by a line
drawn along the axis of the radix
and a line drawn from the tip of
the nose to soft tissue pogonion.
The latter line is also known as E-
line).
The nasomental angle ranges
between 120 and 132 degrees in
well balanced faces.
35. 5. Nasal prominence
(Scheideman et al.)
Ideally, horizontal nasal
prominence (G-P) should be
approximately one third the
vertical height of the nose
(G-Sn).
Ideally, columellar length (Sn-P)
should be approximately 90% of
upper lip length (Sn-Stms).
37. 1. Chin Prominence
(Bell et al.)
The distance from soft-tissue chin
to a line perpendicular to True
horizontal through subnasale
(SnV) (i.e. true vertical).
The mean value is -1 to -4 mm (i.e.
posterior to the vertical line)
38. 2. Zero-degree Meridian
The distance from soft-tissue chin to a
line perpendicular to FH through soft-
tissue nasion .
Pog' is estimated to be 0 ± 2 mm from
this line.
Legan and Burstone have indicated that
the chin prominence must be evaluated
in conjunction with other features to
distinguish between microgenia,
micrognathia, or retrognathia.
For example, if Pog' is positioned
posteriorly, its cause could be attributed
to a small hard-tissue chin, a thin soft-
tissue chin, a small mandible, an
average-sized mandible positioned
posteriorly, or a combination o f these
factors.
39. 3. Mentocervical Angle
The mentocervical angle is formed
by the intersection of the E-line
and a tangent to the submental
area.
It should range between 110 and 120
degrees.
40. 4. Submental Neck
Angle
The submental neck angle is formed
between the submental tangent and a
neck tangent at points above and below
the thyroid prominence.
The submental-neck angle is
considered to have the most significant
impact on the esthetics of neck form.
The mean value is 126 degrees for men
and is 121 degrees for women .
42. 1.Upper Lip Prominence
(Legan and Burstone)
Upper lip prominence is
measured as the
perpendicular distance from
labrale superior to (Sn-Pog’).
the average upper lip
prominence is 3 ± 1 mm.
43. Bell et al. utilize a vertical
reference line through
subnasale, in which case
the upper lip should be 1
to 2 mm ahead o f this
line.
44. 2.Lower Lip Prominence
(Legan and Burstone)
The labrale inferius (Li)
should be 2 ± 1 mm
anterior to the Sn-Pog'
line.
45. Similarly, Bell et al.
estimate the lower lip to
be on the subnasale
vertical or 1 mm
posterior to it
(zero to - 1 mm).
46. 3. Length of Upper Lip
The length of the upper lip is
measured from the point (Sn) to
(Stms).
The mean value given by Burstone
is 24 mm for boys and 20 mm for
girls at the age of 12.
A positive correlation exists
however between length of upper
lip and facial height.
47. 4. Length of lower Lip
The length of the lower lip is
measured from the point (Stmi) to
(Me’).
According to Burstone, it is
averagely 50 mm in boys and 46.5
mm in girls.
48. 5.Upper Lip-Lower Lip
Height Ratio
The length of the upper lip
(Sn-Stms) should be approximately
one third of the total lower third
of the face (Sn-Me').
The length o f the lower lip
(Stmi-Me‘) should be about two
thirds.
This can be depicted briefly by the
ratio:
Sn-Stms / Stms-Me' = 1/2.
49. 6.Interlabial Gap
The vertical distance between the
upper and lower lip ranges
between zero and 3 mm.
Scheideman et al estimate the
average interlabial gap to be 0.1 ± 2
mm for men and 0.7 ± 1 .1 mm for
women.
Legan and Burstone2 describe a
mean value of 2 ± 2 mm
50. 7. Ricketts' E-line
(Esthetic Plane)
The E-line is drawn from the
tip of the nose to soft tissue
pogonion.
Normally the upper lip is
about 4 mm behind this
reference line while the
lower lip lies about 2 mm
behind it.
51. Ricketts admits that
considerable variation exists
in terms of age and sex.
He therefore advises that
instead of laying down fixed
requirements, adult lips
should be contained within
the nose-chin lip line.
52. 8. Steiner’s S-Line
S-line is a line drawn from
soft-tissue pogonion to the
midpoint o f the S-shaped
curve between subnasale
and nasal lip
Lips lying behind this
reference line are too flat,
while those lying anterior to
it are too prominent.
53. 9. Burstone line (B line)
Reference line that extended
from soft tissue subnasale to
pogonion.
Lips prominence is measured as
the perpendicular linear
distance from this line to the
most protruded point on the
upper and lower lip.
54. This line was selected as it was
considered as line of minimum
variation in the area of the face.
The standards developed to
describe young adult Caucasians
were upper lip 3.5 ± 1.4 mm
anterior to the line and lower lip
2.2 ± 1.6 mm anterior to the line.
Difference in protrusion in males
and females was not significant.
55. 10. The H-line
(harmony line)
The H-line (harmony line) is
tangent to the chin point and the
upper lip.
The H-line angle is the angle
formed between this line and the
soft-tissue nasion-pogonion line
(N ’-Pog) . Normally (7 to 15
degrees).
Both upper and lower lips are
measured to H-Line
Upper lip to H-line is ideally 3
mm.While Lower lip to H-line is
ideally Zero mm
56. Holdaway defines the perfect
profile as:
• ANB angle = 2 degrees,
• H angle = 7 to 8 degrees.
• Lower lip touching the soft
tissue line (the line connecting
soft tissue pogonion and upper
lip,continued as far as SN)
• The relative proportions of
nose and upper lip are
balanced(soft tissue line bisects
the S curve)
57. 11.Merrifield's Z Angle
A profile line is established by
drawing a line tangent to the soft-
tissue chin (Pog ') and to the most
anterior point of either the lower or
upper lip, whichever is most
protrusive.
The Z angle formed by the
intersection o f Frankfort horizontal
and this profile line
It averages 80±9 degrees.
Ideally the upper lip should be
tangent to this profile line, whereas
the lower lip should be tangent or
slightly behind it.
58. Soft Tissue Analyses
Schwarz Profile Analysis (1929)
Subtelny’s Analysis (1959)
Metric Analysis Of The Facial Profile By Bowker & Meredith
(1959)
The Holdaway Soft-Tissue Analysis (1983)
59. SCHWARZ PROFILE ANALYSIS(1929)
Three reference lines are used in this analysis:
1. The H line : corresponds to FH
2. The Pn line : a perpendicular line from the soft tissue
nasion to the H line
3. The Po line : a perpendicular line from the Orbitale to
the H line
60.
61. Schwarz uses the
Gnathic profile field
(GPF) or Kiefer profiler
field (K.P.F) to assess the
profiles. It is the area
bounded between Pn
line , Po line and H line.
62. Average straight face:
The Subnasale (sn) touches
the Nasion perpendicular
(Pn).
The upper lip also touches
this line, while the lower lip
regresses, being
approximately 1/3 the width
of the Gnathic profile
posterior to it. The
indentation of the lower lip
comes close to the posterior
third of the Gnathic profile
field
63. The lower chin point
(Gnathion) is on the
perpendicular from the
orbital (po).
The most anterior point
(Pogonion) is at the
midpoint between 2
verticals.
64. The mouth tangent T (Sn-Pog) is
constructed to assess the Gnathic
profile. It bisects the red of the
upper lip and touches the boarder
of the lower .With Pn it forms the
profile angle (T angle). In the
average and all straight faces this T
angle is 10°.
65. The width of the Gnathic profile field is 13-14 mm in children and 15-17mm in adults.
This method of profile analysis has the disadvantage of being affected by a high or
low-positioned cartilagenous tragus, and its clinical significance is there by
reduced.
66. Depending on the relation of Subnasale to the Nasion
perpendicular, distinction may be done with the
following types:
2. Retroface:
The Subnasale is
behind the Nasion
perpendicular (Pn)
3. Anteface:
The Subnasale lies in front
of the Nasion perpendicular
1. Average Face :
The Subnasale lying on the
Nasion perpendicular.
67. If pogonion is displaced proportionately to the
subnasale in cases of retro or anteposition, this is known
as a straight retroface or straight anteface.
If pogonion lies more dorsal than normal relative to
subnasale, the profile is slanting backwards. If the
opposite is the case, it is slanting forward.
Depending on relationship of Subnasale and pogonion ,
six oblique face types are found.
68. 1. Basic Oblique Retroface: is due to posterior rotation of average face. The
maxilla lies posterior to the average profile. The mandible is even more
posterior to it (Retro inclination).
69. 2. Basic Oblique Anteface: occurs due to forward rotation of average face. The
maxilla lies anterior to the average profile and the mandible even more anterior
to it(ante-inclination).
70. 3. Average Face, Gnathic Profile Slanting Forward: Due to forward rotation
of the Profile. This is compensated by retrogression in mid face area
www.indiandentalacademy.com with the result that subnasale is in average
position
71. Average Face, Gnathic Profile Slanting Backward: Backward rotation of the
profile and posterior displacement of subnasale are partly compensated by
forward displacement of mid face, with the result the subnasale is in average
position.
72. Anteface, Gnathic Profile Slanting Backward: This occur due to combined
effect of backward rotation and marked forward displacement of mid face,
bringing Subnasale forward of Nasion perpendicular.
73. Retro Face, Gnathic Profile Slanting Forward: This occur due to combined
effect of forward rotation of the profile and backward displacement of
subnasale.
74. Types Of Face For Angle Class II Malocclusion:
AVERAGE FACE:
Normal appearance of class II.
RETRO FACE:
The maxilla appears underdeveloped but it is not.
ANTE FACE:
The maxilla is over developed.
75. Types Of Face For Angles Class III Malocclusion
AVERAGE FACE:
Normal appearance of class III pattern.
RETRO FACE:
This gives an appearance of an under developed maxilla.
ANTE FACE:
Gives appearance of over-developed maxilla.
76. Subtelny’s Analysis (1959)
A. Conxexty of facial profile:
This analysis was devised by Subtenly (1959) to make the
distinction between convexities of:
• The skeletal profile.
• The soft tissue profile.
• The full soft tissue profile (including the nose)
77. Skeletal soft tissue profile analysis is by N-A-Pog.
Soft tissue convexity is represented by the angle N-Sn-Pog'.
Full convexity represented by the angle N-No-Pog'.
78. Subtently makes a distinction between skeletal soft tissue and full
soft tissue (including nose)
Skeletal profile
Average value = 175
Convexity decreases with age as skeletal form straightens with age.
Soft Tissue Profile
Average value = 161
Convexity does not change with age
Full Soft Tissue
Average value = 137
Convexity increases with age because of anterior growth of
the nose.
79. Subtently found out that age-dependent soft tissue changes
are not proportional to age-dependent skeletal profile
changes. The following table exhibits the mean values
determined for different forms of malocclusions:
80. B. Subtenly’s Profile Thickness Analysis
Subtenly further defined the thickness of the soft tissue
profile and established the following:
• Thickness of soft tissue nasion was usually found to be
constant.
• Thickness at the sulcus labrale superius increased by
approximately 5 mm.
• Thickness of the soft tissue chin increased by
approximately by 2 mm.
In his view, the greater increase in maxillary as distinct
from mandibular soft tissue explains, why the soft profile
grows more convex with age, despite the tendency of the
skeletal profile to straighten out.
81.
82. Metric Analysis Of The Facial Profile
By Bowker & Meredith (1959)
This analysis pertains to the integumental profile of the face in
childhood.
It describes a quantitative method for depicting the facial profile at
age 5 and 14 in both males and females.
The osseous landmarks utilized in the study were:
• Nasion. • Pogonion.
• Tuberculum (It is defined as the most superior point of the
anterior out line of the sella turcica before the out line turns and
continues forwards.)
83.
84. This shows the growth related changes in soft tissue
profile to be expected in the course of treatment
85. The Holdaway Soft-Tissue Analysis (1983)
Holdaway analysis comprises 11 measurements:
1. Facial angle
2. Upper lip curvature
3. Skeletal convexity at point A
4. H-line angle
5. Nose tip to h-line
6. Upper sulcus depth
7. Upper lip thickness
8. Upper lip strain
9. Lower lip to h-line
10. Lower sulcus depth
11. Chin thickness
86. Facial Angle (90 degrees)
The facial angle is formed by the
intersection of the FH with
(N ’ to Pog)
Ideally, this angle should be 90 to
92 degrees.
A greater angle suggests a
mandible that is too protrusive.
an angle less than 90 degrees
suggests a recessive lower jaw.
87. Upper Lip Curvature
The depth of the upper lip sulcus is
measured from the perpendicular
dropped from FH tangent to the tip
of the upper lip.
Ideally it should measure 2.5 mm
in patients with lips of average
thickness.
In individuals with thin or thick
lips, a thickness o f 1.5 and 4.0 mm,
respectively, is acceptable.
Lack of upper lip curvature is
suggestive of lip strain. Excessive
depth could be caused by lip
redundancy or jaw over-closure.
88. Skeletal Convexity at Point A
Skeletal convexity is measured from
point A to the nasion-pogonion
line.
Strictly speaking, this is not a soft-
tissue measurement, but a good
parameter to assess facial skeletal
convexity relating to lip position.
The measurement, which extends
from -2 to 2 mm, dictates the dental
relationships needed to produce
facial harmony.
89. H-Line Angle
The H-line (harmony line) is
tangent to the chin point and the
upper lip.
The H-line angle is the angle
formed between this line and the
soft-tissue nasion-pogonion line
(N ’-Pog) . Normally (7 to 15
degrees).
The H-line angle measures either
the degree of upper lip
prominence or the amount of
retrognathism of the soft-tissue
chin.
90. The degree of skeletal convexity
(measured at point A) will cause the
H-line angle to vary.
Concave, straight, or convex profiles
may have soft tissues, which are in
balance and harmony.
These faces, however, bear a
relationship between the skeletal
convexity at point A and the H-line
angle. If the skeletal convexity and
H-line angles do not approximate
those in the tables, facial imbalance
may be evident.
91. Nose Tip to H-Line
This measurement, if
possible, should not exceed
12 mm in individuals 14 years
o f age.
Although nose size is
important to facial balance,
lip balance and harmony
generally contribute more to
the total picture o f facial
balance.
92. Upper Sulcus Depth
The upper sulcus depth is
measured from the H-line
The upper lip is in balance
when this measurement
approximates 5.0 mm.
With short and/or thin lips,
a measurement o f 3 mm
may be adequate.
In longer-and/or thicker-
lipped individuals, a
measurement o f 7 mm may
still indicate excellent
balance.
93. Upper Lip Thickness
Upper lip thickness is
measured horizontally from
a point 0n the outer alveolar
plate 2 mm below point A to
the outer border o f the
upper lip.
Normally (15 mm)
At this point, nasal
structures will not influence
the drape o f the lip.
94. Upper Lip Strain
The upper lip strain
measurement extends
horizontally from the vermilion
border o f the upper lip to the
labial surface o f the maxillary
central incisor
This measurement should be
approximately the same as the
upper lip thickness (within 1
mm). If this measurement is
less than the upper lip
thickness, the lips are
considered to be strained.
95. For example, if the thickness o f the
upper lip is 14 mm and the
thickness between the vermilion
border to the maxillary incisor is 7
mm, the difference between the
two measurements (14 to 7 mm)
would reflect a lip strain factor o f 6
or 7 mm.
In other words, the incisors would
have to be retracted approximately
7 mm before the point at which the
lips assume normal form and
thickness is reached.
If further tooth movement is
required, the lips would not follow
the teeth.
Generally, Thick lips don’t always
follow tooth movement, whereas
thin lips adapt m ore closely to
such changes.
96. Lower Lip to H-Line
The lower lip to H-line is
measured from the most
prominent outline of the
lower lip.
Normally ( Zero mm)
A negative reading
indicates that the lips are
behind the H-line, and a
positive reading indicates
the lips are ahead o f the
H-line. A range o f -1 to +2
mm is regarded as normal.
97. Lower Sulcus Depth
The lower sulcus depth is
measured at the point of
deepest curvature between
the lower lip and the chin
Normally (5 mm)
98. Soft Tissue-Chin
Thickness
The soft tissue-chin
thickness is measured as
the distance between the
bony and soft-tissue facial
planes (Pog to Pog ')
In very fleshy chins, the
lower incisors may be
permitted to remain in a
more prominent position,
allowing for facial
harmony.