This document analyzes the transitivity patterns in news articles from China Daily and New York Times about a dispute between China and the US over a US drone seized by China. It examines the articles' use of material, mental, verbal, and existential processes to understand how each side represents the incident and justifies their stance. The analysis finds both sides selectively use language and framing to portray their own actions positively and the other's negatively, revealing the political intentions and ideologies behind the news texts.
Textual analysis is mostly used while conducting scientific studies on some relative topics of social science where it is mainly implicated by the researchers in the subjective area of communication.
Advancing Indigenous Rights at the United Nations: Strategic Framing and its ...Dr Lendy Spires
Within the past 30 years, indigenous peoples have emerged as legitimate subjects of international law with rights to exist as distinct people. This shift in international law is the result of activity over the last few decades that has involved hundreds of indigenous leaders, community representatives, and lawyers. Indigenous people have become actively engaged in efforts to transform the disposition and direction of international law in order that it might become a supportive force od change in the relations between indigenous peoples and the states in which they live...
Textual analysis is mostly used while conducting scientific studies on some relative topics of social science where it is mainly implicated by the researchers in the subjective area of communication.
Advancing Indigenous Rights at the United Nations: Strategic Framing and its ...Dr Lendy Spires
Within the past 30 years, indigenous peoples have emerged as legitimate subjects of international law with rights to exist as distinct people. This shift in international law is the result of activity over the last few decades that has involved hundreds of indigenous leaders, community representatives, and lawyers. Indigenous people have become actively engaged in efforts to transform the disposition and direction of international law in order that it might become a supportive force od change in the relations between indigenous peoples and the states in which they live...
· Use the Internet to research the role of credit default swaps (C.docxoswald1horne84988
· Use the Internet to research the role of credit default swaps (CDSs) and other derivatives in the financial collapse of 2008. Examine the derivatives that were involved in the financial collapse of 2008.
· Speculate on the most likely cause(s) of the collapse. Support your position with one (1) example.
1
Paper 3: An Annotated Bibliography
To write an annotation:
An annotation is two paragraphs that (1) summarizes the source, (2) evaluates the source, and (3) discusses the source’s relevance to the final paper.
1. In para. 1, start the annotation with this formula:
In [book title or article title], [author (use full name)] explores/investigates/considers/relates
In “Law and the Media: An Overview and Introduction, ” Valerie P. Hans considers how . . .
^^^Do this in all four (4) annotations.
2. Continue with a solid summary of what the source is about—think about five to nine sentences to explain the content to a reader who is not familiar with it
3. In para. 2, discuss what makes this source credible—consider two or more of the source evaluation criteria we have been considering in class (author, author’s style, publisher, organization, type, information)
4. Then, in the last sentence or few sentences, address the relevance of the source to the final paper, directly stating how you will use it.
***Make sure to include at least one (1) properly documented quotation from each source in its annotation, as that is clearly required on the assignment sheet.
Brainstorming:
Under each source below, please fill in the author of the source and then list at least two (2) of the criteria you will address in the Annotated Bibliography and why—
For example:
Source 1:
Hans, Valerie P.
· Author credibility—Hans is a law professor and has written two other articles, she also edited a book I am using
· Type—scholarly journal article, published in a scholarly journal, goes through peer review
Source 1:
Source 2:
Source 3:
Source 4:
Dean Winchester
Ms. Roberts
English 105
6 April 2015
Annotated Bibliography: The Media’s Impact on Copycat Crime
Topic: How the media affects copycat crime
Thesis: This influence can produce dire consequences, and for this reason, criminologists and psychologists continue to study this phenomenon in order to better understand and even prevent future crimes.
Hans, Valerie P. “Law and the Media: An Overview and Introduction.” Law and Human
Behavior 14.5 (1990): 399-407. Print.
Helfgott, Jacqueline B. “The Influence of Technology, Media, and Popular Culture on Criminal
Behavior.” Criminal Behavior: Theories, Typologies, and Criminal Justice. Los Angeles:
Sage, 2008. 367-416. Print.
Phillips, David P. “The Impact of Mass Media Violence on U.S. Homicides.” American
Sociological Review 48.4 (1983): 560-568. Print.
Surette, Ray. “Pathways to Copycat Crime.” Criminal Psychology. Ed. Jacqueline B. Helfgott.
Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2013. 251-55. Print.
***All students should complet.
How To Write A Reflective Essay. Buy a reflective essay examples pdf; 19 Refl...Tina Johnson
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. How to Write a Reflective Essay | 48 Examples (Guide & Tips). How to Write a Reflective Essay: Format, Tips and Examples | EssayPro .... Reflective Essay Examples & Structure [Great Tips] | Pro Essay Help. Self Reflective Essay Topics. Online assignment writing service. | PDF. Buy a reflective essay examples pdf; 19+ Reflective Essay Examples .... Reflective Essay Structure Easy Guide with Pro Tips 2024.... How to Title an Essay: A Guide for Students from Our Experts. What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... How To Write A Reflective Essay: Format, Tips And 5 Examples. How To Write A Reflective Essay University.
Running head SUMMARY ASSIGNMENTSUMMARY ASSIGNMENT4.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SUMMARY ASSIGNMENT
SUMMARY ASSIGNMENT 4
Summary Assignment
Name
Institution Affiliation
Source Summary Prewriting
The study looks at the psychosocial influences of texting while driving among young Australian drivers. The psychosocial influences of texting while driving cited in the article include moral and group norm, intentions, behavioral control perceptions, subjective norms, and attitudes. The researchers found that behavioral control perceptions did not have an influence on reading texts while driving, but they had an effect on sending the texts. In addition, the researchers predicted the intentions to read and send texts based on the attitudes of the young participants. Therefore, attitudes have a greater influence on whether the young person will read, write and send texts while driving. Intention predicted both readings and sending texts.
Theme: Choose: Psychology
Topic: Psychosocial Influences on Behavior
Title: Texting while Driving: Psychosocial influences on young people’s texting intentions and behavior
The text tells me that the author posits that the young driver tends to base his decision on texting and driving based on his interactions with his peers, who influence various aspects of the driver’s behavior regarding texting and driving.
Intended audience: The publication in the Accident Analysis and Prevention journal suggests that the article is intended for policy-makers, professionals in the field of counseling psychology and psychology. The publication contains technical jargon and sources from academic journals. The publication is, therefore, professional and is not easily accessible to the public who have no background in the discipline of counseling psychology.
Writer Background: The authors are part of the school of psychology and counseling at the Queensland University of Technology. Therefore, they have the professional authority and technical know-how to write on the subject because it is directly related to their field of expertise.
Writer’s angle: The topic presents an arguable claim since the research literature review conducted in the article contains gaps in research where researchers have not completely understood the psychosocial influences of reading and sending texts while driving behaviors in young people. The claim the topic makes is also an arguable one because it was possible for the researchers to make falsifiable hypothesis based on the topic and, therefore, base their research on the formulated hypothesis to obtain objective data that could either reject or accept the formulated hypothesis.
Part 1: The one-sentence summary
The researchers state that the overall main point of the source is to show that a ‘multi-strategy approach is likely to be useful in attempts to reduce the incidence of these risky driving behaviors’.
Part 2: The one-paragraph summary
The main point the researchers seek to make in the source is that psychosocial influences on young people'.
Incident Report Writing - 15+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. The Psychological Impact of Critical Incidents Essay Example | Topics .... The Incident Report in Word and Pdf formats. Unforgettable Incident of Your Life English Essay | Essay on .... Incident Report Example | Incident report, Report writing template .... First Class Example Letter For Incident Report How To Write A Business .... How to write a critical incident analysis - teachersites.web.fc2.com. My Most Memorable Incident In My Life Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words. Curious Incident Essay | English (Standard) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Buy a narrative essay about an accident i witnessed! An Accident You .... Accident investigation essay. write any funny incident that happened during the lowdown time in your .... Incident with or about your family Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Essay on 'An Incident that have changed your life ' | English essay .... You witness an incident which you are forced to get involved in. Use .... How to Write an Incident Report: 12 Steps (with Pictures). Buy a narrative essay about an accident: Buy A Narrative Essay About An .... critical incident essay | Dentistry | Patient. Essay writing a memorable incident in my life - dissertationadviser.x ....
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Citizenship in the nation - Free Essay Sample. global citizen essay edgar c | Citizenship | Metacognition. What is Citizenship? - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. U.S. Citizenship Issues for Children Born in Foreign Countries - Free .... Citizenship and the constitution Essay portfolio Final.docx - 1 Running .... Good Citizenship. What being a good citizen means to me essay. Good Global Citizenship Essay Example - 704 Words - NerdySeal.
Pakistan Earthquake - PHDessay.com. Kobe and pakistan earthquake essay - International Baccalaureate .... Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan 2005. Earthquake in Pakistan Essay. Earthquake In Pakistan Essay In English. Essay websites: Essay on earthquake in pakistan. PAKISTAN - EARTHQUAKE OF 8 OCTOBER IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN - Dr. George .... Earthquake essay for kids. (PDF) Pakistan's Experience with Post-earthquake Reconstruction and .... History of earthquakes in pakistan. (DOC) Essay Descriptive "Earthquake" | Lailatul Maghfiroh - Academia.edu. Earthquake Essays. What Are The Effects Of An Earthquake Informative Essay - The Earth .... Write My Paper For Me - pakistan earthquake 2005 essay help .... Reasons for Earthquakes - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. PPT - Earthquakes PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:3889814. Impressive Essay On Earthquake ~ Thatsnotus. Pakistan - Earthquake Response (2005) - Information Saves Lives | Internews. (PDF) Earthquakes of Dhaka | Syed Humayun Akhter - Academia.edu. Science, Tech Articles Urdu: Why and how earthquakes occur?. Essays on Earthquakes | Geography A - GCSE Edexcel | Thinkswap. Earthquake death toll in Afghanistan and Pakistan tops 300. 6 Horrifying Earthquakes in history of Pakistan. Earthquake Essay / Essay on Earthquake in hindi | Earthquake facts .... Nepal earthquake 2015 essay in 2021 | Essay, Essay writing, Essay .... Short Paragraph On Earthquake In Hindi - The Earth Images Revimage.Org. Earthquake in Pakistan October 2015 | Earthquake in pakistan .... Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan by Write My English Paper Evansville .... Kashmir Earthquake - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. Prachi Essay Himalayan Earthquake in 2005 | Earthquakes | Himalayas. Earthquakes in Pak and india, Urdu Quotes, Zalzala, Zalzla Pakistan .... Essay of earthquake – The Friary School Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan
English 101 Research PaperThe research paper is the most impo.docxSALU18
English 101 Research Paper
The research paper is the most important out-of-class writing assignment of the semester. It will be peer-reviewed in class before revision and submission in its final form. The due dates for all drafts are given in your syllabus. The essay will be graded on completion of the various phases of the assignment (topic selection, preliminary list of sources, outline, peer review) as well as the content of the final draft.
Instructions:
The paper must be written in MLA format, including a formal outline.
The approximate length of the essay is 8 to 10 pages.
The paper must cite at least 5 research sources, including the following:
- Doctor Zhivago
· One full-length text (book) by an authority on your topic. Recommended sources are books and ebooks specifically on your topic that appear in the LAMC library catalog. This requirement may also be satisfied by citing a textbook for a relevant subject such as political science, psychology, sociology or history.
· One scholarly journal article from the LAMC library databases. This will be an article designated “scholarly” or “peer reviewed” in one of the databases such as ProQuest or CQ Researcher.
· One other periodical. This may be a second scholarly journal article, or it may be a major metropolitan newspaper or a news magazine.
· One Internet site. This may be the web site of an organization that offers authoritative information on your topic, a web site that specializes in news reporting, or a web site you use as an example of popular opinion or pop culture.
In some cases, other sources such as interviews or government documents may be used as well.
Do not use or cite informal sources such as web sites that collect or sell student papers (e.g. echeat.com or 123helpme.com),blogs maintained by individuals or groups that do not have solid academic credentials, or Q&A sites such as ehow or about.com. Acceptable web sites include those maintained by university departments, libraries, museums or government agencies.
You may choose to consult dictionaries and encyclopedias to gain a better understanding of terminology and the history of some aspects of your topic. If so, these should be listed on your Works Cited page. However, they are not substitutes for the required sources listed above, and the information you use from them should be limited to definitions and basic background information.
The required five sources must not only be listed on your Works Cited page, but must be either quoted or paraphrased in the text of your essay.
Topic Choice Guidelines:
The topic is the influence of public perception of/by a social movement through the control of information in a particular historical period. This may involve propaganda techniques or censorship involving messages in entertainment media, journalism, public assemblies, communications technology, education and other institutions. You may consider a variety of sources of information and mea ...
· Use the Internet to research the role of credit default swaps (C.docxoswald1horne84988
· Use the Internet to research the role of credit default swaps (CDSs) and other derivatives in the financial collapse of 2008. Examine the derivatives that were involved in the financial collapse of 2008.
· Speculate on the most likely cause(s) of the collapse. Support your position with one (1) example.
1
Paper 3: An Annotated Bibliography
To write an annotation:
An annotation is two paragraphs that (1) summarizes the source, (2) evaluates the source, and (3) discusses the source’s relevance to the final paper.
1. In para. 1, start the annotation with this formula:
In [book title or article title], [author (use full name)] explores/investigates/considers/relates
In “Law and the Media: An Overview and Introduction, ” Valerie P. Hans considers how . . .
^^^Do this in all four (4) annotations.
2. Continue with a solid summary of what the source is about—think about five to nine sentences to explain the content to a reader who is not familiar with it
3. In para. 2, discuss what makes this source credible—consider two or more of the source evaluation criteria we have been considering in class (author, author’s style, publisher, organization, type, information)
4. Then, in the last sentence or few sentences, address the relevance of the source to the final paper, directly stating how you will use it.
***Make sure to include at least one (1) properly documented quotation from each source in its annotation, as that is clearly required on the assignment sheet.
Brainstorming:
Under each source below, please fill in the author of the source and then list at least two (2) of the criteria you will address in the Annotated Bibliography and why—
For example:
Source 1:
Hans, Valerie P.
· Author credibility—Hans is a law professor and has written two other articles, she also edited a book I am using
· Type—scholarly journal article, published in a scholarly journal, goes through peer review
Source 1:
Source 2:
Source 3:
Source 4:
Dean Winchester
Ms. Roberts
English 105
6 April 2015
Annotated Bibliography: The Media’s Impact on Copycat Crime
Topic: How the media affects copycat crime
Thesis: This influence can produce dire consequences, and for this reason, criminologists and psychologists continue to study this phenomenon in order to better understand and even prevent future crimes.
Hans, Valerie P. “Law and the Media: An Overview and Introduction.” Law and Human
Behavior 14.5 (1990): 399-407. Print.
Helfgott, Jacqueline B. “The Influence of Technology, Media, and Popular Culture on Criminal
Behavior.” Criminal Behavior: Theories, Typologies, and Criminal Justice. Los Angeles:
Sage, 2008. 367-416. Print.
Phillips, David P. “The Impact of Mass Media Violence on U.S. Homicides.” American
Sociological Review 48.4 (1983): 560-568. Print.
Surette, Ray. “Pathways to Copycat Crime.” Criminal Psychology. Ed. Jacqueline B. Helfgott.
Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2013. 251-55. Print.
***All students should complet.
How To Write A Reflective Essay. Buy a reflective essay examples pdf; 19 Refl...Tina Johnson
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. How to Write a Reflective Essay | 48 Examples (Guide & Tips). How to Write a Reflective Essay: Format, Tips and Examples | EssayPro .... Reflective Essay Examples & Structure [Great Tips] | Pro Essay Help. Self Reflective Essay Topics. Online assignment writing service. | PDF. Buy a reflective essay examples pdf; 19+ Reflective Essay Examples .... Reflective Essay Structure Easy Guide with Pro Tips 2024.... How to Title an Essay: A Guide for Students from Our Experts. What Is Reflection Paper Example - 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples .... How To Write A Reflective Essay: Format, Tips And 5 Examples. How To Write A Reflective Essay University.
Running head SUMMARY ASSIGNMENTSUMMARY ASSIGNMENT4.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SUMMARY ASSIGNMENT
SUMMARY ASSIGNMENT 4
Summary Assignment
Name
Institution Affiliation
Source Summary Prewriting
The study looks at the psychosocial influences of texting while driving among young Australian drivers. The psychosocial influences of texting while driving cited in the article include moral and group norm, intentions, behavioral control perceptions, subjective norms, and attitudes. The researchers found that behavioral control perceptions did not have an influence on reading texts while driving, but they had an effect on sending the texts. In addition, the researchers predicted the intentions to read and send texts based on the attitudes of the young participants. Therefore, attitudes have a greater influence on whether the young person will read, write and send texts while driving. Intention predicted both readings and sending texts.
Theme: Choose: Psychology
Topic: Psychosocial Influences on Behavior
Title: Texting while Driving: Psychosocial influences on young people’s texting intentions and behavior
The text tells me that the author posits that the young driver tends to base his decision on texting and driving based on his interactions with his peers, who influence various aspects of the driver’s behavior regarding texting and driving.
Intended audience: The publication in the Accident Analysis and Prevention journal suggests that the article is intended for policy-makers, professionals in the field of counseling psychology and psychology. The publication contains technical jargon and sources from academic journals. The publication is, therefore, professional and is not easily accessible to the public who have no background in the discipline of counseling psychology.
Writer Background: The authors are part of the school of psychology and counseling at the Queensland University of Technology. Therefore, they have the professional authority and technical know-how to write on the subject because it is directly related to their field of expertise.
Writer’s angle: The topic presents an arguable claim since the research literature review conducted in the article contains gaps in research where researchers have not completely understood the psychosocial influences of reading and sending texts while driving behaviors in young people. The claim the topic makes is also an arguable one because it was possible for the researchers to make falsifiable hypothesis based on the topic and, therefore, base their research on the formulated hypothesis to obtain objective data that could either reject or accept the formulated hypothesis.
Part 1: The one-sentence summary
The researchers state that the overall main point of the source is to show that a ‘multi-strategy approach is likely to be useful in attempts to reduce the incidence of these risky driving behaviors’.
Part 2: The one-paragraph summary
The main point the researchers seek to make in the source is that psychosocial influences on young people'.
Incident Report Writing - 15+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. The Psychological Impact of Critical Incidents Essay Example | Topics .... The Incident Report in Word and Pdf formats. Unforgettable Incident of Your Life English Essay | Essay on .... Incident Report Example | Incident report, Report writing template .... First Class Example Letter For Incident Report How To Write A Business .... How to write a critical incident analysis - teachersites.web.fc2.com. My Most Memorable Incident In My Life Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words. Curious Incident Essay | English (Standard) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Buy a narrative essay about an accident i witnessed! An Accident You .... Accident investigation essay. write any funny incident that happened during the lowdown time in your .... Incident with or about your family Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Essay on 'An Incident that have changed your life ' | English essay .... You witness an incident which you are forced to get involved in. Use .... How to Write an Incident Report: 12 Steps (with Pictures). Buy a narrative essay about an accident: Buy A Narrative Essay About An .... critical incident essay | Dentistry | Patient. Essay writing a memorable incident in my life - dissertationadviser.x ....
Citizenship Essay. global citizen essay edgar c Citizenship MetacognitionNicole Muyeed
Citizenship in the nation - Free Essay Sample. global citizen essay edgar c | Citizenship | Metacognition. What is Citizenship? - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. U.S. Citizenship Issues for Children Born in Foreign Countries - Free .... Citizenship and the constitution Essay portfolio Final.docx - 1 Running .... Good Citizenship. What being a good citizen means to me essay. Good Global Citizenship Essay Example - 704 Words - NerdySeal.
Pakistan Earthquake - PHDessay.com. Kobe and pakistan earthquake essay - International Baccalaureate .... Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan 2005. Earthquake in Pakistan Essay. Earthquake In Pakistan Essay In English. Essay websites: Essay on earthquake in pakistan. PAKISTAN - EARTHQUAKE OF 8 OCTOBER IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN - Dr. George .... Earthquake essay for kids. (PDF) Pakistan's Experience with Post-earthquake Reconstruction and .... History of earthquakes in pakistan. (DOC) Essay Descriptive "Earthquake" | Lailatul Maghfiroh - Academia.edu. Earthquake Essays. What Are The Effects Of An Earthquake Informative Essay - The Earth .... Write My Paper For Me - pakistan earthquake 2005 essay help .... Reasons for Earthquakes - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. PPT - Earthquakes PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:3889814. Impressive Essay On Earthquake ~ Thatsnotus. Pakistan - Earthquake Response (2005) - Information Saves Lives | Internews. (PDF) Earthquakes of Dhaka | Syed Humayun Akhter - Academia.edu. Science, Tech Articles Urdu: Why and how earthquakes occur?. Essays on Earthquakes | Geography A - GCSE Edexcel | Thinkswap. Earthquake death toll in Afghanistan and Pakistan tops 300. 6 Horrifying Earthquakes in history of Pakistan. Earthquake Essay / Essay on Earthquake in hindi | Earthquake facts .... Nepal earthquake 2015 essay in 2021 | Essay, Essay writing, Essay .... Short Paragraph On Earthquake In Hindi - The Earth Images Revimage.Org. Earthquake in Pakistan October 2015 | Earthquake in pakistan .... Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan by Write My English Paper Evansville .... Kashmir Earthquake - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. Prachi Essay Himalayan Earthquake in 2005 | Earthquakes | Himalayas. Earthquakes in Pak and india, Urdu Quotes, Zalzala, Zalzla Pakistan .... Essay of earthquake – The Friary School Essay On Earthquake In Pakistan
English 101 Research PaperThe research paper is the most impo.docxSALU18
English 101 Research Paper
The research paper is the most important out-of-class writing assignment of the semester. It will be peer-reviewed in class before revision and submission in its final form. The due dates for all drafts are given in your syllabus. The essay will be graded on completion of the various phases of the assignment (topic selection, preliminary list of sources, outline, peer review) as well as the content of the final draft.
Instructions:
The paper must be written in MLA format, including a formal outline.
The approximate length of the essay is 8 to 10 pages.
The paper must cite at least 5 research sources, including the following:
- Doctor Zhivago
· One full-length text (book) by an authority on your topic. Recommended sources are books and ebooks specifically on your topic that appear in the LAMC library catalog. This requirement may also be satisfied by citing a textbook for a relevant subject such as political science, psychology, sociology or history.
· One scholarly journal article from the LAMC library databases. This will be an article designated “scholarly” or “peer reviewed” in one of the databases such as ProQuest or CQ Researcher.
· One other periodical. This may be a second scholarly journal article, or it may be a major metropolitan newspaper or a news magazine.
· One Internet site. This may be the web site of an organization that offers authoritative information on your topic, a web site that specializes in news reporting, or a web site you use as an example of popular opinion or pop culture.
In some cases, other sources such as interviews or government documents may be used as well.
Do not use or cite informal sources such as web sites that collect or sell student papers (e.g. echeat.com or 123helpme.com),blogs maintained by individuals or groups that do not have solid academic credentials, or Q&A sites such as ehow or about.com. Acceptable web sites include those maintained by university departments, libraries, museums or government agencies.
You may choose to consult dictionaries and encyclopedias to gain a better understanding of terminology and the history of some aspects of your topic. If so, these should be listed on your Works Cited page. However, they are not substitutes for the required sources listed above, and the information you use from them should be limited to definitions and basic background information.
The required five sources must not only be listed on your Works Cited page, but must be either quoted or paraphrased in the text of your essay.
Topic Choice Guidelines:
The topic is the influence of public perception of/by a social movement through the control of information in a particular historical period. This may involve propaganda techniques or censorship involving messages in entertainment media, journalism, public assemblies, communications technology, education and other institutions. You may consider a variety of sources of information and mea ...
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ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN THE NEWS TEXTS DISCOURSE STORIES BEYOND THE LINES
1. AMU Journal of Language and Media Discourse, Vol. 03, No 1-2, 2020-21
Page
109
ISSN : 2582-1741
ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY IN THE NEWS TEXTS
DISCOURSE: STORIES BEYOND THE LINES
Abdul Aziz Khan
Fahd Mohammed Sagheer Eid
Department of Linguistics
Aligarh Muslim University
aaziz_khan@rediffmail.com
fahdeid1982@gmail.com
Abstract
The language of the news, in general and newspaper articles in particular,
is full of ideologies and inner experiences. The ideologies instilled in the
news articles have a very strong impact on their readership and
consequently direct them towards a targeted aim. The speakers and writers
select their views or articles in such a way which carries their intentions
and beliefs semantically and syntactically. The linguistic style adopted by
them indirectly suggests their inner political stances. In order to analyze
the news propaganda, we need a tool that can unearth what lies
intentionally beyond the script. This tool is the transitivity system which
was proposed by the famous Functional Linguist M.A.K Halliday et.al
(2014). In line with Halliday, Paul Simpson (1993:82) states that
transitivity: “refers generally to how meaning is represented in the clause.
It shows how speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality
and how they account for their experience of the world around them.” It
has six types of processes which can describe meaning in the news
structures from different perspectives. This transitivity can analyze both
the isolated clauses and connected ones in their context. The aim of this
paper is to analyze and find out political intentions concealed by the news
structures in the select news articles. The types of the transitivity in
Functional Realm will briefly be explained supported by the examples
from the data.
Keywords: transitivity system, systemic functional linguistics, ideology,
news discourse.
Introduction
This paper focuses on semantic aspect of transitivity in the discourse of
newspapers and their roles in showing what lies behind the lines of
different ideologies imposed by their locutors. It investigates the
representations of conflicts between the US and China over the US
drone seized by the Chinese marines in the South China Sea by applying
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the transitivity system patterns. The Systemic Functional Linguistics
(SFL) considers the context as an important part and parcel of clause
complex constructions. During the stream of discourse, the transitivity
permits or allows the speaker or writer to choose any meaning or
wordings he/ she prefers and holds what he doesn’t want to reveal by
offering a wide range of lexical and grammatical options. In order to
unveil the hidden agendas, we need to analyze the transitivity patterns in
the text under study. According to Paul Simpson (1993:82) “transitivity
is used in a much wider sense than that employed in traditional
grammars. Here it refers generally to how meaning is represented in the
clause. It shows how speakers encode in language their mental picture
of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around
them.”
Transitivity in SFL reflects the human’s cognition of the world around
him at the lexicogrammatical level both spoken and written language. The
processes mainly consider the verbs which refer to actions and states
whereas participants discuss the doers of the actions mainly the nouns and
pronouns and finally circumstances deal with when, how and where
actions take place which are represented by adverbs, prepositional and
adverbial phrases.
Types of Transitivity Process
There are six types of processes in transitivity system which cover the
spectrum of speech purposes. These are material process, mental
process, behavioural process, verbal process, existential process and
relational process. According to Halliday (2014:246) “Transitivity is a
system of the clause, affecting not only the verb serving as process but
also participants and circumstances.”
Table 1: Process types their meanings, and characteristic participants Halliday:2014:311)
Process Type Category
meaning
Participants,
directly
involved
Participants,
obliquely involved
material:
action
event
‘doing’
‘doing’
‘happening’
Actor, Goal Recipient, Client;
Scope; Initiator;
Attribute
behavioural ‘behaving’ Behaver Behaviour
mental:
perception
cognition
desideration
emotion
sensing’
‘seeing’
‘thinking’
‘wanting’
‘feeling’
Senser,
Phenomenon
Inducer
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verbal ‘saying’ Sayer, Target Receiver; Verbiage
relational:
attribution
identification
‘being’
‘attributing’
‘identifying’
Carrier,
Attribute
Identified,
Identifier;
Token, Value
Attributor; Beneficiary
Assigner
existential ‘existing’ Existent
The material process deals with action and doing events. It explains what
an entity has done to another entity. The actor in this process is called the
Doer and the second participant is labelled as the Goal. The clause can be
either active or passive. If active voice is used, then only Actor comes at
the beginning but comes at the end of clause if it is passive.
The second process is Mental which deals with sense and cognition and
makes the flow of events stream in our perception, awareness and
understanding. It is composed of two participants which are Senser and
Phenomenon. Mental processes have more subdivisions such as
cognition, perception, and reaction. Cognition processes are like ‘think’
and ‘understand’, perception ones are like ‘hear’, ‘see’ and ‘worry’
while reaction processes are seen as ‘hate’, ‘like’ and ‘enjoy’, etc.
The third type is Relational process which stands for being and having.
In this process, two more modes are mapped which are attributive and
identifying. The attribute is carried by the entity named the carrier
whereas the other entity (Identifying) identifies another entity called the
identified. Another element is seen as Token and Value in case nominal
groups in Identifying intensives are definite but if indefinite, they are
still considered as Carrier and Attribute.
The fourth type is called the Verbal process which is involved with act of
saying and it is composed of three participants which are Sayer, Receiver
and Target. It is the bridge between relational and mental processes.
The fifth type is Behavioural process which is mainly about
psychological acts such as smiling, staring and laughing. It acts as a
midway between material and mental processes.
The last type of transitivity is called Existential process which is
involved with the existence of something or an entity and has ‘there’
functions as the subject in the clause but not always.
Analysis of News Transitivity
The news is the main place where politicians and other people feed their
agenda to their readers through the news outlets mainly the newspapers
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both online and offline versions. The ideologies are instilled carefully
and meticulously by expert editors or column writers. The data to be
analyzed in this paper are selected from China Daily and New York
Times. The examples that are selected for the study reflect the feud
between China and the USA and show the two countries views on the
same topic which is the seizure of US drone by Chinese navy in 2016.
1. The Material Process
As mentioned above, that this process focuses on actions and happenings
and has two components: Actor and Goal. Journalists go for their
selections of Actor and Goal cautiously with the intention of delivering a
specific message both to their allies and enemies.
Examples from China Daily newspaper (2016):
1. China should develop a strategy to deal with US reconnaissance
missions in the South China Sea, which are expected to increase
after president-elect Donald Trump takes office on Jan 20, 2016
2. The US has taken advantage for years of an area in international law
to illegally collect oceanic information within Chinese waters.
3. The drone – retrieved on Thursday by a Chinese vessel 93
kilometres northwest of Subic Bay off the Philippines — was
"transferred smoothly" to the US on Tuesday after "friendly
negotiation".
In the above examples by the China Daily, the newspaper tries to show
the negative impact of the US presence in the China neighborhood and
asking for a strong defense strategy to deter the US reconnaissance in
South China Sea. In the first sentence, the Actor is China and the Goal is
its strategy which will face the US Navy in the region. This sentence
actually represents what the Chinese government want to deliver to its
readers and giving justifications for their cause. The second clause puts
the US as the Actor whose Navy benefits illegally from their search in
the ocean. Also the use of expressions like “grey area in the international
law” indicates the Chinese contempt of what Americans are doing there.
The third example clearly mentioned the topic of issue which is the US
drone which China seized in its waters. The linguistic choice of
expressions such as “retrieved” not “abducted” and transferred
smoothly” not “by force” and then “friendly negotiation”, all indicate
that they want to show the world that they have the ability to control and
holds way over their oceanic areas.
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On the other hand, New York Times presented the case differently as the
following examples will explain:
1. A Chinese warship had been shadowing the Bowditch, a United
States naval vessel, in the international waters of the South China
Sea when the Chinese launched a small boat and snatched the
unmanned underwater vehicle.
2. The episode set off one of the tensest standoffs between Beijing and
Washington in15 years and occurred a day after the Chinese
signaled that they had installed weapons along a string of disputed
islands in the South China Sea.
3. The seizure of the drone brought a formal protest from the United
States at a time when China is extending claims over the South
China Sea and is watching the United States — and its incoming
president — with wariness.
Clearly New York Times gave a detailed discussion over the abduction
of the drone and mentioned the topic from a different angle. It comments
on the incident that China ‘launched and snatched” the drone from the
international waters and not Chinese Sea. The Actor in the example is
China which committed the ‘snatching’ and the Goal is the unmanned
underwater drone and this indicates the deep anger by the Americans
because of Chinese act. The propaganda that NYT wants to convey is
that China violates the International laws because the drone was in “the
international waters”. In the second example by NYT it apparently
mentioned the history of conflicts over a long time and reminds the
readers that this one is the tensest standoff. The last example implies the
negative attitude and indirectly refuting China’s legal possession of the
South Sea by indicating that China claims it and owns.
2. Mental Process
This process focuses on expressing senses and hidden ideologies. It has
two parts Senser and Phenomenon. Looking at the examples in both
newspapers, they show opposite selection of their lexis and structural
linguistic options to highlight their political stances over their reactions
to the seized drone by China.
Examples:
1. This information, such as water salinity and current flow, might
seem innocent but could influence naval activities… (China Daily)
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2. Dong Chunling, a researcher on US studies at the China Institutes of
Contemporary International Relations, said that through provocation
on the Taiwan question, Trump wants to gain more leverage for his
foreign policy after assuming the presidency next month. (China
Daily)
3. The Pentagon knows full well its device was not "stolen". (China
Daily)
4. Mr. Trump angered Chinese officials by holding a phone
conversation with President Tsai Ing-wen of Taiwan, an island that
Beijing deems a breakaway province of China. (New York Times)
5. Nevertheless, it will be viewed by the U.S. as a clear challenge.
(New York Times)
6. Across Asia, diplomats and analysts said they were perplexed at the
inability of the Obama administration to devise a strong response to
China’s seizing of an American underwater drone.
In the examples listed above, China Daily attacks the USA stance
claiming that their drone was not in an innocent job but rather indicating
it challenging Chinese sovereignty. It further states that the US drone
was seized but not ‘stolen’ as the US claims. Chins expresses their anger
over the incident by using expressions such “might seem innocent but
could influence naval activities”, “Trump wants to gain more leverage
for his foreign policy after assuming the presidency”, and “The Pentagon
knows full well its device was not "stolen". Such mental linguistic
selections reflect their different attitudes towards the same incident.
On the other hand, Americans look at the act of China as a threat to their
global power and humiliation to their existence as the world super
power. New York Times attacks both the US administration’s weak
response and China act. It implied that the US should retaliate stronger
than only words by stating that “they were perplexed at the inability of
the Obama administration to devise a strong response”. What is more,
it insists that the act is “viewed by the U.S. as a clear challenge”. The
hidden ideology is observed mentally by the wordings of both sides and
this refers to the transitivity system ability to reveal the hidden stances
of any side. The mental processes with their subdivisions can unearth
what lies within and beyond the lines.
3. Verbal Process
In this process, it focuses on ‘saying’ process which deals speech
exchanges among people and has three parts: Sayer, Receiver and
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Verbiage or Target. There is a projecting clause which contains the act
of saying and the projected one which carries the content of saying. In
newspapers, this occurs when the newspapers quote any political or
influential statesmen who comment on some topics. They select their
speech according to what they want to show to the readers to affect their
opinions in such a way. Like any other competitors, China and the US
work on similar path to gain support by their people and allies as well.
This can be seen in the following selected examples:
1. On Sunday, after Beijing and Washington announced the drone would
be returned, Trump tweeted: "We should tell China that we don't want
the drone they stole back. - let them keep it! (China Daily)
2. Hua said that China has always opposed the United States
conducting reconnaissance and military surveys within Chinese
waters. "It has threatened China's security and sovereignty. China
will maintain vigilance against the relevant US activities and take
necessary measures in response," she said. (China Daily)
3. “By stealing a drone versus threatening the safety of the ship, China
may be trying to find a way to signal its opposition to U.S. activities
without creating a larger incident,” Mr. Fravel said. “Nevertheless, it
will be viewed by the U.S. as a clear challenge. (New York Times)
4. Whatever the case, the Pentagon said that China had no right to
seize the drone. “This is not the sort of conduct we expect from
professional navies,” Captain Davis said. (New York Times)
The verbal quotes from both sides indicate the tension they experience
over the drone and both accuse each other of wrongdoings. In example
(1), China Daily indirectly hints that President Trump would destroy the
return process of the drone by tweeting that China stole it. In example
(2), it clearly disagrees with actions that Americans are conducting in
their “Chinese waters” and it also “has threatened China's security and
sovereignty. China will maintain vigilance against the relevant US
activities and take necessary measures in response.” The clause complex
also has both direct and indirect quotations to stress their rights to
defend their land from any threat mainly the US presence.
On the other hand, New York Times quotes the US officials who accuse
China of stealing their drone and showcase the act as direct clear
challenge activities. This implies their dissatisfaction of their country
response. in example (4), both direct and indirect speech to maximize
the China act and describe it as “This is not the sort of conduct we
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expect from professional navies.” This a clear accusation of China of
naval violations which are not professional in the eyes of the Pentagon.
Comparing both verbal instigations, each part tries to justify their naval
involvements in the waters. Both countries media express the contrasting
views and highlight others faults. Transitivity works on the clausal and
ideational levels to show how each side influences their readership of
their acts.
4. Existential Process
In this process, the experience or the opinion is stated with “there + verb
to be or verbs like exit, occur and arise” this indicates the existence of
something and has no meaning in it. It does not refer to location. It
introduces a new concept or an idea or information which is easy to
figure out. Newspapers writers use this type of this process to indicate
any news worthwhile that emerges and has an important reference.
Consider the following examples:
1. Trump may not care for such an ending, or he would not have
tweeted afterwards "let them keep it". He might believe there is
more to exploit.(China Daily)
2. But as well as the overlap and tricky distinction between what the
Pentagon calls "collecting unclassified scientific data" and "close-in
surveillance" and military surveys, chances are both parties are keen
to keep the incident low-profile knowing there is a legal grey zone
to the matter. (China Daily)
3. There was no immediate comment from Mr. Trump or his transition
team. (NYT)
4. Since then, China has hardened its position, sometimes referring to
the South China Sea as a “core interest” in which there is no room
for compromise, though others in the region call it bullying by the
Chinese president Xi Jin ping. (NYT)
A look at the above examples shows us that each newspaper tries to
counter each other with war of words. In example 1, the writer shows
that Mr. Trump is no more able to make use of this incident and exploit
China by tweeting “let them keep it”. It hints that China won the event.
And in the second sentence, it furthermore shows that the Pentagon is
giving different comments such as "collecting unclassified scientific
data" and "close-in surveillance" which indicate the discrepancy that
China tries to show to the world that it is only military act and not
scientific work. It shows the existence of gray area to the issue legally
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by stating that “are keen to keep the incident low-profile knowing there
is a legal grey zone to the matter.” It is a kind of word selection and
word play to gain more victories over the issue.
New York Times, on the other side, sticks to their country’s stance that
it is a scientific job that their drone was engaged in when captured and
that Americans will no longer tolerate such actions and deny the
existence of tolerance by saying “there is no room for compromise,
though others in the region call it bullying by the Chinese president, Xi
Jin ping”. The newspaper accuses the Chinese president of “bullying”
which is a dangerous accusation from Chinese perspective. To sum up, it
is clear that the ideologies of both countries are manipulated by using
linguistic lexico-grammatical structures which are seen in the data.
5. Relational Process
This process involves “being” process among participants which share
some kind of relations. These relations can be intensive, possessive or
circumstantial. In newspapers under study, both sides try to show their
different ideologies on the same issue from different perspectives.
Consider the examples:
1. If the rampant drone strikes, the frequent military surveillance along
the Chinese coast, the regime change in Libya and the NSA
activities as revealed by Snowden are examples of accepting limits,
then Russel has to define what not accepting limits is. (China Daily)
2. It is not unusual for senior US officials to throw jabs at China in
their public speeches while travelling abroad. (China Daily)
3. The drone was part of an unclassified program to collect
oceanographic data, including salinity in the sea, clarity of water and
ocean temperature, factors that can help the military in its collection
of sonar data. (NYT)
4. But the very muted response means the equation falls down on
resolve. (NYT)
In above examples China and America are using relational processes to
support their claims that each party holds the right move over the issue.
In example 1, Chinese newspaper uses intensive identifying process to
identify the mistakes of the US. The newspaper counts the US mistakes
such as “drone killings, the frequent military surveillance along the
Chinese coast, the regime change in Libya and the NSA activities”
which all come in the position of Token at the beginning of the sentence
and the Value (complement of the sentence) is “are examples of
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accepting limits.” In example 2, the Chinese insist that US is always
doing unthinkable criticism against China in public. In their view,
America does not spare any moment to attack China and this indicates
the Chinese ideology towards the Americans. The readers can get the
gist of the meaning through the lexical selection of words such as “it is
not unusual for the US officials”. In this example, the writer uses the
“drone” as the Carrier (subject) and the remaining sentence as an
intensive attributive process “is not unusual for the US officials”.
New York Times, on the other hand, uses relational process to defend
their country stances. In example 3, NYT still argues that the drone was
part of a scientific mission which contradicts China narrative. The NYT
uses the drone as the Token (subject) in the clause and intensive
identifying process “was part of an unclassified program to collect
oceanographic data.” It identifies the work of the mission as a data
collector. In example 4, again the American journalists insist that silent
response was not preferred and used the Token “the very muted
response” to show their dissatisfaction from their country weak
response. The identifying intensive process “means the equation falls
down on resolve” explains the undesired consequence. Obviously, both
sides express their hidden agendas in their news smoothly to their
readers so as to show the contempt they inherit against each other.
6. Behavioural Process
This type of transitivity process deals with psychological and
physiological processes and it is mid-way between mental and material
processes because this involves action and thinking at the same time in
the sense that the ‘Behaver’ is actively doing something consciously.
Behavioural verbs are like ‘dream, laugh, watch, taste, smile, and sniff,
etc.’ used in the process very effectively
In the news, editors and column writers make use of this process to let
the readers consciously understand their logics and propaganda more
effectively. Consider these examples:
1. The seizure of the drone brought a formal protest from the United
States at a time when China is extending claims over the South
China Sea and is watching the United States — and its incoming
president — with wariness. (NYT)
2. But in Tokyo, the government was watching the outcome of the
drone episode with some anxiety. (NYT)
Using the verb “watching”, New York Times tries to impose its biasness
and indicating that China is watching what the incoming president will
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do “with wariness”. It puts China as the “Behaver” who is anticipating
the impending consequence. The main objective is to put the reader’s
guess also what will happen later. In the second example, NYT also
indicates that other countries like Japan is also watching the incident and
waiting for the result of such an act. Apparently, the ideology is seen in
the light of what is reported and transitivity processes show it clearly by
its six types collectively.
Conclusion
The critical analysis of the newspaper discourse using transitivity system
is very useful to show what lies within and beyond the storylines. This
paper attempts to find out the ideologies and hidden interests between
China and the USA over the drone capture in South China Sea. It was
found that news reports are not impartial and each part tries to impose its
own agenda and defend their interests. Transparency and impartiality are
actually absent in the reports of both sides because they serve different
agendas. There are many differences between China and the US and this
incident adds flame to the already existing issues such as the trade war
among others. Analysing the texts using transitivity system and relating
news reports to context, the readers can get a clearer picture of what is
going on and they can comprehend any future similar news reports in a
better manner.
REFERENCES
Bloor, T., Bloor, M. (2004). The Functional Analysis of English: A
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Eggins S., (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics.
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Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the
press. London: Routledge.
Halliday M.A.K., Matthiessen C.M.I.M, (2014). An Introduction to
Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold.
Leech, Geoffrey. (1985). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. London:
Penguin Books.
Morley, J., (1998). Truth to Tell: Form and Function in Newspaper
Headlines. CLUEB.
Simpson, Paul. (1994). Language, ideology, and point of view. New
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Thompson, G. (2014). Introducing Functional Grammar. London:
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Warsi, M. J. (2003). Language and Communication. New Delhi:
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