Conversation Analysis Paper

Conversation Analysis Paper
Conversation Analysis
Conversation analysis refers to a model of analyzing spoken communication or interactions for the
determination of how language develops within social contexts. It is useful in understanding
interactions with classroom settings, courtrooms and in interviews (Sidnell, 2011). Conversation
analysis provides a framework for assessing specific aspects of an oral interaction, such as opening
and closing, topic management, adjacency pairs, feedback, preference organization, turn–taking and
repair. Opening and closing is a crucial element of a conversation as it influences the starting and
finishing of oral interactions. Notably, different cultures have divergent approaches to opening and
closing conversations. Antaki (2011) illustrates that the place of the conversation also influences the
nature of opening and closing statements. For instance, communication across online platforms,
including social media networks have different opening and closing approaches when compared to
face–to–face communication. Sidnell (2011) indicates that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
An effective conversation provides all participants with opportunities of contributing to discourse.
Conversation analysis seeks to establish the need for eliminating possibilities of having overly
dominant speakers within conversations (Wong & Waring, 2010). Feedback mechanisms are also
analyzed to determine whether conversations provide participants with opportunities of providing
responses. It is however notable that feedback differs across cultures. Social media platform are
designed to provide users with opportunities of providing feedback or expressing their reactions to
specific content. However, the language used to provide feedback in social media conversations may
not be culturally relevant owing to the divergent cultural values of members of online communities
(Thurlow & Mroczek,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Examples Of Discourse Analysis
A. Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (1989, 1995)
1. This theory is used to critically analyze relationship between language, ideologies, and society to
reveal the portrayal of women in the film.
2. Fairclough (1995) clarifies that discourse is not only written and spoken language, but it also
visual part that has meaning (p.54).
3. According to Fairclough (2010), in Critical Discourse Analysis, language is viewed as a social
practice because it shapes and is shaped by society.
4. According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze
communicative events by analyzing the relationship between three dimensions, including the micro
dimension, the meso dimension, and the macro dimension.
a. The micro dimension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Related previous studies
A. The first research entitled "The representation of gender roles in the media – An analysis of
gender discourse in Sex and the City movies " was constructed by Therese Ottosson and Xin Cheng
in 2012.
1. The aim was to study to see how gender is portrayed in the movies, Sex and The City season 1
and 2.
2. The theories that used in the study were theories of representation and Critical Discourse
Analysis.
3. The results showed that, gender roles are unequally represented in SATC1 and SATC2.
a. Men are always portrayed in a typical manner and have a superiority.
b. Women are presented as subordinate role. They must be beautiful and look young as much as
possible and work for men.
B. The second research entitled "Women's representation and gender identity in "Desperate
Housewives" was conducted by Eveliina Salomaa in 2010.
1. The aim was to study how women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" and how the modern
women have similar identities as traditional housewives.
2. The theories used for research were Critical Discourse Analysis and Gender Identity.
3. The result showed that, at the surface level, women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" is
much different from other TV–series, however, in deep level, women still similar to the norms and
traditional

Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further
developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded
into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the
textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing
linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts
in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1–2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary–
Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists
and scholars' engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several schools or genres
with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit
premature and there is no distinct framework of wide–recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007),
there are mainly four approaches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by Fowler et al.
(1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio–semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough
(1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003; 2006); discourse–historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001)
and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001, 2002)
(Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56–57; Economou: 42).
CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language and

Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) refers to the use of an ensemble of techniques for the study of
textual practice and language use as social and cultural practices (Fair clough, 1992). In brief, CDA
engages in normative critique and judgement on both discourse and the society. The following essay
will discuss the aims and potential social contributions of CDA. To begin with, the principal unit of
analysis for critical discourse analysis is the language. With various uses and functions, such as
academic discourse, media discourse, political discourse, and marketing discourse, it creates diverse
power and influences people and the society. From a discourse analytical and sociopolitical point of
view, it is tempting to study the relations between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, CDA works as an effective method to educate people to achieve life equality.
As the aforementioned aims, CDA is a kind of academic activism which determines to tackle the
real problems which threaten the lives of many. With CDA, values are drawn and constructing the
society at the same time. It reproduces social dominations which is the power abuse of one group
over others. The structural understanding presupposes more general insights, and sometimes indirect
and long–term analyses of fundamental causes and consequences of such issues.
According to a CDA of Obama's Political Discourse done by Juraj Horváth, the key ideological
components of Obama's speech can be summarized into the concepts of pragmatism, liberalism,
inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. Besides, the results of the
keyword analysis show the most prominent words employed by Obama are nation, new and
America, and an overall dominance of the personal pronoun "we". The analysis helps us better
understand the underlying theme of the speech, which is the need of inclusive perception, and the
notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society.
These ideologies are transmitted to our brains and somehow changing our

Great Bear Rainforest: A Critical Discourse Analysis
This MRP is of significant importance as it chronicles one of the most remarkable environmental
victories in Canadian history. There is also no other in–depth qualitative study of media coverage
regarding this victory. Moreover, this research is quite timely, as more and more people seem to be
tuning into just how dire matters are with the environment. Seven years have passed since this MRP
was published and things are not improving. This is an unsettling truth because after decades of
promoting and raising awareness about the environment, its conservation and protection are still
treated as controversial issues in the media. Equally alarming is the fact that mass media plays such
an instrumental role in the construction of public opinion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
First, she read as a typical reader in an uncritical manner and secon, she revisited the text and read it
in a critical way. During her second read, she stresses four main __________. The first is based on
genre and framing, which can be described as the type of writing is conducted i.e. news reporting,
news written by columnists, feature writing, and editorial writing. Secondly, foregrounding and
backgrounding is something she looks at which is important because writers can highlight
(foreground) certain topics and overlook or even leave out (background) topics altogether. A direct
example from her CDA is that the economic impacts of environmental campaigns were
foregrounded in articles in both the Globe and Mail and the Vancouver Sun. Contrastingly, quotes
from environmentalists are frequently found later on in the article. It is clear that this sort of
coverage conveys a tone that could leave readers with the idea that the campaign is nothing but a
detriment to British Columbia's economy. Last of all, is this concept of presupposition and modality
whereby writers attempt to shape their reader's opinions by using specific words and attitudes.
Richardson's method of looking at word usage in the articles a success since this allows her to make
the association of how writers present the events in the Great Bear Rainforest to be something
similar to a war between

Paul Cholton's Analysing Political Discourse By Paul Chilton
4. Literature Review
4.1 Political Discourse:
Before venturing into a theory of metaphor, a definition of the term "discourse" is due. Barker and
Galasinki give a detailed account of the term's characteristics (2001). The first one of those features
is the socially constitutive nature of discourse (p. 64). Since discourse is basically a social practice,
language users employ it to construct social realities. Moreover, via use of discourse, patterns of
domination, power, and bias among others can be either consolidated or conversely redressed. In
other words, discourse can be used by language users as a means to promote the status quo or as a
way of resisting it (p. 65). Furthermore, discourse is presented as "a system of options" (p. 65), from
which language users make choices to create a representation of reality. The process of representing
reality is a selective one, that is, through the use of discourse each language user is capable of
deliberately concealing aspects of reality and revealing others. The last feature of discourse is its
close ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
50). Chilton attempts to establish a clear connection between political discourse and reality. Firstly,
he mentions a number of categories in which manifestations of different world views or realities
occur, namely frames, metaphor, actors and events, and the discourse worlds themselves. He defines
"frames" as the "conceptual models" or slots into which the different lexemes fit. Describing entities
as animate or inanimate, human or non–human, or abstract or concrete are just mere examples.
Other notions such as time, space, and relationships also have their own respective defining
properties pertaining to how they are regarded within a given culture (p.

Critical Discourse Analysis Of President Bush Speech
Critical discourse analysis of president Bush speech at Tsinghua University, China
Safia Mujtaba Alsied
Sebha University
Abstract:
This paper is a critical discourse analysis of the speech of the former American president George
Bush at the University Tsinghua in Beijing in China which is one of the most famous universities in
China. This visit is considered as a third time visit by a US president to give a speech at a campus
university in China since the beginning of establishing a diplomatic relationship between China and
America in 1972. The subject of this study was in (22–2 2002) by the former U.S.A. president
George Bush ,and this speech was addressed to Chinese students .The central aim of Bush's speech
was to confirm the following issues: American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ed.), London, 258–284
Benke, G. (2000): "Diskursanalyse als sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethode".
SWS Rundschau(2), 140–162
Wodak, R. (2000): "Recontextualisation and the transformation of meaning: a critical dis– course
analysis of decision making in EU–meetings about employment policies". In:
Sarangi, S./ Coulthard, M. (eds.): Discourse and Social Life. Harlow: Pearson Educa– tion, 185–206
Van Dijk , T.A. (1985): Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Van Dijk, T.A. (1993): "Principles of critical discourse analysis". In: Discourse & Society, 4(2),
249–283.
James Paul Gee, 2005 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
Janks, H. (1997). 'Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural
Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342.
Fairclough, Norman: Language and Power. Ch. three. London 1989.
Janks, Hillary: Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool. In: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural
Politics of Educatuion, 18(3), 329–342. (1997). fairclough, Norman: The Discourse Analysis of
New Labour: Critical Discourse Analysis, 229–266.
In: Wetherell, M. (et al.): Discourse as Data. London

Bill Cosby Scandal Analysis
Reporting on Rape: A Critical Analysis of Discourse on the Bill Cosby Rape Allegations
1. Introduction
This paper will analyse newspaper discourse discussing the Bill Cosby rape allegations,
concentrating on the presentation of the participants, the alleged perpetrator, Bill Cosby, and the
alleged victim, Joan Tarshis. This topic was selected for analysis because, even though there have
been approximately 30 rape accusations, Cosby has so far not been proven guilty; since there is no
substantial proof of what happened, the topic is surrounded by a lot of speculation. This vagueness
allows for discourse creators with different ideologies to use contrasting ways of framing both
Cosby and the women accusing him, making this an interesting topic to research. This paper
attempts to examine whether ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Accuse" is a transitive verb that takes both an object and indirect object, meaning that she is
accusing someone of something. Again, this places agency and responsibility on Tarshis which
might make it seems as if she is purposely and solely speaking out to harm Cosby; instead of a
victim finally speaking out about an awful experience, she may come across as someone who is
trying to spite a celebrity in order to benefit from it. In the Los Angeles Times article, on the other
hand, Tarshis is described as having come forward to "tell her story". "Telling", in this case, is a
transitive verb that only needs a direct object; it therefore doesn't need Bill Cosby in the indirect
object slot where he is represented with a victim position, someone who something is being done to.
Moreover, "telling a story" also does not directly link her accusations to Bill Cosby. The "story" she
tells is obviously about him, but it makes it sound as if she is telling the story for her own benefit,
rather than with the intention of affecting

The Concept Of Abductive Methodology
Methodology
The concept of abductive methodology was originally introduced by Aristotle (Jan Svennevig),
however it was Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) an American philosopher who developed it into
the theory of inference (Jan Svennevig). Charlse Peirce proposed that the traditional modes of
inference (induction and deduction) should be harmonized with a third mode (abduction) which he
said was qualitatively different from the other two (Jan Svennevig). Fisher considered significance
testing as inductive inference. He also argued that this approach (inductive inference) is the source
of all knowledge (As cited in Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Meanwhile Neyman was of the view that that
only deductive inference was appropriate in statistics as shown in his school of hypothesis testing
tradition (As cited in Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Both deductive and inductive methodologies have been
criticized for various limits such as their predisposition to explain details that should be better
understood, and their incompetence of creating new knowledge (Chong Ho Yu, 2005).
The hypothesis of the Peircean logical system viewed that one may say the logic of abduction and
deduction add to our conceptual understanding of a phenomena (Chong Ho Yu, 2005), while the
logic of induction provides empirical backing to conceptual knowledge (Chong Ho Yu, 2005). "In
other words, abduction, deduction, and induction work together to explore, refine and substantiate
research questions" (Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Some

Linguistic Research Questions
Part one : The issues, and research questions in linguistics. Jane Sunderland. Qualitative, or
Quantitavie or both? Merged processes in linguistic researches. Jo Angouri. Part two : Quantitative
and quantity research methods. Quantitative methods: concepts, structures and issues. Sebastian M.
Rasinger. Arranging and processing your data: the nuts and bolts of quantitative analyses. Erez
Levon, Corpus methods in linguistic. Paul Baker. Part three : Qualitative methods of research.
Discourse approaches to text and talk. Judith Baxter. Linguistic ethnography. Angela Creese.
Considerable interviews and focus groups. Lia Litosseliti ,Nigel Edley,. Multi–type examination:
key issues. Carey Jewitt. and Jeff Bezemer. Narrative analysis within linguistic research. Julio
Gimenez. In the introduction, the purpose and objectives of this book, is that the book perform as an
essential primary source for researchers and graduate students. In addition to that it provides a short
summary of the papers that act in accordance with the collected works. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A one significant and remarkable dissimilarity between the two is that thesis are more accurate,
however, research questions drop the issues that are brought to impose light only by additional
research. Research questions generally derived from existing research and the mysterious elements
of it. There is also a debate on the reseach questions types, example; primary and secondary,
speculative and empirical,...etc, Jane Sunderland notes that research questions must be organised
and understandable, intellectually defiant, and

Discourse Features Of Mental Health
Introduction
Discourse features of mental health community have been studied by many scholars. As Morrow
(2006) described, there are numerous studies of doctor/patient interaction and of the interaction
between other health care professionals and their clients. The research of online community that has
gained increased attention by public media and health experts (Wolf et al, 2013) appeared, and there
was also critical discourse analysis on the pro–anorexia movement (Knapton, 2013). From these
researches, I am able to see that discourse features tend to be different due to different participates,
for example, people who are suffering from eating disorder and those who recovered from it tend to
use different words and different punctuation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article was classified in the section of "Health & Science". Readers can share this article to
Facebook, twitter or send it to a friend by email. The author, Aleszu Bajak, was described in the end
of the article as a freelance journalist covering science, teaches journalism at the Media Innovation
Program at Northeastern University in Boston. He use a lot of quotations, both direct and indirect, to
express negative feelings of people who are suffering from BPD. To submit comments, participants
need to follow a discussion and submission guidelines which include rules like all comment section
after 14 days, not to submit inappropriate contents and be at least 13 year of age. These rules ensure
participants to be fully responsible for the comments that they submit, and keep the interaction
enjoyable and interesting for all the users. There are over two hundred comments in total after this
article and I focused on the 'most liked' ones. Participants tend to use first person pronoun, mostly
sharing their own or their families' experiences, providing evidences and additional detail to the
article. There were also negative emotion words, very few exclamation marks or question marks, but
more ellipses to show uncertainty and helpless.
Method
Paré 's (2014) article introduces rhetorical genre theory (RGT). RGT tells researchers how to do
qualitative research, how to write correctly in different

Examples Of Discourse Analysis Essay
2.0 Critical Discourse Analysis
There has been much written in recent years about CDA in its broadest sense. It appears to be quite
difficult to define in simple terms and this is probably due to the nature of CDA. It encompasses a
number of general tenets and uses a large range of techniques. It aims primarily to identify socio–
political inequalities that exist in society. Fairclough (1995b) provides us with a useful definition
that encapsulates most other definitions of CDA:
[CDA is the study of] often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a)
discursive practices, events and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and
processes; to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1995. 'Grammar in discourse: attitude and deniability', in G. Cook, and
B. Seidlhofer, (eds.) Principle & Practice in Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
pp.197–213.
Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power, London: Longman
Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change, London: Polity Press
Fairclough, Norman (1995a). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of
Language. London: Longman
Fairclough, Norman (1995b). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold
Langer, R. 1998. 'The concept of discourse in the analysis of complex communication events'
[Online], http://www.diskurs.dk/litteratur/pdf/artikler/Langer,%20Roy_The%20concept%20of
%20discourse%20in%20the%20analysis_IKL–paper%201998.pdf (accessed 26th January 2015).
Caldas–Coulthard, C.R. and M. Coulthard, (eds.) 1996 Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical
Discourse Analysis, London: Routledge.
Krishnamurthy, R. 1996. 'Ethnic, racial and tribal: the language of racism?' in C.R.
Pennycook, A. 1994. 'Incommensurable Discourses?' in Applied Linguistics, Vol.15,
No.2, pp.115–138. Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H.G. 1995. 'Discourse analysis: a critical view.' in Language and
Literature 4,

A Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay
Methodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply
influenced by the bureaucratic and economic structure of the media industry, by relations between
the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions such
as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and
simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply
suggest an explicit causal relation between structurally determined material and symbolic resources
and the actual cultural practices, a pure linguistic analysis may still overlook the external constraints
and the effects of the cultural practices. The embryo of cultural studies finds its roots in the
historical context of a social structure shaped by industrial capitalism and the increasingly
commercialized system of cultural production, distribution, and consumption. To some extent, the
reference to power and struggle, domination and subordinations is the mantra to sustain and
legitimatize the existing cultural studies literature (N. Graham, 1999). While avoiding the notion
that Marxism and cultural studies form immediate affinity, cultural studies still has to establish itself
as a 'worldly' vocation by coping with the tension between the study of the text and its affiliations
with institutions, classes, nations, races, and genders, and etc. (Hall, 1999a). The representation of
the Hong

Advertisements : How Do They Persuade Us ?
Advertisements : How do they persuade us ?
Advertisements are part and parcel of our lives. Perhaps, they are one of the most decisive and, at
the same time, imperceptible factors moulding and channelling our "purchasing habits," so to speak.
On the face of it, advertisements promote products and services; they create demand by dint of
inducing and increasing consumption. Yet, the ways in which they convey their messages have a
profound effect on all aspects of our lives: our happiness, our culture, family and interpersonal
relations, business, stereotypes, wealth and status, individuality, and so forth. According to Leiss et
al. (1990: 1), advertising is 'a "privileged form of discourse"', in that it can attract our attention, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people would, at this juncture, hasten to defend advertising on the grounds that the consumer
is a rational decision maker who avails herself of technology; advertising cannot create new needs
but can only help increase or speed up consumption (Schudson, 1984, cited in Leiss et al., 1990:
36); and without the help of advertising, consumers would have limited information about the
products circulating around them. What they lose sight of, though, is the fact that '[w]e never relate
to goods only for their plain utility; there is always a symbolic aspect to our interactions with them'
(Leiss et al., 1990: 45). Now that we have briefly outlined the "state of the art," we move on to the
actual study of advertisements and the ways in which they persuade us. There are many approaches
to this end, but we will draw upon two: semiology, or the study of signs, and content analysis.
Semiology, on the one hand, is concerned with the emergence and "movement" of meaning within
the text and between the text and the world surrounding it. Content analysis, on the other, focuses on
the surface meaning of an ad, detecting similarities and differences. Indisputably, the growing
predominance of visuals in ads has resulted in a kind of ambiguity of meaning, which renders the
interpretation of the message more

2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): 2.1.1. What is CDA? 2.1.1.1. Critical, discourse and
analysis Before beginning to address what CDA is, it is important to be clear about what is meant by
the concepts of critical, discourse, and analysis: The notion of 'critical' is primarily associated with
the critical theory of the Frankfurt School where social theory should be oriented towards critiquing
and changing society. In CDA, the concept of 'critical' is applied to the engagement with power
relations. In this sense the role of CDA is to uncloak the hidden power relations, largely constructed
through language, and to demonstrate and challenge social inequities reinforced and reproduced. ...
2.1.3. The functions and aims of CDA: Van Dijk (1993) argued that "CDA deal primarily with the
discourse dimensions of power abuse and the injustice and inequality that result from it". He (1993)
added that CDA criticize "the power elites that enact, sustain, legitimate, condone or ignore social
inequality and injustice" and that CDA focuses on "real problems, that is the serious problems that

Essay On Indonesie Analysis
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theories included in the research were theory of representation, Barthes semiotics, Bühler Organon
model, theory of advertisement discourse, and critical discourse analysis theory. Theory of
representation is crucial here because the fundamental aim of the research is to look at how
Indonesia is represented in the tourism advertisement to be further analyzed and criticized.
Representation is one of central practices in a process named by du Gay, Hall et al. as the 'circuit of
culture'. Representation is furthermore defined by Hall as "an essential part of the process by which
meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture" (Hall, 1997). Hall also defined
it as the use of language to deliver or communicate something with meanings to other people.
Similar to Hall, Gilles and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Fairclough (1995), critical discourse analysis is discourse analysis which aims to
systematically observe causality between discourse practice and wider socio–cultural structure.
Besides, it also aims to seek how the relation is influenced and how the ideology is formed by power
in society (p.132). In short, a result of a critical discourse analysis exposes an implicit message or
meaning beneath a discourse. In this research, the implicit meaning is how Indonesia is represented
in a tourism advertisement. In critical discourse analysis, there are theorists who have focused and
systematic frameworks on genre and socio–semantic representation within a discourse, but there are
also those who combine various kinds of research methodologies (Blommaert & Bulcaen, 2008). In
this research, the method utilized is communicative event analysis, which is part of Norman
Fairclough's critical discourse analysis framework. Communicative event analysis observes a
discourse as a social practice which is composed of three dimensions: text, discourse practice, and
social

Disadvantages Of Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics
Corpus Linguistics (CL) is a method of operating linguistic analysis (McEnery & Wilson, 2001, p1)
that "facilitates empirical descriptions of language use" (Biber, 2011, p15). This method is based on
analysis of 'Corpus' ,which is a sample of different kinds of texts, such as newspaper texts, or
specifically editorials, video scripts, everyday conversation and many other types of written
language (Baker, 2012, p248). Corpus Linguistics tries to establish a balanced corpus _Latin form of
body_ of language in order to represent variety of language, so that no single type of writing over–
represented. Corpus Linguistics has become popular since 1990. Hence, "it is often describe as
being a relatively new approach that investigates language in use with the aim of computers.
Compared with the eras of the 60s and 70s, researchers nowadays have access to large and different
types of corpora, along with the presence of a set of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They continued by stating that "Newspapers have lots of ways of writing about a given topic, and
they continuously make decisions, choosing one particular way out of a potentially large, perhaps
infinite, set of choices. "A corpus analysis will allow us to see which choices are privileged, giving
evidence for mainstream, popular or entrenched ways of thinking through 'repetition'" (ibid(. In
point of fact, repeated patterns expose that evaluative meanings are not simply personal, but
extensively shared in a discourse community. A word, expression or construction possibly will show
a cultural stereotype. A corpus analysis of thousands of newspaper articles is to detect such media
repetitions, occurring many times over, gradually influencing their

An Investigation Of Verbal Communication
1. Introduction There are numerous routes in which a specific methodology in the sociologies can be
presented and clarified. One of these is through explicative contrast from fairly comparable
methodologies. The expression 'Conversation Analysis' is at this point solidly settled as the name for
a specific worldview in the investigation of verbal communication that was started in the 1960s by
Harvey Sacks, as a team with Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. In Conversation Analysis the
attention is on the procedural examination of talk–in–cooperation, how members deliberately sort
out their connections to take care of a scope of authoritative issues, for example, the dispersion of
turns at talking, the community oriented creation of specific activities, or issues of comprehension.
The investigation is constantly in view of sound or visual recordings of collaboration, which are
precisely interpreted in subtle elements. The exploration ought to be data driven, as in ideas and
speculations ought to be founded on watchful thoughts of the information, recordings and
transcripts, as opposed to drawn from hypothetical assumptions or ideological inclinations. While
initially imagined from a sociological point of view, Conversation Analysis picked up a far reaching
gathering in numerous parts of the world by scientists from a scope of disciplinary foundations,
including: brain science, human sciences, correspondence ponders and an assortment of phonetic
sub–disciplines. As a

Critical Discourse Analysis Paper
Qualitative approach to Critical Discourse Analysis requires the acknowledgement of biases,
assumptions and personality that may interfere with the research. Critical Discourse Analysis does
not require the researcher to interpret the participant's experience. Critical Discourse Analysis
required the researcher to interpret data by having links or share pattern between the items under
research. Reflexivity is design to prevent the research from manipulating the data to agree with is
his or her preconceived notions. The four type of Reflexivity are Personal, interpersonal,
methodological and contextual (Creswell, & Creswell' 2007) Personal reflexivity is the
acknowledgment of the researcher feelings about the subject. Interpersonal reflexivity is the
relationship the researcher shared with the research. Methodological reflexivity is the ability to
accept the outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contextual reflexivity is viewing the data in the correct context in relation to culture and time
period. Black masculinity required personal, interpersonal methodological reflexivity regarding
connection to the material. Social condition for most black males are similar but can be interpreted
differently. I believe, Black masculinity is a characterization use to stagnate a cultural group from
establish social acceptant. The culture understanding of black men is dangerous and has created a
climate that justified the killing of several black men. Jamaal Moore, Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner
and Michael Brown are some of the case involving unarmed black being killed. These cases have a
personal effect because I can self–identify with these black men and realize I can be killed without
consequent. The interpersonal feelings are directly related to the racial biases in American culture.
The killing of citizen goes mainly unnoted when they are black males (Adams & Govender,

Data Analysis : Information Analysis
Data Analysis:
As I spent the first week in collecting data, it is time to analyse the collected data in the second week
of my professional work placement. Data analysis method is a way to organize and map my
collected data in a pattern that could be interpreted (Bell, 2010). It should be able to assist me
finding answers for my research question by asking myself, "Did my data analysis add new concepts
and practices about the inclusive education, or open the gate for a more questions? Is it taking me to
the next step in my research cycle?
The data analysis will be done through the following approaches:
1. The Discourse Analysis:
Discourse analysis is the in–depth, critical analysis of the social interactions within the collected
data. It is seen as a way of thinking about the discussed issue. This methodology is an action–based
as it acts to construct meanings from the social contexts in which the collected data is created
(Sargent & Harcourt, 2012). In this research, there are some steps that need to be followed in order
to achieve the discourse analysis. First, closer examination of the data will lead to discovering the
functions and the consequences of the discourse (which is the inclusive education). For example, it
will examine the speech act function of the discourse to check if it is to persuade, to accuse, or to
encourage. Then, by looking for alternative explanations in the inclusive education discourse, other
interpretations will be eliminated leading to give me

The Russian Ukrainian Conflict During Media Discourse
Media has power to create, shape and change public opinion. At the same time, it is also created and
shaped by community. In war or conflict discourse the power of media is crucial because it affects
the image of the country on the international stage as well as public mood and atmosphere in the
country. The ongoing Russian–Ukrainian conflict has been a matter of debate between many
countries including but not limited to Russia and Ukraine. The research area of the current study is
the current Russian–Ukrainian conflict in media discourse. The present study seeks to determine
whether this conflict as well as its key actors are viewed and discussed differently in Russian,
Ukrainian and European media, as well as whether media sources ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The period under investigation covers conflict in Kosovo, the Afghanistan intervention after the
World Trade Centre attack in New York, and Iraq intervention. Although the findings of the study
identified immediate word–collocations for intervention (adjectives UN–sanctioned, forceful, verbs
oppose, justify, and such proper names as Chechnya and Somalia) the word itself is not very
frequent in the corpus, which suggests a specific meaning of this term. Mass media preferred using
other 'more palpable' words instead, such as troops, forces, strikes, attack, which were regarded by
authors as constituents of intervention. Europe was usually mentioned in the collocation with modal
verbs could, should or must which clearly reflects the obligation or possibility of actions required
from the European Union. The frequent occurrence of European failures or European incapacities,
obviously, shows the negative attitude towards the EU policy. Even though the current research did
not use probes, this study is significant to it, because it also looked at the collocations of the most
frequent words in the media–based corpora in the conflict discourse and attempted to reveal the
attitude these collocates represent. Such lexical items as verbs, nouns and adjectives were of great
importance in the analysis.
Another perspective on war rhetoric was presented by Chen (2013)

Thesis On Courtroom Argumentation
This dissertation takes courtroom argumentation as a form of practical argumentation whose
purpose is "to gain the assent or adherence of the audience to a claim." (Sanders 2006). Drawing on
Martin's (2008) notion of affiliation from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics
(hereafter SFL), the dissertation investigates the similar ways through which public prosecutors and
defense lawyers seek for bonding in the legal field as well as how they use different experience–
infused values in achieving affiliation in the discourse of courtroom argumentation. 如果研究的是
控辩双方的法律身份及其与法官的结盟，是不是与论文题目有些脱节，或联系的不是很紧密
This introductory chapter will briefly present the orientation, assumptions and methodologies of the
dissertation to foreground the subsequent chapters. We start this chapter by introducing rationale and
background of the research in Section 1.1 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date, courtroom argumentation studies have become a meeting point for scholars from forensics,
linguistics, psychology and many other disciplines. Generally speaking, in line with Aristotle's
argumentation theory (2007), which emphasises on the trichotomy of logic, dialectic and rhetoric,
there are three distinguished approaches to courtroom argumentation studies: the logical, the
dialogical and the rhetorical. The logical approach sees arguments as the product of the activity of
arguing; the dialectical approach takes argumentation as a procedure consisting of strategic
movements by a proponent and an opponent; the rhetorical approach considers argumentation as a
communicative

Critical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis...
Methodology
Critical discourse analysis
For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood
without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler
(1991/2013) believes "news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of
intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of
criteria for selection" (p. 2). "The news media select events for reporting according to a complex set
of criteria of newsworthiness; so news is not simply that which happens, but that which can be
regarded and presented as newsworthy" (p.13).
Filtered by the latent criteria, the final representation of Hong Kong protests in Canadian press is the
outcome of social inclusion and exclusion. In Fowler's sense, representation is a constructive
practice. Hong Kong protests are not communicated neutrally in natural structure per se. Instead,
they were transmitted through the Canadian press with its own structural features permeated by
Canadian social values. The discourse of Hong Kong protests reflects "the social actions
accomplished by language users when they communicate in social situations and within society and
culture at large" (van Dijk, 1997, pp. 13–14).
So to speak, studying how the protests were represented requires not only analyzing texts or
processes of production and interpretation, but also "analyzing the relationship between texts,

Social Transformations Of New Capitalism
discourse, and specifically discourse that reveals social transformations of New Capitalism, but to
determine "how societies work and produce both beneficial and detrimental effects and of how the
detrimental effects can be mitigated if not eliminated" (Christie, 2003, p. 203). Fairclough's critical
approach to texts societal elements affect personhood via discourse. Through his exploration of how
the New Capitalism imposes constraints on individuals and societies, Fairclough argues that all
people have agency although it is limited by social structures that are imposed on them. Social
agents have the ability to "texture texts" and to "set up relations between elements of texts" (p. 22).
Linguistic and genre restrictions partially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9). The concept of intertextuality provides important analytic insights into comprehending the use of
repetition, which is one of the main foci in the book. Drawing upon Friedrich's (1986) notion of
individual imagination, Tannen proposes that communication occurs when individuals activate their
imagination to make sense of another's speech. In other words, it is through the processes of
individual imagination that people construct knowledge as well as emotions. The details and images
produced by one's speech generate sounds and scenes associated with emotions in others' minds
which enable them to create a shared meaning. This shared meaning then creates a community
where individuals are united in relationships. Within and across different communities, Tannen
argues that one's identities are socially constructed through the joint production of meaning and
relationships between interlocutor(s) and interactant(s). Examining the notion of intertextuality and
the essential relationality of meaning in language, Tannen proposes the need to consider identity
construction as social and interactional processes. Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and
Imagery

Critical Cuistice Analysis, The Study Of Language
According to Hugh Trappes–Lomax (2004), discourse analysis is the study of language that is
viewed communicatively or the study of communication that is viewed linguistically. Under the
discourse analysis, the analysts analyse the concepts of "language in use, the language above or
beyond the sentence, language as meaning in interaction, and language in situational and cultural
context". By carrying out the discourse analysis, the analysts seek to explore the relation that exists
between the various elements that are present in the situation; such as the participants of the
conversation, the cultural backgrounds of the participants, the relationship between the participants,
the setting of the conversation/discourse, the situation and the linguistic choices that are made in the
process of the discourse (Dijk, 1995). Though discourse analysis cannot be tied down to a single
definition, some of the most prominent ones are as follows;
"The linguistic, cognitive and social processes whereby meanings are expressed and intentions
interpreted in human interaction" (Jaworski, 1999)
"The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hall (1996) describes critical discourse analysis as;
"Critical discourse analysis begins from the assumption that systematic asymmetries of power and
resources between speakers and listeners, readers and writers can be linked to their unequal access
to linguistic and social resources. In this way, the presupposition of critical discourse analysis is that
institutions like schools act as gatekeepers of mastery of discursive resources: the discourses, texts,
genres, lexical and grammatical structures of everyday language

Racism And Ethnic Discrimination : A Public Health...
Introduction
Health inequities are defined as "differences which are unnecessary and avoidable, but in addition
are considered unfair and unjust" (Whitehead 1992, p.431). Numerous studies provide evidence of
deep seated and continued health inequities between Maori and non–Maori in Aoteroa/ New
Zealand (McCreanor 2008). The role of social, political, environmental and economic factors have
in determining health outcomes for individuals and social groups is increasingly being recognised
globally. These factors include determinants such as housing, education, employment status,
income, deprivation and racism (Robson & Harris 2007). There is increasing body of evidence that
show that racism and ethnic discrimination negatively impact the health and well–being of
individuals and ethnic groups (Gee 2002). Based on these findings, many researchers have proposed
that programmes targeted at reducing racism are a public health measures that could mitigate health
inequities (McKenzie 2003).
Mass media is extremely powerful institution that massively influences all areas of social
interactions (Rosenberg 2002, cited in McCreanor 2008). It shapes the ideological patterns and what
is regarded as norm, 'commonsense' by its audience (McCreanor 1993). In Aoteroa New Zealand,
racism in the media and the negative representations of Maori raises great concern, as it affects
Maori/Pakeha relations, Maori self perception, and ultimately undermines Maori health and
wellbeing (Barnes et al 2012).

Difference Between Cohesion And Cohesion
.Theoretical part 1. Scope of the study
Language is not realized by some unrelated sentences but by varying number of utterances. The
stretch of language may be spoken or written. Cohesion therefore is the glue that holds words
together. In other words, if an essay is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and
from paragraph to paragraph. A speaker of English who hears or reads a passage of the language
which is more than one sentence in length can normally decide without difficulty whether it forms a
unified whole or it is just a collection of unrelated sentences. Thus a unified text is achieved by the
use of cohesive devices. The scope of the study focuses on articles of the writers; Ammar Ali and
Azmi ashour from Al–Ahram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relation has been referred to as a superordinate or hyponomic relation in most of the earlier
studies or inclusion: specific–general by McCarthy (P.57)
The second major element of lexical cohesion is collocation.(
Nunan1993, P.29) declared that collocation can cause problems for discourse analysis, because it
includes semantically related item and this makes it difficult to determine if there is any cohesive tie
or not. Much linguistics refuses to deal with collocation because of this.
Grammatical cohesion Any discourse must be related not only lexically but also grammatically.
(McCarthy, 1991, 34–35) says that grammatical cohesion is the surface in written discourse.it is
displayed by spoken and written discourses and those links are classified into three categories:
references, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction.Grammatical cohesion is divided into references,
ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. According to Brown and Yule (1983), the traditional semantic
of reference is that its relationship is held between expressions in text and the world, and between
different parts of text. There is a different account of the co–reference relation, paying attention to
pronouns.

Examples Of Critical Discourse Analysis
CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
To understand the concept of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is necessary to see how CDA
defines discourse. Discourse is not simply an isolated textual or dialogical structure (van Dijk,
1988). It is seen as socially constructed ways that do not only shape but also enable (social) reality
(Foucault, 1977; Paltridge, 2006). It involves "a dialectical relationship between a particular
discursive event and the situation(s), institution(s), and social structure(s) which frame it"
(Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 258). It also helps to establish power relations between social
classes, gender, or majorities and minorities groups (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Therefore, CDA acts
as an approach that critically investigates the relationship between discourse and the reproduction of
power in social practices and interactions (Fairclough, 1995 as cited ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, one of the distinguishing features of DHA is its interdisciplinary method that considers a
variety of different empirical data and background information (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
The historical dimension is realized by collecting all information regarding the historical
background and the original sources of the object under investigation and exploring diachronic
change (Matouschek et al. 1995; Wodak et al., 1990, 1994 as cited in van Leeuwen & Wodak, 1999).
Specifically, the process of analysis in DHA starts by describing the phenomena occurred in texts.
Then, describing the apparent changes. Finally, discussing the result to find how and why change
occurs since the purpose of DHA is to uncover the ideology in diachronic texts (Slavícková,

Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists' discussions from different
disciplines, as well as ordinary language users. In contemporary social sciences, especially in
linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse. Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language,
as well as the language as a socio–cultural activity. In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the
social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participate in the creation and pass on
different values, ideologies and symbolic power. This essay aims to show the definition of Critical
Discourse Analysis and also show how useful it is for exploring issues of power and inequality in
relation to gender. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As pointed out by van Dijk (1993) one of the key objectives of the Critical Discourse Analysis is
also the understanding of the nature of power and domination. In his view, power is based on
privileged access to social resources, is widely considered as securities, such as wealth, income,
position, status, group membership, education and knowledge. However, dominance is defined as
the use of social power by elites, institutions or groups, contributing to the emergence of social
inequality (including – in political, cultural, class, ethnic, racial, and gender). The task of CDA is
then highlighting the role of discourse in the producing domination.
According to 'Studying the Media' dictionary, the complete and very well summing everything up
definition of Critical Discourse Analysis is:
'...a means of analysing texts based on linguistics and in recent times the theories of Foucault.
Discourse analysis identifies the culturally and socially produced sets of ideas and values that
structure texts and representations. It helps to identify abstract and ideological assumptions about
the world that may be implicitly contained in particular texts.'
Fairclough developed a three–dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to
map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language
texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and

Effective Literacy Strategies for English Language Learners
Introduction
English Language Learners (hereafter referred to as ELLs) currently comprise 10% of the total
school population in the United States (National Center for Education Statistics, 2005). It is a
population that is going to continue to increase in American public education and their specific
needs for learning literacy are of great importance to teachers. Since schools and teachers are
increasingly judged based upon the academic achievement of students, then the success of the
growing population of ELLs is going to be increasingly important. In the present paper the role of
the teacher and specific research–based literacy strategies for ELLs is investigated.
Teacher's role In a research article by Yoon (2007), the question ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She did this based on a belief that it would help ELLs and non–ELLs alike. The students in the
second class reported that classmates were "friendly and nice" and the teacher "likes other cultures."
The results of this study indicate the very important role that a teacher plays in creating and
modeling an atmosphere where ELLs are accepted, encouraged and participatory in a learning
community. Next, the topic of Primary Discourse was investigated in a research article by Mays
(2008). Mays articulates that the discourse, or language used in the curriculums and assessments, is
so different from the primary discourse that young learners have been exposed to, that minority and
ELL students are overrepresented in "at–risk," "developmentally delayed," and "not ready to learn"
groups. Being put in these groups puts that at a disadvantage in acquiring literacy skills. Mays cited
"Discourses (capital "D") are ways of combining and coordinating words, deeds, thoughts, values,
bodies, objects, tools, and technologies, and other people (at the appropriate time and places) so as
to enact and recognize the specific socially situated identities and activities. (Gee, 2001, p.71) Many
teachers use curriculums that were designed from a "white, middle class, 'mainstream' model" and
this creates challenges for ELLs from diverse backgrounds to achieve success. The role of the
teacher becomes essential and powerful in this

Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Speech Of Quaid E-Azam
Title
Critical Discourse Analysis of the speeches of Quaid–e–Azam.
Abstract
This work is about critical discourse analysis of the speeches of Quaid–e–azam. While doing a
critical discourse analysis Fairclough's three dimensional model is used for the present study.
Fairclough's three dimensional model involves Text, process of interpretation and process of
production. So in order to fulfill the criteria of three dimensional model six speeches of Quaid–e–
azam are selected in which the language of the speeches investigates to see how the text is delivered
by the speaker and how it is perceived by the listeners in that particular context. It aims to explore
the hidden ideologies and power relations as well as discursive strategies by using the principles of
CDA.
Statement of the problem and aims: This research work explores how language is used by the
leaders to achieve their goals in variety of social context. By applying Fairclough's three
dimensional model this work investigates how the hidden political, social aspects and power
relations are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the purpose of study twenty four articles are analyzed, these texts are regarded as discursive
examples of broader social practices. The aim of this research work is to explore the relationship of
specific discursive and generic patterns. It also explains and discusses questions, understanding of
the nature, form and function of academic knowledge production in society. It aims to show how
political and economic discourses, values and (changing) institutional contexts can shape academic
writing and how conversely academic discourse can play a role in shaping and reshaping relations in
and between institutions, social spheres and

Critical Discourse Analysis Of CDA
Methodology
In writing this paper, the writer derives the theory from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which is
an approach to the analysis of discourse which maintains that, language is a social practice and
analyses how ideologies and power relations are approached in language (Fairclough & Wodak,
1997, p 258; Lin & Guo, 2016). Fowler and Kress, 1979; Van Dijk, 1993, 1983; Fairclough &
Wodak, 1997; Wodak & Meyer, 2009, and Foucault, 1972, are among theorists who have made great
contribution to the development and implementation of CDA. It is worth taking into account that
CDA has its roots in Critical Linguistics and can be taken as a development of Critical Linguistics
(Hailong, 2006). Language and Control (Fowler & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These express mental patterns of such events and the belief that the storytellers have regarding them'
(Van Dijk, 1997a: p42). (5) Quoting credible, sources or experts, witnesses, e.g. in news reports.
(6) Semantic moves such as disclaimers: These play a significant role in persuasion while displaying
the original structures of ethnic approaches' (Van Dijk, 1997, p42).
According to Van Dijk (2006) extended endeavor on racism and discourse, concludes that common
racism and negative attitudes are derivative of elite racist discourse. In other words, the role of elites
in the 'discursive reproduction processes of the system of racism' is prominent (Van Dijk, 1997,
p32). Numbers of the prejudicial beliefs and attitudes of the public are originated from their
understanding of elite discourse in the form of textbooks, massages, media, political discourse, and
corporative discourse (Van Dijk, 1983: p23).
The main tenets of Critical Discourse Analysis have been put forth by Wodak and Fairclough
(1997):
1 CDA addresses social problems.
2 Power relations are

How Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba...
In the present essay, we have seen how linguistic ethnographers Blommaert and
Borba conceptualize ethnographic research in their two works, what function language had in the
observed, situated interactions and how it was approached to further investigate larger frameworks.
Besides the more technical aspects, we have seen that in both accounts, language plays a crucial role
in the reproduction of inequality and some sociologic and ethnographic concepts, when applied to
observation of linguistic forms, can help to grasp the larger structures regimenting institutional
practices.
2 Source : http://www.Colorado.EDU/English/ENGL2012Klages/1997foucault.html
Student number: 1568114
14
Overall, the two accounts are not incompatible, even if they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Student number: 1568114
15
REFERENCES
Androutsopoulos, J. (2014) Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin–Boston:
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Bauman, R. & Briggs, C. (1990) Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and
social life. Annual Review of Anthropology (19) 59–88
Blommaert, J. (2015) Pierre Bourdieu and language in society. Tilburg Papers in
Culture Studies #126. At www.tilburguniversity.edu
Blommaert, J. (2005) Bourdieu the Ethnographer – The ethnographic Grounding of
Habitus and Voice. The Translator # 11 (2) 219–236. At www.academia.edu
Borba, R. (2015) How an individual becomes a subject. Discourse, interaction & subjectification at
a Brazilian gender identity clinic. Working Papers in Urban
Language & Literacies #163. At www.kcl.ac.uk/ldc
Bourdieu, P. (1972) Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique précedé de Trois études d'éthnologie
kabile. Paris: Seuil
Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste.
Massachussets: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990a) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press
Bourdieu, P. (2000) Making the Economic Habitus: Algerian Workers Revisited.

Descriptive Approaches In International Relations
From a conceptual point of view, discourse analysis in international relations has outlined a common
set of standards for the other fields of language and social sciences. Discourse is a rather new field
of analysis in the world of social research, and it does not yet have a precise and compact theoretical
body. Accordingly, discourse analysis has to rely on the practices and concepts taken from other
fields such as sociology, semantics, psychology, linguistics etc. Due to its vast source of knowledge,
discourse has analytical richness in its field. In the study of international relations, three types of
discursive approaches are considered, which are – descriptive approaches, autonomous approaches,
and functionalist approaches. Autonomous approaches have no established relations with each other,
but separately they provide a significant contribution to the study of discourse (Obeng and
Hartford). The descriptive analysis approaches are a set of explanatory perspectives that are based
on language and relevant fields. This method includes a grammatical style, which is concerned with
understanding how words and sentences are formed. The descriptive method can be subdivided into
three different practices of grammar and linguistics, which are – Morphology, phonology, and
syntax. A descriptive methodology is a stylistic approach to grammar that is mainly used in poetry.
This approach aids discourse analysis by specifying the suitability of a particular discourse to a
specific

Mental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis
Mental representation in Critical Discourse Analysis
Levels of analysis
This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It
is unique from the term 'unit of observation" as the former relates to an integrated set of
relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels
of analysis are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls
under micro level and the macro level of analysis.
Macro versus micro level of analysis
The usage of language, discourse communication, and verbal interaction belong to the micro level of
the social order. On the other hand, powered, dominance and inequality between social groups are
concepts that relate to the macro level of analysis. Critical discourse analysis bridges the gap
between the micro and macro level of analysis that get to be a sociological construct in its own right.
The macro and micro levels of interactions integrate into being one whole that is unified. For
example, a racist remark in parliament is a discourse at the micro level of the social interaction but
at the same time, it may also constitute a part of legislation or reproduction at racism at the macro
level. The language of thought hypothesis(LOTH) states that the nature of thought and thinking is
undertaken in a mental language i.e. it is done in a symbolic system that is physically realized in the
brain of Humans. Critical

The Pros And Cons Of Gusdur Government
Society examines the social, political, cultural and historical aspects of ideologies, the nature, and
especially the role in the reproduction of, or resistance against, dominance. In Gusdur government,
he formed a cabinet which was called the National Unity Cabinet. He gave freedom to the people to
step up and provided the opportunity for minorities in Indonesia. However, because of this, people
began to experience confusion and indecision. Yet the government never gave a clear statement on
the issue. Orde Baru (The New Order) had not been completely overcome the problems, Wahid
goverment faced many issues which was assessed by many people were highly controversial. The
policies were involving: 1) The dismissal of General Roesmanhadi who ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Musthofa, 2008; Ernawati, 2009; Azis, 2013; Mubarok, 2011;). Amin (2008) analyzed gender
stereotyping in the movie "It's a Boy Girl Things" using Teun van Dijk's theory. He analyzed from
aspects of microstructure, superstructure, and macrostructure from the process of its formation.
Those discourses of gender stereotyping found are classified into ninth kinds of discourse formation.
Nine of them present an unequal stereotyping on women. While, after generating the discourse
formations, the research analyses its strategies to normalize and eliminate the common discourses of
gender role. There processes are verified to analyze critically its negative effects to the women in
social

Advantages Of Conversation Analysis
What is a conversation? A conversation is referred to as a spontaneous, impromptu, everyday
exchange of talk between two or more individuals. The participants in a conversation take turns and
during their turn each makes a conversational move of some kind, this is seen as a form of
sociability and reflects an individual's ability and willingness to interact with others. People gather
their construction of a conversation together, cooperatively, and they deal with the gatherings of the
conversation at local level, one utterance at a time (Parker 1999).
Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of human interaction in society which embraces
verbal and nonverbal conduct in situations of everyday interchanges. There may be a misinformed
view that this analysis only focuses on the sociable nature of the conversation, but in reality, it
encompasses conversations of all sorts, from informal and formal to technologically mediated
conversations. Conversation analysis is broad in scope but one of the things that differentiate ...
It does not use coded or summarised representations, but rather analyses detailed audio or video
recordings of interactional activities and detailed transcripts. Another benefit of using conversation
analysis, it focuses on naturally occurring data and not conversations that are manipulated as
mentioned prior. However, there are limitations to this approach as well such as the fact that it can
be time consuming and therefore requires a great deal of patience and dedication to go through
numerous and long transcripts of conversations. It can also be costly. Often it also requires
specialised training in the Conversation Analysis methodology if it is going to be done well. This
analytic approach is also very sensitive to misinterpretation and over interpretation therefore
member checking becomes very crucial (LaVelle

Link Between Cartoon And Caricature
Introduction
Cartoon or political genre depicts human's artistic ability of transforming ideas and knowledge into
pictures of his own choice. In the literature the terms cartoon and caricature are used
interchangeably and indiscriminately, which creates confusion. What then is the distinction between
a cartoon and a caricature? Historically, cartoon refers to the preparatory designs for a large drawing
or painting (Coupe 1967). The link between these two concepts can be traced back to 1843 when
John Leech described as cartoons the parodies he drew of the cartoons for the frescos in the Houses
of Parliament, London (Coup 1969). Streicher(1967) continues 'that what in literature is satire, in
pictorial art is caricature, satire typically deals with demonstration and exposure of human vices or
follies in order to scorn or ridicule humans; graphic caricatures ridicule pictorially.' In political ...
Using cartoons as a medium of communication some humor and criticism is depicted through
various genres to establish an understanding of each political party's role, goals and purposes for
future agendas. Genres signify and explain the concepts and constructs associations with political
cartoons and the represented party.
Literature Review
Political cartoons dates back from the ancient Egypt (1360, B.C) Johnson (193) culture with human
and animal caricatures painted on the walls. Magazines and newspapers have been printing this
particular genre for over two hundred years–yet. No single study has eminently conducted the
perceptions, psyche and mental capacity and decoded messages through genres (Diamond, 2002).
Many scholars (DeSousa & Medhurst (1982), Edward, (1997); Ketzle&
Brunel, (1996); Langeveld,(1982) suffer the lack of efforts made to be contributed to the this genre

Metapragmatic Emotions In Pragmatics
In her article, Spencer–Oatey (2011) states the increasing focus on "the relational" in pragmatics.
There are various terms used when analyzing the interpersonal relations and thus she first tries to
evaluate this terminology confusion in a critical way. Because she believes that although researchers
may disagree whether we should focus on the words of participants or analysts, metapragmatic
emotion and (im)politeness comments should be analyzed, she reports a workplace project
partnership study.
One of her aims in the study is to address the lack of what is meant by "relational" since there are
not many studies concerning the similarities and differences between the variations about "the
relational". Another point that was stated which needs to be addressed was who of "the relations",
whys of it, and the basis of relational sensitivity.
In her study, she collected the data through a series of interviews that she conducted ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study basically aimed to shed light on these points using an analysis of metapragmatic emotion
comments of people in an international project program to analyze and have a better understanding
about interpersonal relations.
The study has a significant contribution to the pragmatic approaches in interpersonal relations in the
workplace. Since we are living in a globalized world working on internationally based projects has
been becoming more popular day by day and managing the interpersonal relations is a necessity in
managing such teams with different people from different nations (Canney Davison and Ward,
1999), this study has provided valuable insights in collaboration of members in the partnership
projects making use of pragmatic

Conversation Analysis Paper

More Related Content

Similar to Conversation Analysis Paper

More from Tammy Lacy

Recently uploaded

Conversation Analysis Paper