The document analyzes optical density profiles of otoliths from two fish species, Ps. georgianus and Ch. gunnarii, using computer measurement and harmonic analysis to investigate daily and other increments. For Ps. georgianus, the average width of daily larval otolith increments was 9.41 * 10-4 mm, while for juvenile Ch. gunnarii it was 0.0024 mm. Cyclical increments in larval Ps. georgianus otoliths followed a sine wave pattern.
Comparing the Performance of Different Ultrasonic Image Enhancement Technique...Md. Shohel Rana
Medical ultrasound US images are usually corrupted by speckle noise during their acquisition. De-noising techniques are to remove noises while retaining the important signal features. Preservation of the image sharpness and details while suppressing the speckle noise. A novel restoration scheme has been introduced for ultrasound (US) images for speckle reduction which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio while conserving the edges and lines in the image
Speckle noise reduction from medical ultrasound images using wavelet threshIAEME Publication
This document proposes a method for reducing speckle noise from medical ultrasound images using wavelet thresholding and anisotropic diffusion. It first takes the logarithm of noisy images to convert speckle noise from multiplicative to additive. It then applies median filtering, followed by wavelet denoising using soft thresholding of detail coefficients. Finally, it uses SRAD filtering to enhance contrast while retaining edges. The proposed method is tested on three images and is found to improve SNR and PSNR compared to other filters based on statistical measurements.
IRJET- Removal of Gaussian Impulsive Noise from Computed TomographyIRJET Journal
This document presents a new filtering algorithm to remove mixed Gaussian and impulse noise from computed tomography (CT) images. CT images are often corrupted by noise during acquisition, which reduces image quality. Existing filters are not very effective at removing both types of noise. The proposed hybrid filter separates image pixels into corrupted and non-corrupted groups. It then applies Gaussian smoothing and median filtering to the groups based on their noise characteristics to remove the noise. When tested on 10 CT images, the algorithm improved peak signal-to-noise ratio over existing filters, indicating better noise removal and higher quality output images.
Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Images using Adaptive and Anisotropic D...Md. Shohel Rana
US Imaging Technique less cost. Nonlinear and Anisotropic filter for removing speckle noise can be removed from US images. Proposed a modified Anisotropic filter which reduces speckle noises.
This document summarizes a study on automatically detecting boundaries and regions of interest in ultrasound images of focal liver lesions. The researchers used texture analysis and gradient vector flow snakes to extract boundaries after reducing speckle noise. They tested several noise filters and found median filtering worked best, achieving the highest PSNR. Texture analysis via gray-level co-occurrence matrix extraction detected regions more accurately than range or standard deviation filters. Morphological operations and seed point determination were then used to generate the final region of interest. The proposed automatic method facilitates ultrasound image segmentation and analysis of focal liver lesions.
Image De-noising on Strip Steel Surface Defect Using Improved Compressive Sen...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
De-noising for the strip steel surface defect image is conductive to the accurate detection of the strip steel
surface defects. In order to filter the Gaussian noise and salt and pepper noise of strip steel surface defect
images, an improved compressive sensing algorithm was applied to defect image de-noising in this paper.
First, the improved Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm was described. Then, three typical
surface defects (scratch, scar, surface upwarping) images were selected as the experimental samples. Last,
detailed experimental tests were carried out to the strip steel surface defect image de-noising. Through
comparison and analysis of the test results, the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio value of the proposed algorithm
is higher compared with other traditional de-noising algorithm, and the running time of the proposed algorithm
is only26.6% of that of traditional Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithms. Therefore, it has better de-noising
effect and can meet the requirements of real-time image processing.
This paper presents a technique for denoising digital radiographic images using a wavelet-based hidden Markov model. The method first applies the Anscombe transformation to adjust for Poisson noise, then uses the dual-tree complex wavelet transform for decomposition. A hidden Markov tree model is used to capture correlations between wavelet coefficients across scales. Two correction functions are applied to shrink coefficients before inverse transformation. Evaluation on phantom and clinical images showed the method outperforms Gaussian filtering in terms of noise reduction, detail quality and bone sharpness, though some edges had artifacts.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for removing speckle noise from ultrasound and optical coherence tomography medical images in the stationary wavelet domain. It first reviews existing techniques for speckle noise reduction such as wavelet shrinkage methods. It then presents the mathematical model of speckle noise and formulates the problem that existing wavelet methods do not provide shift invariance. The proposed method uses two-dimensional stationary wavelet transform to overcome this issue. It involves decomposing the noisy input image into subbands, estimating clean coefficients, and applying the inverse transform to obtain a denoised image. Results showed the method was able to remove speckle noise while better preserving edges.
Comparing the Performance of Different Ultrasonic Image Enhancement Technique...Md. Shohel Rana
Medical ultrasound US images are usually corrupted by speckle noise during their acquisition. De-noising techniques are to remove noises while retaining the important signal features. Preservation of the image sharpness and details while suppressing the speckle noise. A novel restoration scheme has been introduced for ultrasound (US) images for speckle reduction which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio while conserving the edges and lines in the image
Speckle noise reduction from medical ultrasound images using wavelet threshIAEME Publication
This document proposes a method for reducing speckle noise from medical ultrasound images using wavelet thresholding and anisotropic diffusion. It first takes the logarithm of noisy images to convert speckle noise from multiplicative to additive. It then applies median filtering, followed by wavelet denoising using soft thresholding of detail coefficients. Finally, it uses SRAD filtering to enhance contrast while retaining edges. The proposed method is tested on three images and is found to improve SNR and PSNR compared to other filters based on statistical measurements.
IRJET- Removal of Gaussian Impulsive Noise from Computed TomographyIRJET Journal
This document presents a new filtering algorithm to remove mixed Gaussian and impulse noise from computed tomography (CT) images. CT images are often corrupted by noise during acquisition, which reduces image quality. Existing filters are not very effective at removing both types of noise. The proposed hybrid filter separates image pixels into corrupted and non-corrupted groups. It then applies Gaussian smoothing and median filtering to the groups based on their noise characteristics to remove the noise. When tested on 10 CT images, the algorithm improved peak signal-to-noise ratio over existing filters, indicating better noise removal and higher quality output images.
Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Images using Adaptive and Anisotropic D...Md. Shohel Rana
US Imaging Technique less cost. Nonlinear and Anisotropic filter for removing speckle noise can be removed from US images. Proposed a modified Anisotropic filter which reduces speckle noises.
This document summarizes a study on automatically detecting boundaries and regions of interest in ultrasound images of focal liver lesions. The researchers used texture analysis and gradient vector flow snakes to extract boundaries after reducing speckle noise. They tested several noise filters and found median filtering worked best, achieving the highest PSNR. Texture analysis via gray-level co-occurrence matrix extraction detected regions more accurately than range or standard deviation filters. Morphological operations and seed point determination were then used to generate the final region of interest. The proposed automatic method facilitates ultrasound image segmentation and analysis of focal liver lesions.
Image De-noising on Strip Steel Surface Defect Using Improved Compressive Sen...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
De-noising for the strip steel surface defect image is conductive to the accurate detection of the strip steel
surface defects. In order to filter the Gaussian noise and salt and pepper noise of strip steel surface defect
images, an improved compressive sensing algorithm was applied to defect image de-noising in this paper.
First, the improved Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm was described. Then, three typical
surface defects (scratch, scar, surface upwarping) images were selected as the experimental samples. Last,
detailed experimental tests were carried out to the strip steel surface defect image de-noising. Through
comparison and analysis of the test results, the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio value of the proposed algorithm
is higher compared with other traditional de-noising algorithm, and the running time of the proposed algorithm
is only26.6% of that of traditional Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithms. Therefore, it has better de-noising
effect and can meet the requirements of real-time image processing.
This paper presents a technique for denoising digital radiographic images using a wavelet-based hidden Markov model. The method first applies the Anscombe transformation to adjust for Poisson noise, then uses the dual-tree complex wavelet transform for decomposition. A hidden Markov tree model is used to capture correlations between wavelet coefficients across scales. Two correction functions are applied to shrink coefficients before inverse transformation. Evaluation on phantom and clinical images showed the method outperforms Gaussian filtering in terms of noise reduction, detail quality and bone sharpness, though some edges had artifacts.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for removing speckle noise from ultrasound and optical coherence tomography medical images in the stationary wavelet domain. It first reviews existing techniques for speckle noise reduction such as wavelet shrinkage methods. It then presents the mathematical model of speckle noise and formulates the problem that existing wavelet methods do not provide shift invariance. The proposed method uses two-dimensional stationary wavelet transform to overcome this issue. It involves decomposing the noisy input image into subbands, estimating clean coefficients, and applying the inverse transform to obtain a denoised image. Results showed the method was able to remove speckle noise while better preserving edges.
An Innovative Use of X-ray Computed Tomography in Composite Impact Damage Cha...Fabien Léonard
This study used X-ray computed tomography to characterize low-velocity impact damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite panels. CT scanning was performed on panels impacted at energies from 5-20 Joules. Data processing allowed segmentation of damage and separation of damage by ply. Results showed increased damage with higher impact energy, seen as increased peak intensity and broadening in through-thickness damage histograms. Ply-by-ply visualization revealed damage predominantly at ply interfaces. The methodology provides a means to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 3D impact damage nondestructively.
Adaptive Noise Reduction Scheme for Salt and Peppersipij
In this paper, a new adaptive noise reduction scheme for images corrupted by impulse noise is presented. The proposed scheme efficiently identifies and reduces salt and pepper noise. MAG (Mean Absolute Gradient) is used to identify pixels which are most likely corrupted by salt and pepper noise that are candidates for further median based noise reduction processing. Directional filtering is then applied after noise reduction to achieve a good tradeoff between detail preservation and noise removal. The proposed scheme can remove salt and pepper noise with noise density as high as 90% and produce better result in terms of qualitative and quantitative measures of images.
This document summarizes key concepts in computed tomography (CT) imaging. It discusses how CT uses x-rays to measure the attenuation of objects along different projection angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images. Specifically, it covers:
1) How monoenergetic and polychromatic x-ray sources are used to measure attenuation projections and the artifacts that can arise from beam hardening and scatter.
2) Different scanning methods like fan beam rotational and fixed detector ring configurations.
3) Emission CT techniques like SPECT and PET that use radioactive tracers.
4) Ultrasound CT and magnetic resonance imaging which use different physical phenomena for tissue imaging and data collection.
5) Artifacts like
A Study of Total-Variation Based Noise-Reduction Algorithms For Low-Dose Cone...CSCJournals
In low-dose cone-beam computed tomography, the reconstructed image is contaminated with
excessive quantum noise. In this work, we examined the performance of two popular noisereduction
algorithms—total-variation based on the split Bregman (TVSB) and total-variation based
on Nesterov’s method (TVN)—on noisy imaging data from a computer-simulated Shepp–Logan
phantom, a physical CATPHAN phantom and head-and-neck patient. Up to 15% Gaussian noise
was added to the Shepp–Logan phantom. The CATPHAN phantom was scanned by a Varian OBI
system with scanning parameters 100 kVp, 4 ms, and 20 mA. Images from the head-and-neck
patient were generated by the same scanner, but with a 20-ms pulse time. The 4-ms low-dose
image of the head-and-neck patient was simulated by adding Poisson noise to the 20-ms image.
The performance of these two algorithms was quantitatively compared by computing the peak
signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the total computational time. For
CATPHAN, PSNR improved by 2.3 dB and 3.1 dB with respect to the low-dose noisy image for the
TVSB and TVN based methods, respectively. The maximum enhancement ratio of CNR for
CATPHAN was 4.6 and 4.8 for TVSB and TVN respectively. For data for head-and-neck patient,
the PSNR improvement was 2.7 dB and 3.4 dB for TVSB and TVN respectively. Convergence
speed for the TVSB-based method was comparatively slower than TVN method. We conclude that
TVN algorithm has more desirable properties than TVSB for image denoising.
CROSS-COMPARISON BETWEEN CHINA HJ1A-CCD AND LANDSAT TM DATA(Guoqing Li).pptgrssieee
The document compares the China HJ1A-CCD satellite sensor to the Landsat TM sensor. It analyzes their orbital characteristics, spatial resolution, spectral bands, radiation precision using mean and variance, texture using information entropy, and finds high correlation between the sensors. The HJ1A-CCD sensor is found to be similar to Landsat TM and could potentially replace it.
CROSS-COMPARISON BETWEEN CHINA HJ1A-CCD AND LANDSAT TM DATA(Guoqing Li).pptgrssieee
The document compares the China HJ1A-CCD satellite sensor to the Landsat TM sensor. It analyzes their orbital characteristics, spatial resolution, spectral bands, radiation precision using mean and variance, texture using information entropy, and finds high correlation between the sensors. The HJ1A-CCD sensor is found to be similar to Landsat TM and could potentially replace it.
An Ultrasound Image Despeckling Approach Based on Principle Component AnalysisCSCJournals
This document presents a new principle component analysis (PCA)-based approach for reducing speckle noise in ultrasound images. Speckle noise inherently degrades ultrasound image quality but also contains clinically useful textural information. The proposed method segments the image, calculates the covariance matrix for each segment, averages the covariance matrices to obtain a global covariance matrix, selects the dominant eigenvectors from this matrix to form a projection matrix, projects the image segments onto this matrix to denoise them, and recombines the denoised segments. When applied to simulated and real ultrasound images, it outperformed wavelet denoising, total variation filtering, and anisotropic diffusion filtering in terms of edge preservation and noise removal while maintaining textural information, as
The document discusses using terahertz time-domain pulsed imaging (THz TPI) to characterize roller-compacted ribbons and tablets. It aims to determine the density and thickness of ribbons using THz imaging. Several time-domain and frequency-domain THz methods are validated for measuring the refractive index of glass slides and tablets of known properties. The methods are then applied to roller-compacted ribbons to evaluate if their density and thickness can be accurately predicted from THz measurements.
The document discusses factors that affect medical image quality, including contrast, resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how image quality is determined by the imaging method, equipment characteristics, and imaging variables. It then explains several key factors in more detail:
- Contrast is affected by subject properties like tissue characteristics as well as acquisition factors like x-ray energy. Contrast can also be impacted by processing and display.
- Resolution is determined by an imaging system's ability to differentiate objects and is measured by the point spread function and modulation transfer function.
- Noise originates from imaging system sources and can degrade images, though acquisition parameters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce it.
- Artifacts are irregular image
Filtering Techniques to reduce Speckle Noise and Image Quality Enhancement me...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Noise in images is the vital factor which degrades the quality of the images. Reducing noise from the
satellite images, medical images etc., is a challenge for the researchers in digital image processing. Several
approaches are there for noise reduction. Generally speckle noise is commonly found in Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) satellite images and medical images. This research paper put forward some of the filtering
techniques for the removal of speckle noise from the satellite images, which enhances the quality of the images.
Although many filters are available for speckle reduction, some filters are best suited for SAR images are used
for which the statistical parameters are calculated for the output images obtained from all the filters. The
statistical measures SNR, PSNR, RMSE and CoC are compared. The output images corresponding to the best
statistical values are displayed along with the filters name and corresponding values of the statistical measures.
Keywords: Filters, Speckle noise reduction, Image enhancement, Satellite images, Statistical measures.
Performance Assessment of Several Filters for Removing Salt and Pepper Noise,...IJEACS
Digital images are prone to a variety of noises. De-noising of image is a crucial fragment of image reconstruction procedure. Noise gets familiarized in the course of reception and transmission, acquisition and storage & recovery processes. Hence de-noising an image becomes a fundamental task for correcting defects produced during these processes. A complete examination of the various noises which corrupt an image is included in this paper. Elimination of noises is done using various filters. To attain noteworthy results various filters have been anticipated to eliminate these noises from Images and finally which filter is most suitable to remove a particular noise is seen using various measurement parameters.
This document describes an image denoising technique called the TWIST (Transform With Iterative Sampling and Thresholding) method. It begins with background on common types of image noise like Gaussian, salt-and-pepper, and quantization noise. It then discusses related work using eigendecomposition and the Nystrom extension for denoising. The proposed TWIST method uses the Nystrom extension to approximate the filter matrix with a low-rank matrix, allowing efficient processing of the entire image. It performs eigendecomposition on sample pixels to estimate eigenvalues and eigenvectors, then iterates this process with thresholding to denoise the image while preserving edges.
This document discusses atmospheric turbulence degraded image restoration using back propagation neural network. It proposes using a feed-forward neural network with 20 hidden layers and one output layer trained with backpropagation to restore images degraded by atmospheric turbulence and noise. The network is trained on normalized input images and tested on blurred images. Results show the proposed method achieves higher PSNR values than other techniques like kurtosis minimization and PCA, indicating better image quality restoration. Future work may incorporate median filtering and using first order image features for network weight assignment.
Optimization of Aberrated Coherent Optical SystemsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on optimizing the image quality of aberrated coherent optical systems through apodization. It studies how apodization filters can be used to reduce edge effects like ringing, gradient, and shifting caused by aberrations like defocus, coma, and spherical aberration. The results show that at certain apodization parameter values and aberration combinations, the image quality is improved with minimum edge shifting and improved edge gradient. Specifically, an apodization parameter of 0.75 eliminated edge ringing for various aberration combinations studied. Thus, apodization can help mitigate the degrading effects of one aberration through the introduction of other aberrations.
Noise Reduction in MRI Liver Image Using Discrete Wavelet TransformIRJET Journal
The document discusses image denoising using discrete wavelet transform. It analyzes using different wavelet bases and window sizes for denoising. Experimental results show coiflet performs best for image denoising. Modified Neighshrink gives better results than other methods like Neighshrink, Wiener filter and Visushrink. Mean and median filters are applied after decomposing an MRI liver image using discrete wavelet transform. Performance is analyzed using PSNR, MSE and Accuracy to find the better denoising result.
Total Variation-Based Reduction of Streak Artifacts, Ring Artifacts and Noise...Jan Michálek
Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a computed tomography technique used to image samples between 0.5-15mm in size. It involves taking 2D projections of a sample rotated over 360 degrees and computationally reconstructing the 3D structure. Standard reconstruction uses filtered backprojection which can produce streak and ring artifacts. Total variation minimization has been shown to improve reconstruction quality by smoothing small fluctuations while preserving edges. The document reviews various techniques for reducing artifacts in OPT reconstruction through additional projections, model-based iterative methods, and total variation minimization.
This document summarizes an experimental study that measured the nonlinear optical properties of 2,3-
Diaminopyridine solution using z-scan techniques with continuous wave laser illumination. The study found
that the solution exhibited negative nonlinear refraction with a refractive index on the order of 10-8 cm2/W and
nonlinear absorption with a coefficient on the order of 10-3 cm/W. Diffraction ring patterns were also observed
due to nonlinear refraction effects. The nonlinear properties increased with higher concentration, intensity, and
wavelength. The results suggest 2,3-Diaminopyridine could be a new nonlinear optical material.
In this paper, the quality performance of several filters in restoration of images corrupted with various types of noise has been examined extensively. In particular, Wiener filter, Gaussian filter, median filter and averaging (mean) filter have been used to reduce Gaussian noise, speckle noise, salt and pepper noise and Poisson noise. Many images have been tested, two of which are shown in this paper. Several percentages of noise corrupting the images have been examined in the simulations. The size of the sliding window is the same in the four filters used, namely 5x5 for all the indicated noise percentages. For image quality measurement, two performance measuring indices are used: peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). The simulation results show that the performance of some specific filters in reducing some types of noise are much better than others. It has been illustrated that median filter is more appropriate for eliminating salt and pepper noise. Averaging filter still works well for such type of noise, but of less performance quality than the median filter. Gaussian and Wiener filters outperform other filters in restoring mages corrupted with Poisson and speckle noise.
11.the optical constants of highly absorbing films using the spectral reflect...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that determined the optical constants of thin films of rhodium metal using spectral reflectance measurements. The researchers measured the reflectance of rhodium films of varying thicknesses using a double beam spectrophotometer. They then used Kramers-Kronig relations to calculate the phase angle from the reflectance data and determine the real refractive index and extinction coefficient. Their method provides accurate optical constants without needing transmission measurements. They found the refractive index and extinction coefficient were nearly equal for thin films and that their method compared well to values from other interference-based techniques.
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on image denoising using spatial statistics on pixel values. It begins with an abstract describing an approach that uses adaptive anisotropic weighted similarity functions between local neighborhoods derived from Mexican Hat wavelets to improve perceptual quality over existing methods. It then reviews literature on various denoising techniques including non-local means, non-uniform triangular partitioning, undecimated wavelet transforms, anisotropic diffusion, and support vector regression. Key types of image noise like Gaussian, salt and pepper, Poisson, and speckle noise are described. Limitations of blurring and noise in digital images are discussed. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of image denoising research using spatial and transform domain techniques.
This document discusses molecular absorption spectroscopy, including definitions of key terms, Beer's law, instrumentation, and applications. It defines terms like absorbance, transmittance, molar absorptivity, and path length. Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Limitations to Beer's law are discussed. Instrumentation covered includes UV-Vis and infrared spectrophotometers, highlighting features of single beam, double beam, and Fourier transform instruments.
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
An Innovative Use of X-ray Computed Tomography in Composite Impact Damage Cha...Fabien Léonard
This study used X-ray computed tomography to characterize low-velocity impact damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite panels. CT scanning was performed on panels impacted at energies from 5-20 Joules. Data processing allowed segmentation of damage and separation of damage by ply. Results showed increased damage with higher impact energy, seen as increased peak intensity and broadening in through-thickness damage histograms. Ply-by-ply visualization revealed damage predominantly at ply interfaces. The methodology provides a means to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 3D impact damage nondestructively.
Adaptive Noise Reduction Scheme for Salt and Peppersipij
In this paper, a new adaptive noise reduction scheme for images corrupted by impulse noise is presented. The proposed scheme efficiently identifies and reduces salt and pepper noise. MAG (Mean Absolute Gradient) is used to identify pixels which are most likely corrupted by salt and pepper noise that are candidates for further median based noise reduction processing. Directional filtering is then applied after noise reduction to achieve a good tradeoff between detail preservation and noise removal. The proposed scheme can remove salt and pepper noise with noise density as high as 90% and produce better result in terms of qualitative and quantitative measures of images.
This document summarizes key concepts in computed tomography (CT) imaging. It discusses how CT uses x-rays to measure the attenuation of objects along different projection angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images. Specifically, it covers:
1) How monoenergetic and polychromatic x-ray sources are used to measure attenuation projections and the artifacts that can arise from beam hardening and scatter.
2) Different scanning methods like fan beam rotational and fixed detector ring configurations.
3) Emission CT techniques like SPECT and PET that use radioactive tracers.
4) Ultrasound CT and magnetic resonance imaging which use different physical phenomena for tissue imaging and data collection.
5) Artifacts like
A Study of Total-Variation Based Noise-Reduction Algorithms For Low-Dose Cone...CSCJournals
In low-dose cone-beam computed tomography, the reconstructed image is contaminated with
excessive quantum noise. In this work, we examined the performance of two popular noisereduction
algorithms—total-variation based on the split Bregman (TVSB) and total-variation based
on Nesterov’s method (TVN)—on noisy imaging data from a computer-simulated Shepp–Logan
phantom, a physical CATPHAN phantom and head-and-neck patient. Up to 15% Gaussian noise
was added to the Shepp–Logan phantom. The CATPHAN phantom was scanned by a Varian OBI
system with scanning parameters 100 kVp, 4 ms, and 20 mA. Images from the head-and-neck
patient were generated by the same scanner, but with a 20-ms pulse time. The 4-ms low-dose
image of the head-and-neck patient was simulated by adding Poisson noise to the 20-ms image.
The performance of these two algorithms was quantitatively compared by computing the peak
signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the total computational time. For
CATPHAN, PSNR improved by 2.3 dB and 3.1 dB with respect to the low-dose noisy image for the
TVSB and TVN based methods, respectively. The maximum enhancement ratio of CNR for
CATPHAN was 4.6 and 4.8 for TVSB and TVN respectively. For data for head-and-neck patient,
the PSNR improvement was 2.7 dB and 3.4 dB for TVSB and TVN respectively. Convergence
speed for the TVSB-based method was comparatively slower than TVN method. We conclude that
TVN algorithm has more desirable properties than TVSB for image denoising.
CROSS-COMPARISON BETWEEN CHINA HJ1A-CCD AND LANDSAT TM DATA(Guoqing Li).pptgrssieee
The document compares the China HJ1A-CCD satellite sensor to the Landsat TM sensor. It analyzes their orbital characteristics, spatial resolution, spectral bands, radiation precision using mean and variance, texture using information entropy, and finds high correlation between the sensors. The HJ1A-CCD sensor is found to be similar to Landsat TM and could potentially replace it.
CROSS-COMPARISON BETWEEN CHINA HJ1A-CCD AND LANDSAT TM DATA(Guoqing Li).pptgrssieee
The document compares the China HJ1A-CCD satellite sensor to the Landsat TM sensor. It analyzes their orbital characteristics, spatial resolution, spectral bands, radiation precision using mean and variance, texture using information entropy, and finds high correlation between the sensors. The HJ1A-CCD sensor is found to be similar to Landsat TM and could potentially replace it.
An Ultrasound Image Despeckling Approach Based on Principle Component AnalysisCSCJournals
This document presents a new principle component analysis (PCA)-based approach for reducing speckle noise in ultrasound images. Speckle noise inherently degrades ultrasound image quality but also contains clinically useful textural information. The proposed method segments the image, calculates the covariance matrix for each segment, averages the covariance matrices to obtain a global covariance matrix, selects the dominant eigenvectors from this matrix to form a projection matrix, projects the image segments onto this matrix to denoise them, and recombines the denoised segments. When applied to simulated and real ultrasound images, it outperformed wavelet denoising, total variation filtering, and anisotropic diffusion filtering in terms of edge preservation and noise removal while maintaining textural information, as
The document discusses using terahertz time-domain pulsed imaging (THz TPI) to characterize roller-compacted ribbons and tablets. It aims to determine the density and thickness of ribbons using THz imaging. Several time-domain and frequency-domain THz methods are validated for measuring the refractive index of glass slides and tablets of known properties. The methods are then applied to roller-compacted ribbons to evaluate if their density and thickness can be accurately predicted from THz measurements.
The document discusses factors that affect medical image quality, including contrast, resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how image quality is determined by the imaging method, equipment characteristics, and imaging variables. It then explains several key factors in more detail:
- Contrast is affected by subject properties like tissue characteristics as well as acquisition factors like x-ray energy. Contrast can also be impacted by processing and display.
- Resolution is determined by an imaging system's ability to differentiate objects and is measured by the point spread function and modulation transfer function.
- Noise originates from imaging system sources and can degrade images, though acquisition parameters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce it.
- Artifacts are irregular image
Filtering Techniques to reduce Speckle Noise and Image Quality Enhancement me...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Noise in images is the vital factor which degrades the quality of the images. Reducing noise from the
satellite images, medical images etc., is a challenge for the researchers in digital image processing. Several
approaches are there for noise reduction. Generally speckle noise is commonly found in Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) satellite images and medical images. This research paper put forward some of the filtering
techniques for the removal of speckle noise from the satellite images, which enhances the quality of the images.
Although many filters are available for speckle reduction, some filters are best suited for SAR images are used
for which the statistical parameters are calculated for the output images obtained from all the filters. The
statistical measures SNR, PSNR, RMSE and CoC are compared. The output images corresponding to the best
statistical values are displayed along with the filters name and corresponding values of the statistical measures.
Keywords: Filters, Speckle noise reduction, Image enhancement, Satellite images, Statistical measures.
Performance Assessment of Several Filters for Removing Salt and Pepper Noise,...IJEACS
Digital images are prone to a variety of noises. De-noising of image is a crucial fragment of image reconstruction procedure. Noise gets familiarized in the course of reception and transmission, acquisition and storage & recovery processes. Hence de-noising an image becomes a fundamental task for correcting defects produced during these processes. A complete examination of the various noises which corrupt an image is included in this paper. Elimination of noises is done using various filters. To attain noteworthy results various filters have been anticipated to eliminate these noises from Images and finally which filter is most suitable to remove a particular noise is seen using various measurement parameters.
This document describes an image denoising technique called the TWIST (Transform With Iterative Sampling and Thresholding) method. It begins with background on common types of image noise like Gaussian, salt-and-pepper, and quantization noise. It then discusses related work using eigendecomposition and the Nystrom extension for denoising. The proposed TWIST method uses the Nystrom extension to approximate the filter matrix with a low-rank matrix, allowing efficient processing of the entire image. It performs eigendecomposition on sample pixels to estimate eigenvalues and eigenvectors, then iterates this process with thresholding to denoise the image while preserving edges.
This document discusses atmospheric turbulence degraded image restoration using back propagation neural network. It proposes using a feed-forward neural network with 20 hidden layers and one output layer trained with backpropagation to restore images degraded by atmospheric turbulence and noise. The network is trained on normalized input images and tested on blurred images. Results show the proposed method achieves higher PSNR values than other techniques like kurtosis minimization and PCA, indicating better image quality restoration. Future work may incorporate median filtering and using first order image features for network weight assignment.
Optimization of Aberrated Coherent Optical SystemsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on optimizing the image quality of aberrated coherent optical systems through apodization. It studies how apodization filters can be used to reduce edge effects like ringing, gradient, and shifting caused by aberrations like defocus, coma, and spherical aberration. The results show that at certain apodization parameter values and aberration combinations, the image quality is improved with minimum edge shifting and improved edge gradient. Specifically, an apodization parameter of 0.75 eliminated edge ringing for various aberration combinations studied. Thus, apodization can help mitigate the degrading effects of one aberration through the introduction of other aberrations.
Noise Reduction in MRI Liver Image Using Discrete Wavelet TransformIRJET Journal
The document discusses image denoising using discrete wavelet transform. It analyzes using different wavelet bases and window sizes for denoising. Experimental results show coiflet performs best for image denoising. Modified Neighshrink gives better results than other methods like Neighshrink, Wiener filter and Visushrink. Mean and median filters are applied after decomposing an MRI liver image using discrete wavelet transform. Performance is analyzed using PSNR, MSE and Accuracy to find the better denoising result.
Total Variation-Based Reduction of Streak Artifacts, Ring Artifacts and Noise...Jan Michálek
Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a computed tomography technique used to image samples between 0.5-15mm in size. It involves taking 2D projections of a sample rotated over 360 degrees and computationally reconstructing the 3D structure. Standard reconstruction uses filtered backprojection which can produce streak and ring artifacts. Total variation minimization has been shown to improve reconstruction quality by smoothing small fluctuations while preserving edges. The document reviews various techniques for reducing artifacts in OPT reconstruction through additional projections, model-based iterative methods, and total variation minimization.
This document summarizes an experimental study that measured the nonlinear optical properties of 2,3-
Diaminopyridine solution using z-scan techniques with continuous wave laser illumination. The study found
that the solution exhibited negative nonlinear refraction with a refractive index on the order of 10-8 cm2/W and
nonlinear absorption with a coefficient on the order of 10-3 cm/W. Diffraction ring patterns were also observed
due to nonlinear refraction effects. The nonlinear properties increased with higher concentration, intensity, and
wavelength. The results suggest 2,3-Diaminopyridine could be a new nonlinear optical material.
In this paper, the quality performance of several filters in restoration of images corrupted with various types of noise has been examined extensively. In particular, Wiener filter, Gaussian filter, median filter and averaging (mean) filter have been used to reduce Gaussian noise, speckle noise, salt and pepper noise and Poisson noise. Many images have been tested, two of which are shown in this paper. Several percentages of noise corrupting the images have been examined in the simulations. The size of the sliding window is the same in the four filters used, namely 5x5 for all the indicated noise percentages. For image quality measurement, two performance measuring indices are used: peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). The simulation results show that the performance of some specific filters in reducing some types of noise are much better than others. It has been illustrated that median filter is more appropriate for eliminating salt and pepper noise. Averaging filter still works well for such type of noise, but of less performance quality than the median filter. Gaussian and Wiener filters outperform other filters in restoring mages corrupted with Poisson and speckle noise.
11.the optical constants of highly absorbing films using the spectral reflect...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that determined the optical constants of thin films of rhodium metal using spectral reflectance measurements. The researchers measured the reflectance of rhodium films of varying thicknesses using a double beam spectrophotometer. They then used Kramers-Kronig relations to calculate the phase angle from the reflectance data and determine the real refractive index and extinction coefficient. Their method provides accurate optical constants without needing transmission measurements. They found the refractive index and extinction coefficient were nearly equal for thin films and that their method compared well to values from other interference-based techniques.
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
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This document discusses molecular absorption spectroscopy, including definitions of key terms, Beer's law, instrumentation, and applications. It defines terms like absorbance, transmittance, molar absorptivity, and path length. Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Limitations to Beer's law are discussed. Instrumentation covered includes UV-Vis and infrared spectrophotometers, highlighting features of single beam, double beam, and Fourier transform instruments.
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
spectrophotometry, ultra violet absorption, infra red atomic absorption.priya tamang
A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. Single beam and double beam are the two major classes of spectrophotometers. Linear range of absorption and spectral bandwidth measurement are the important features of spectrophotometers.
In Single Beam Spectrophotometers, all the light passes through the sample. To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be removed so that all the light can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less complicated. The single beam instruments are optically simpler and more compact, znc can also have a larger dynamic range.
In a Double Beam Spectrophotometer, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two separate beams. One beam passes through the sample and the second one is used for reference. This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading can take place at the same time.
In transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the amount of light passing through the reference and test sample. For reflectance, it compares the amount of light reflecting from the test and reference sample solutions.
Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated before they start to analyse the sample and the procedure for calibrating spectrophotometer is known as "zeroing." Calibration is done by using the reference substance, and the absorbencies of all other substances are measured relative to the reference substance. % transmissivity (the amount of light transmitted through the substance relative to the initial substance) is displayed on the spectrophotometer.
This document provides instructions and examples for making data tables and graphs. It explains how to organize data into columns and rows in a table with clear headings. Bar graphs are introduced as a way to visually represent and compare quantitative data using bars of varying lengths on a numerical scale. The example shows a single bar graph and then a double bar graph comparing the same data for two different conditions. Students are assigned to collect eye color, hair color and age data from their classmates and represent it in bar graphs.
This document discusses various methods for calculating drug doses, including definitions of dose-related terms and factors considered in dose determination such as age, weight, body surface area, organ function, and condition being treated. Equations are provided for calculating the size of a dose, number of doses, or total quantity based on one given value. Examples demonstrate dose calculations for specific patients based on weight, body surface area, and dosing tables. Nomograms are also described as a tool for determining body surface area.
This document summarizes an approach for classifying seafloor textures in high resolution sonar images using multiscale discriminant analysis. The approach extracts statistical parameters from wavelet decompositions of the sonar images at multiple scales. A discriminant analysis is then used to reduce the feature space and generate an optimal subspace for classification. The method was tested on real sonar images containing speckle noise and showed improved classification of seabed textures like pebbles, dunes, ridges and sand.
Greg Smestad, Leonardo Micheli, Thomas Germer, and Eduardo Fernández presented research on characterizing the optical effects of soiling on PV glass and modules. They measured the transmission of glass coupons exposed outdoors at multiple locations over 8 weeks and found soiling reduced transmission more at shorter wavelengths. Particle area coverage on the coupons correlated linearly with reduced hemispherical transmittance. Angular measurements showed soiling impacts transmission more for direct light than hemispherical. The research aims to better understand how soiling impacts PV performance globally.
Optical Characterization of PV Glass Coupons and PV Modules Related to Soilin...Greg Smestad
Optical Characterization of PV Glass Coupons and PV Modules Related to Soiling Losses,
Greg P. Smestad, Ph.D., Sol Ideas Technology Development
December 6th, 2017, 11:35 AM - 12:00 PM
Session 5: Characterization (Chair: Xiaohong Gu, NIST)
Atlas/NIST Workshop on PV Materials Durability
December 5-6, 2017, Gaithersburg, Maryland
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
https://www.nist.gov/el/mssd/agenda
Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits...iosrjce
Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration
has the capability to delineate and provide better images of regional structure for exploration of mineral
deposits in any geological settings. Previous tests on detection and imaging of massive sulphide ores using
seismic reflection techniques have been done mostly in crystalline environments. Application of seismic
reflection techniques for imaging sedimentary hosted massive sulphide is relatively new and the few experiments
carried out are at local scale (<500m). In this study, we analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by
modelling three massive sulphide ore and norite lenses scenario using 2D seismic survey with relatively sparse
source-receiver geometry to image these deposits within 1.5km depth range. Results from the modelling
experiment demonstrate that 2-Dimensional seismic reflections survey can be used to detect massive sulphides
at any scale. The test further indicates that geologic setting and acquisition parameters are very important for
the detection of these ore bodies. Overall, the outcomes of the results support our started objective which is to
demonstrate that seismic reflection surveys can be used to detect the presence of sediment hosted massive
sulphides at regional scale
Determination ofRadiological Quality Parameters Using Optical Densitometer an...IOSR Journals
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S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...sipij
OCT is a recently developed optical interferometric
technique for non-invasive diagnostic medical imag
ing
in vivo; the most sensitive optical imaging modalit
y.OCT finds its application in ophthalmology, blood
flow
estimation and cancer diagnosis along with many non
biomedical applications. The main advantage of
OCT is its high resolution which is in
μ
m range and depth of penetration in mm range. Unlik
e other
techniques like X rays and CT scan, OCT does not co
mprise any x ray source and therefore no radiations
are involved. This research work discusses the basi
cs of spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), experimental
setup, data acquisition and signal processing invol
ved in OCT systems. Simulation of OCT involving
modelling and signal processing, carried out on Lab
VIEW platform has been discussed. Using the
experimental setup, some of the non biomedical samp
les have been scanned. The signal processing and
image processing of the scanned data was carried ou
t in MATLAB and Lab VIEW, some of the results thus
obtained have been discussed in the end
Effects of crystal size on the imaging performance using two collimator seri...Sin-di Lee
This study evaluated the effects of crystal size on imaging performance for two gamma camera models (Siemens Symbia and GE NM/CT 800) using Monte Carlo simulations. Different collimators from each model and two crystal thicknesses were tested with 99mTc, 67Ga, and 131I point sources in air and water. For 99mTc imaging, the GE ELEGP collimator provided equivalent sensitivity to the Siemens LEAP collimator but with better resolution. For 67Ga and 131I, the Siemens Medium collimator had better sensitivity but worse resolution than the GE ME collimator. A thicker crystal improved sensitivity for all radionuclides without significantly impacting resolution. The
Terahertz radiation has potential applications in art inspection and medical imaging. For art inspection, THz radiation can penetrate some materials like paint and varnish and detect features not visible with other techniques, such as finding Goya's signature hidden under layers in a painting. THz radiation behaves like radiation from a dipole antenna when interacting with stents, allowing characterization of fractures, recoil, and potential detection of restenosis. Microwave spectrometry is a non-invasive technique that could improve monitoring of stent patients.
This document characterizes the neutron field in the instrument calibration facility rig room at ANSTO in Australia. Four standard methods were used to determine the fractional room return scatter and ambient dose equivalent response of the reference neutron monitor. The shadow shield method from ISO 10647 was adopted, using a truncated conical shield. It found a monitor reading of 200.40 uSv/h at 1m and fractional room return scatter of 1.210E-04. The objectives were to characterize the room's neutron scattering properties and calibrate the facility's neutron monitor standards.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MEASUREMENT OF SCATTERING LOSSES OF LASER COMPONENTS BY TOTAL INTEGRATED SCAT...Simona Liukaityte
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Computational Analysis Of A Thin PlateDavid Parker
This document summarizes a computational analysis of thin plate vibrations. The goals were to model the resonant modes and transient vibrations of a struck crotale using a finite difference method. Results showed the model could predict resonant frequencies and initial vibration patterns but not the relative strengths of modes or long-term damping behavior. Future work is needed to better model how plates are struck and account for damping effects.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO CHANNEL DECORRELATION FOR STEREO ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELLATI...a3labdsp
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Dual energy imaging and digital tomosynthesis: Innovative X-ray based imaging...Carestream
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APE_IM_Article_AppliedOptics_Vol47_No29_Oct10_2008_AsPublishedRainer Wilhelm
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This document discusses industrial range measurement applications using acoustic level measurement technology. It provides an overview of the technology, noting that it works by measuring the time between sending a sound pulse and receiving an echo. It then discusses various challenges with the technology, such as how changes in the speed of sound can affect accuracy, and how factors like dust, pressure changes, obstructions, air currents, and target properties can impact performance. It provides details on how acoustic level measurement systems function and select operating frequencies.
1. The document describes measuring and analyzing the radiation patterns of a dual-polarized meteorological radar antenna that was upgraded from single to dual polarization.
2. A Fresnel-zone holographic technique was used to measure the antenna's co-polarized and cross-polarized radiation patterns. The sidelobes were found to be higher than predicted.
3. Analysis of the aperture field data identified surface errors in the reflector dish and shadowing from the feed crook as contributing to the elevated sidelobes. Both theoretical modeling and manipulation of the measured data supported this finding.
Similar to Analysis of the_optical_density_profile_of_otolith_of_icefish (20)
This document discusses the age and growth of the Antarctic fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus based on analysis of their otolith morphometry. It describes the fish's spawning periods from February to April, with larvae hatching in July. Measurements of otoliths at different life stages are provided, from hatching larvae with 0.1mm radius otoliths to postlarvae with 1mm radius otoliths at 7cm length. Analysis of daily growth increments in the otoliths indicates the ability to determine age of fish up to 6 years old.
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2. Otolith shape also differs based on water depth - deep water species have otoliths adapted for stability in vertical movement while shelf species have otoliths suited for horizontal swimming.
3. Otolith microstructure and shape change throughout a fish's life as it develops and migrates between inshore, offshore and deep water habitats. This reflects adaptations for different swimming speeds and environments over ontogeny.
AGE AND GROWTH OF THE ANTARCTIC FISH Chaenocephalus aceratus based on OTOLITH weight, microstructure and TL frequency; some relations with Pseudochaenichthys georgianus.
Dioxins in the marine environment
What are dioxins, properties, sources, transformation in the sea, the law and the measurement of dioxins.
Co to są dioksyny, właściwości, źródła, transformacja w morzu, przepisy prawa i pomiar zawartości dioksyn.
1. The Antarctic fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus migrates between the Scotia Arc Islands and South Georgia Island based on life stage and water temperature. Young fish are found in colder waters near Antarctica and follow krill northward as they grow larger. Mature fish migrate to warmer waters for spawning.
2. At South Orkney Islands, P. georgianus are large and ready to spawn, indicating they have migrated from colder waters for reproduction purposes rather than feeding. Young fish hatching in the Antarctic swim upstream to colder waters for more efficient feeding on krill.
3. Similar patterns exist at South Georgia Island, with larger, mature fish found
exploitation of living resources in Antarctica example of competition between the exploiters to be first in obtaining the maximum profit from living resources.
This document discusses determining the age of the Antarctic fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus based on analyzing the otoliths (ear stones). It describes that this fish spawns from February to April, with larvae hatching in July. Postlarvae are caught in January. Age data for the first two years can be determined from observations and catch data. The document then details analyzing the otoliths under microscopy to determine growth rings that correspond to age. It notes challenges with aging Antarctic fish but shows how daily growth rings can be counted through age 6, and density measurements of rings can provide aging of older fish.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
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Analysis of the_optical_density_profile_of_otolith_of_icefish
1. Measurement and analysis of optical density profiles of otolith from
Ps. georgianus and Ch. gunnarii.
Ryszard Traczyk
Introduction.
Analysis of cross-sections and whole otoliths, for their growth poses many difficulties, it is very tedious and time consuming. Results of analyzes are very different, largely depends on the method used, the individual researcher's experience, as well as his physical and mental abilities: visual acuity of vision - the distinction of color, degree of fatigue, or memory of experiments in the large number of observations and measurements derived under the microscope. There are only stored information which are research purpose, additional are lost.
In this paper, a variety of investigation and measurement of otolith increments were performed by computer measurement and harmonic analysis of the optical density - daily and other otoliths increments are repeated several times at intervals of time and space.
The peaks of optical density of daily increments in otoliths mackerel icefish were more suppressed by noise records than South Georgia icefish. Ch. gunnarii is a pelagic fish, where there are more noises and Ps. georgianus is more demersal, where its gets less noises. Statistical significance for power of daily increments peaks was tested.
For nuclei of larval otoliths of Pseudochaenichthys georgianus average width of daily increments was 9.41 * 10-4 mm. Width of daily otolith increments for juvenile of Champsocephalus gunnarii were 0.0024 mm. Cyclical increments in larval otoliths of Ps. georgianus proceeded by a sine wave: y=3,42sin( x[mm] -0,08)+235,1, and for juvenile of Ch. gunnarii by a sine wave: y=3,82sin( x[mm] -24,83)+90.
Materials and Methods.
Measurements of optical density of otolith increments were carried out from digital photos of otolith slices, obtained by the excision of otoliths, two-sided grinding, polishing and etching with EDTA (1). Optical density measurements were performed in the program "Fiji image" developed for visualization and measurements of microscope images (2). The otolith material were collected during research cruises on the RV. "Professor Siedlecki" (3; 1).
The images were processed to measurements: contrast was optimized, background was cleared, the SI mm unit was setup. For each change its optical density profile were recorded with 1231 measurements along otoliths radius and stored. Further study were on pictures with background evenly to dark.
Exploration and study of cyclic variation of optical density of increments otoliths were carried out three ways:
1) Spectral analysis and REDFIT procedures of statistical package PAST (4; 5), utilizing Fourier transformation algorithm of Lomb’s periodogram (6; 7; 8; 9);
2) the procedure for the fitting sinusoid to the empirical data using program PAST.
3) minimizing the sum of squares of model deviations from the empirical data using Excel Solver tool.
2. Fig. 1. Image processing, contrast optimization, extraction and reset the background.
In the model REDFIT the procedure to increase the number of points on the frequency axis was used (5) - after passing the series test fitting empirical data to red noise model (5).
Average cycle of daily increments was determined by moving a series of measurements (713 for Ps. georgianus and 503 for Ch. gunnarii) of the optical density along whole density profile of the same otolith radius (which retains a fixed number for subtracted value) and determining the first minimum in sums of squared differences of optical density in the adjacent of each measure of series. The distance in moving from the initial difference of none (0 - subtract the same value) to the first minimum was adopted for the period: 24 h periodicity unit.
A series of 713 measurements were selected from the optical density profile of otolith of Ps. georgianus starting from measure No 7 from the edge nucleus to the 720 measure along the radius – because measurements began not exactly from the edge, but before it and additionally the initial marginal, usually unclear measurements should be excluded from the analysis of the pattern.
Fig. 2. Measuring the density of the image having background aligned. Determination of the period between troughs. In column D is the subtraction of series after its first shifts (subtraction without any move produces a sum of squared difference equal to 0). Subtraction series after its 16 time shift resulted in second column of S giving minimum sum of squared differences. In further columns that sums grow. The blue line - series of 1231 optical density measurements, green - 713 initial measurements from 7 to 720 measurement that were subject to move with one unit measurement: every 0.000059 mm.
A series of 503 measurements of the otolith optical density of Ch. gunnarii, were selected from its profile on radius from 507 measure from the edge to the 1009 measure.
3. Fig. 3. Profile of the optical density of otolith nuclei of Ch. gunnarii (r = 0.04 mm), with reset the background.
Fig. 4. Profile of the optical density extended outside of otolith nucleus of Ch. gunnarii (r = 0.22 mm), with reset the background.
4. Fig. 5. Profile of the optical density for cross section of otolith of Ch. gunnarii (r = 0.44 mm), with reset the background.
Fig. 6. Measurement of the optical density of the images having reduced background. Determination of the period between troughs. Column D contain results of the subtraction of series after its first shifts. Subtraction series after the moving of one of two with about six units resulted in second minimum sum of squared differences placed in column I. Shift by next six unit gave third minimum Sum in column N. Shift by next six unit gave minimum No 4. The blue line - series of 1615 optical density measurements, green - middle 503 measurements from 507 to 1009, that were moved with unit: the distance between measurement equal to 0.0004 mm.
Shifts of large series of measurements form a representative unit of daily increment.
5. Results
Pseudochaenichthys georgianus.
The average period of diurnal cycling in the increments specified by relative displacement of 713 measurements became 9.41 * 10-4 mm = 941 nm. Harmonic analysis Lomb-Scargl in the program PAST indicated the presence in the otolith increments two statistically significant periodicity: daily and 8-daily. A large portion of the variability of the analyzed record still have the transformations above daily periodicity in the echo effects: peak No 3 of 5 daily cycle, and peaks No 4 and 5 of circadian cycles.
Fig. 7. Participation sinusoids in the variability of density record. The dotted and dashed lines define the probability levels for which the harmonics included there in the part of the noise generated by it. Peaks 1-5 with a power above the level of 11.87, with a frequency of 0.0075 cycles / 60 nm, have a probability close to 0, which is equal to and less 0.01, which means that in the analyzed series of space - time there are exists cyclicality with such frequencies.
Other harmonics have a smaller share of variability and can be a large percentage of noise - are generated randomly by the noise.
However, in the procedure fit profile to tested the red noise model (used to analyze the signals common in the the marine environment), MonteCarlo simulation test 99% show that in the analyzed variation can not be identified significantly strong periodicity, which would not have been generated by incidental noise, beyond the peak four-hour cycle. The use this model here is appropriate, as indicated by series test.
Fig. 8. Spectral analysis of the optical density of otolith increments for fitting spectrum data to the red noise model (5). Because at test, fitting sample to the model, the number of runs 171 has been set at 5% confidence interval of: 161-198, the above noise model is appropriate for the tested series, which contains not a strong periodicities. Plot of curves of χ² and Monte Carlo for studies of statistical significance of power of peaks. Calculate the critical level indicator (False-al.) the probability of random creation of a sine wave: here in 99.86% a sine wave is generated by noise -enters into its composition.
As it was small sample for above procedure, the number of points on the frequency axis
0
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0
0,1
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p(random) = 0,000000009961
moc~A2
poziom 0,01 = 11,87
poziom 0,05 = 10,24
frequency
Peak1 f= 0,007528 cycles per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h; 0,0078 mm/cycle, or 8 days/cycle
Peak3 f = 0,013305 cycles per 59 nm, or per1,5 h; 0,0044 mm/cycle, or 5 days/cycle
Peak5 f = 0,05007 cycles per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h; 0,001 mm/cycle, or 1,25 day/cycle
Peak4 f = 0,051996 cycles per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h; 0,001 mm/cycle, or 1,2 day/cycle
Peak2 f = 0,0649 cycles per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h; 0,001 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle
power ~A²
level 0.01=11.87
level 0.05=10.24
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
τ: 2,2696, Bnwith: 0,001692, False-al.: 99,86
moc
chi2 99%
chi2 95%
Teoret.AR(1)
Monte Carlo 95%
Monte Carlo 99%
krytycz. Chi2
frequency
Peak1 f = 0,00699 cycle per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h.; 0,0084 mm/cycle, or 9 days/cycle
Runs Test: k=171 is in 5% aceptance interval: 161-198.
Peak3 f =0,039 cycle per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h.; 0,002 mm/cycle, or 1,6 day/cycle
Pea4 f=0.05175 cycle per 59 nm, or per 1.5 h.; 0.001 mm/cycle, or 1.2 day/cycle
Peak5 f=0.064336 cycle per 59 nm, or per1.5 h.; 0.0009 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle
Peak2 f=0.2112 cycle per 59 nm, or per 1.5 h.; 0.0003 mm/cycle, or 7 h./cycle
Peak6 f=0.35524 cycle per 59 nm, or per 1,5 h
0.00017 mm/cycle, or 4 h./cykl
power
99%χ²
95%χ²
Theoret. AR(1)
99%Monte Carlo
95%Monte Carlo
Crit.level χ²
6. was doubled that give periodicity considerably strong.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1
Moc χ² 99%
χ² 95% Teoret.AR(1)
frekw
Pik1 f =0,0073427 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,008 mm/cykl, lub 8,5 doby/cykl
Pik3 f =0,013287 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,0044 mm/cykl, lub 4,7 doby/cykl
Pik5 f =0,05 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,001 mm/cykl, lub 1,3 doby/cykl
Pik4 f =0,052098 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,001 mm/cykl, lub 1,2
Pik2 f =0,065035 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,001
mm/cykl, lub 1 doba/cykl
Pik7 f =0,01958 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,003 mm/cykl, lub 3,2 doby/cykl
Pik6 f =0,039161 cykli na 59 nm, lub w 1,5 godz., a to jest 0,0015 mm/cykl, lub 1,6
Fig. 9. By increasing the number of points on the frequency axis, two considerably periodicity in otolith increments, were
underlined (by 99%χ²): 8.5 diurnal cycle and 1 daily. Less significant (under 99%, overgrove 95% Monte Carlo) were
circadian cycles. The variability of otolith increments have a large share of periodicity of 5, 3 and 2 daily cycles -
transformations from one to more daily cycles in echo effects (7). Symbols as in above figure.
Sinusoidal curve fitting. The first seven sinusoids (y=Ansin(
x + φn)+const.) matched
to empirical measurement of optical density well explains the variation of the optical density of
otolith increments.
Two sine waves in the first look dominate: one daily and 8 daily cycle, as in the spectral
analysis. Parameters derived: amplitude - A period - T phase - φ, were similar to those
measured with known periods in spectral analysis, Tab. 1.
Fig. 103 Fitting empirical 713 measurements by model composed of seven sinusoids..
Most closely fitted course of the 7 main sinusoids, were determined by optimizing all 22
parameters to minimizing the sum of squared deviations of the model, yi from empirical data,
ye. This sum amounted to min|Σ(yi-ye)2|=72257,5. Such estimates for previous methods were
higher.
As a result calculation of the third method it was obtained that the strength of periodicity
(proportional to A2) comes from two main cycles: the first 8 daily cycle A1 = 4.52 (T1 = 0.00789
mm, φ1 = -2.64) and the second daily cycle, A2 = 3.42 (T2 = 0.00091 mm, φ2 = -0.08. Constans
= 235.1.
Variability in optical density of the otolith, still explain the circadian sinusoid: 1.2 of daily
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
nucleus edge
gęst. optyczna fragmentu promienia jądra, N = 713 pomiarów y dopasowane, nieznane A, T, φ:
mm
unknown A, T, φ: A 1=4,51, φ1=-2,41, T1=0,007955; A2=3,49, φ2=-0,566, T2=0,000908; A3=3,19, φ3=-3,11, T3=0,004395; A4=3,28, φ4=1,1,
T4=0,001124; A5=2,96, φ5=-2,98, T5=0,001495; A6=2,77, φ6=-1,68, T6=0,002959; A7=2,7, φ7=2,8, T7=0,002111; stała =235,1
χ² = 72951; R² = 0,27408; p = 1,7577E-42; Akaike IC = 72979; Σ(yₑ-yₓ)²=72951; Σ(yₓ-yₓ)²=5837
optical density of nucleus radius, N=713 measurements y fitted, unknown A, T, φ
7. cycle A4 = 6.07 (T4 = 0.00114 mm, φ4 = 0.81) and 1.3 of daily cycle: A5 = 5.33 (T5 = 0.00115 mm, φ5 = -2.87).
3 cycles of other incorporated into the model are likely to be interpreted as transformation of the first – daily cycle in echo effect: 5 daily with A3 = 3.31 (T3 = 0.00446 mm, φ3 = 3.11), 3 daily with A7 = 2.79 (T7 = 0 , 00299 mm, φ7 = -3.21) and 2 daily A6 = 3.11 (T6 = 0.0015 mm, φ6 = 3.89). Existence of harmonic component with a frequency of daily increment determines the frequencies of multiple components: the effects of jumps in periods of 2 *, 3 *, 4 * daily, etc.
Tab. 1. Sinusoids parameters (Ps. georgianus larvae), daily increments in bold.
From spectral analysis of PAST.
From fitting sinusoids of PAST.
From minimizing the sum of squared deviations
No
A
φ
T
Const.
A
φ
T
Const.
A
φ
T
Const.
1
Sin
4,47
-2,53
0,008011
235,1
4,51
-2,41
0,007955
235,1
4,5153
-2,6358
0,007892
235,1
2
Sin
3,39
-0,0911
0,000905
χ²
3,49
-0,566
0,000908
χ²
3,4242
-0,082
0,000906
3
Cos
3,29
2,95
0,004427
73979
3,19
-3,11
0,004395
72951
3,3089
3,1087
0,004461
4
Sin
2,88
0,516
0,001129
R²
3,28
1,1
0,001124
R²
6,0728
0,8111
0,001141
5
Cos
2,36
-1,5
0,001177
0,26384
2,96
-2,98
0,001495
0,27408
5,3267
-2,8712
0,001154
6
Sin
2,97
2,97
0,0015
P
2,77
-1,68
0,003
p
3,1081
3,8871
0,001504
7
sin
2,71
-2,44
0,003004
2,3727E-40
2,7
2,8
0,002111
1,7577E-42
2,7912
-3,2104
0,002986
Fig. 11. The results of measurements approximated by model consisting of seven sinusoids with the use Excel Solver tool - it's hard to count them. The increments pattern have changes, one just 0,027 mm from the edge of the otolith nucleus.
Fig. 12. The base periodicity: unite of daily increments with nine daily - number of them along nucleus radius.
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
nucleus edge
gęst. optyczna fragmentu promienia jądra, N = 713 pomiarów
solver Σ1-7(An*sin(2πx/Tn+φn))+const.
mm
solver: A1=4,52, φ1=-2,64, T1=0,00789; A2=3,42, φ2=-0,08, T2=0,00091; A3=3,31, φ3=3,11, T3=0,00446; A4=6,07, φ4=0,81, T4=0,00114; A5=5,33, φ5=-2,87, T5=0,00115; A6=3,11, φ6=3,89, T6=0,0015; A7=2,79, φ7=-3,21, T7=0,00299; stała =235,1
Σ(yₑ-yₓ)²=72257,5
optical density of nucleus radius, N=713 measurements solver tool Σ1-7(An*sin(2πx/Tn+φn))+const.
225
235
245
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
nucleus edge
Σ1,2(Asin(2πx/T +φ))+cons
mm
A1=4,52, φ1=-2,64 T1=0,00789; A2=3,42, φ2=-0,08, T2=0,00091; stała =235,1
8. Fig. 13. Sinusoidal components: the daily cycle and circadian, their increments number in the section of nucleus radius of otolith - they overlap (they can be passing at the same layer on the joint surface goes in negative and positive curvatures).
Fig. 14. Sinusoidal components: multiple echo effects (reflections from the parallel walls): several daily cycles - their increments number in the section of nucleus radius of otolith. Mixing the direct signal with the reflected - delayed signal. In otolith sound speed is 3.5 times higher than in the endolymph.
Adding to model the four-hour periodicity, y6=0,37sin( x[mm] +4,82)+235,1 , Fig. 8, increases the fit of the model (increases the amplitude of circadian growth). But no eliminates changes in the formula growth – f.e. abnormal one at 0.027 mm distance from the nucleus edge, Fig. 11. These optical density profiles of otolith nuclei of Ps. georgianus larvae complement previously presented otolith profiles of optical density and widths of daily increments for juvenes and adults this species (1): 0.00091 mm for larvae; 0.00284 mm for juvenes; 0.0034 mm for adults.
Champsocephalus gunnarii.
Moving the 503 measurements of increments periodicity in relation to adjacent otolith increments determined the average daily otolith growth for larvae of Ch. gunnarii amounting to 0.0024 mm. Average daily increments of this width in the measured radius otolith equals to 0.43 mm can be 180. Harmonic analysis Lomb-Scargl’s, did not give the results of such a strong periodicity for these daily increments. They were drowned out by large number of strong signals with periods of 0.03 mm.
227
229
231
233
235
237
239
241
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
nucleus edge
y2=3,39sin(2πx/0,001+-0,08)+235,1
y4=6,84sin(2πx/0,001+0,85)+235,1
y5=6,1cos(2πx/0,001+-2,98)+235,1
mm
A2=3,42, φ2=-0,08, T2=0,00091; A4=6,07, φ4=0,81, T4=0,00114; A5=5,33, φ5=-2,87, T5=0,00115; const. =235,1
231
233
235
237
239
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
nucleus edge
y3=3,36cos(2πx/0,004+3,02)+235,1
y6=3,06sin(2πx/0,002+4,01)+235,1
y7=2,05sin(2πx/0,003+-1,41)+235,1
A3=3,31, φ3=3,11, T3=0,00446; A6=3,11, φ6=3,89, T6=0,0015; A7=2,79, φ7=-3,21, T7=0,00299; const. =235,1
mm
9. Fig. 15. Decomposition of spatial periodicity of optical density of otoliths for sinus and cosine components. Meaning of symbols as in Fig. 7.
Diurnal periodicity in the optical density profile of otoliths Ch. gunnarii really stand Redfit model for red noise. Because the measurement range is large in relation to the growth cycles, it was partitioned into 3 equal segments for averaging the resulting spectrum, which reduces the noise (4). In the model, the number of points on the frequency axis is concentrated twice.
Despite negative a runs test for fit to the red-noise model, it was used to investigate the statistical significance of the component peaks. Simulations 99% of Monte Carlo model showed that there are only two significant spectral peaks: daily and 54 daily increments. These sinusoids over goes 99.88% False-alarm level, which includes probability of random to be generated by noise, Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. The spectrum of sinusoids in red noise model REDFIT. A. Meaning of symbols as in Fig. 8.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,2
p(random) = 1,396E-47
Moc ~A²
Theor.AR(1)
poziom 0,01 = 12,29
poziom 0,05 = 10,65
Frequency
Peak1 f =0.0030998 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h., 0.129 mm/cycle, or 54 days/cycle
Peak2 f =0.00077495 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h., 0.52 mm/cycle, or 215 days/cycle
Peak3 f =0.0023249 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.172 mm/cycle, lub 72 days/cycle
Peak4 f =0.0015499 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.258 mm/cycle, or 108 days/cycle
Peak5 f =0.0080595 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.05 mm/cycle, or 21 days/cycle
Peak6 f =0.012477 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.032 mm/cycle, or 13 days/cycle
Peak7 f =0.014492 cycle per 0,0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.028 mm/cycle, or 12 days/cycle
Peak8 f =0.023869 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.017 mm/cycle, or 7 days/cycle
Peak12 f =0.16669 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h. 0.002 mm/cycle,
or 1 day/cycle
Peak11 f =0.11268 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.004 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle
Peak10 f =0.08943 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.0045 mm/cycle, or 2 days/cykl
Peak9 f =0.054324 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.
0.007 mm/cycle, or 3 days/cycle
power ~A²
Theor. AR(1)
level 0.01=12.29
level 0.05=10.65
9
10
6
5
3
4
8
2
7
1
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,2
0,21
0,22
Moc ~A²
95%χ²
99%χ²
kryt.χ²
95%M.Carlo
99%M.Carlo
Teor.AR(1)
Frequency
Peak₃ f =0.16667 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.0024 mm/cycle, or 1 d./cycle;
Peak₄ f =0.17162 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0,002 mm/cycle, or 1 d./cycle;
Peak₅ f =0.11276 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.003547 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle
Peak₆ f =0.089219 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.004483 mm/cycle, or 2 days/cycle;
Peak₇ f =0.21747 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₈ f =0.18401 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₉ f =0.0080545 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.05 mm/cycle, or 21 days/cycle;
Peak₁₀ f =0.012392 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.0323 mm/cycle, lub 13 days/cycle;
Peak₁ f =0.0030979 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0,129 mm/cycle, or 54 d./cycle;
Peak₂ f =0.20694 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 0.8 day/cycle,
τ: 7,0239, Bnwith: 0,001499, False-alarm: 99,88; oversample: 2; segments: 3
p(random) = 5,96E-48; Runs test for fit to the red noise model: k=348 is outside 5% acceptance interval: 379-431.
strong periodic components.
power ~A²
95%χ²
99%χ²
Crit.level χ²
95%Monte Carlo
99%Monte Carlo
Theoret. AR(1)
10. Fig. 17. The spectrum of sinusoids in red noise model REDFIT. B. Meaning of symbols as in Fig. 8.
Obtained above the frequency of daily increments, being the subject of studies, provide data about the period of this process, which is a cyclic record of periodic signals that cause cyclical changes in component concentrations and pressure of endolymph.
The peak frequency of daily increments from research reached 0.16667 cycles per unit - per 0.0004 mm, intervals of which measurement was performed. Hence one cycle - the daily growth period of otolith Ch. gunnarii is 0.0024 mm. Thus obtained periods of other peaks were used to determine the component equations of periodicity in the otolith increments.
Fig. 18. The empirical record of optical density from otoliths of Ch. gunnarii and harmonic characteristics of the two components from their cyclical increments: daily, 0.0024 mm wide and weekly, 0.02 mm of the displaced series of 503 measurements.
6
5
3
4
8
2
7
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0,085
0,095
0,105
0,115
0,125
0,135
0,145
0,155
0,165
0,175
0,185
0,195
0,205
0,215
Moc ~A²
95%99%kryt.χ²
95%M.Carlo
99%M.Carlo
Teor.AR(1)
Frequency
Peak₃ f =0.16667 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.0024 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₄ f =0.17162 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₅ f =0.11276 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.003547 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle
Peak₆ f =0.089219 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.004483 mm/cycle, or 2 days/cycle;
Peak₇ f =0.21747 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₈ f =0.18401 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 1 day/cycle;
Peak₂ f =0.20694 cycle per 0.0004 mm, or per 4 h.; 0.002 mm/cycle, or 0.8 day/cycle
τ: 7,0239, Bnwith: 0,001499, False-al.: 99,88;
oversample: 2; segments: 3
p(random) = 5,96E-48;
Runs test for fit to the red noise model:
k=348 is outside 5% acceptance interval: 379-431.
strong periodic components
power ~A²
95%χ²
99%χ²
Crit.level χ²
95%Monte Carlo
99%Monte Carlo
Theoret. AR(1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,2
Moc ~A²
y₁=29,27sin(2πx/0,026+0,37)+85
Σᵢ₌₁₋₂(Aᵢ*sin(2πx/Tᵢ+φᵢ))+const.
A₁=29,27, φ₁=0,37, T₁=0,0257; A₂=24,6, φ₂=-0,119, T₂=0,0024; ;
mm
Power ~A²
11. Fig. 19. The empirical record of optical density from otoliths of Ch. gunnarii and harmonic characteristics of the nine components from their cyclical increments of the displaced series of 503 measurements.
Fig. 20. Fitting harmonic equations to empirical records of optical density in the otoliths Ch. gunnarii, PAST determine function of circadian increments - green line (R2 = 0.77 is for above function that have a fixed sinusoid of daily increments - No. 8. Without of this daily sinusoid harmonic obtains higher R2). With Solver tool using minimizing the sum of squared deviations periodicity of daily increments is determined from empirical data as the seventh component of the model (double line).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,2
Moc ~A²
Σᵢ₌₁₋₉(Aᵢ*sin(2πx/Tᵢ+φᵢ))+const.
mm
solver: A₁=29,27, φ₁=0,37, T₁=0,02574; A₂=2,98, φ₂=1,72, T₂=0,00193; A₃=24,6, φ₃=-0,12, T₃=0,0024; A₄=28,8, φ₄=2,22, T₄=0,00233; A₅=14,8, φ₅=-0,15, T₅=0,00355; A₆=4,1, φ₆=0,06, T₆=0,00448; A₇=3,24, φ₇=0,2, T₇=0,00184; A₈=10,2, φ₈=-2,74, T₈=0,00217; A₉=5,96, φ₉=-2,38,
T₉=-0,0458, const = 85
Σ(yₑ-yᵢ)²=871443
Power ~A²
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,2
Moc ~A²
Σᵢ₌₁₋₉(Aᵢ*sin(2πx/Tᵢ+φᵢ))+const.
dopasowane, nieznane A, T, φ:
y₇=3,33sin(2πx/0,0021-6,78)+85
mm
unknown A, T, φ: A₁=24,2, φ₁=2,19, T₁=0,0248; A₂=25,1, φ₂=-0,242, T₂=0,0331; A₃=17,1, φ₃=-0,881, T₃=0,0662; A₄=16,4, φ₄=-1, T₄=0,0209; A₅=11,7, φ₅=-2,7, T₅=0,0124; A₆=7,44, φ₆=0,437, T₆=0,0058; A₇=7,13, φ₇=-0,876, T₇=0,0083; A₈=1,97, φ₈=-2,22, T₈=0,0024;
A₉=18,26, φ₉=-9,64, T₉=-0,07012; const. =85; Σ(yₑ-yᵢ)²=330042
A₉=5,96, φ₉=-2,38, T₉=0,0064;
const. =89,05
solver: A₁=31,08, φ₁=1, T₁=0,0263; A₂=3,88, φ₂=-2,5, T₂=0,00417; A₃=9,18, φ₃=-3,5, T₃=0,01566; A₄=9,09, φ₄=3,57, T₄=-0,00812; A₅=0,07, φ₅=3,19, T₅=-0,00076; A₆=4,12,
φ₆=-3,27, T₆=0,005; A₇=3,33, φ₇=-6,78, T₇=0,0021; A₈=9,31, φ₈=-7,28, T₈=0,00577
y fitted, unknown A, T, φ
Power ~A²
12. Fig. 21. Harmonic model fitted to the profile of optical density along of otolith radius of Ch. gunnarii appointed the same formula of a harmonic function as for the moving fragment. It is composed of a two sinusoids: daily increment peak No 3 and 2 weekly increments – peak No 1. First starting from the otolith center, daily increments are slightly narrower and should be measured separately. However, the nucleus of Ch. gunnarii is small, so the problem with the lack of separate measurements is not large: it seems that from 0 to 0.05 mm instead of 2 periods there are 3.
In spite of the various changes in optical density, eg due to environmental changes, the basic pattern of daily increments remains the same along the whole profile of optical density on otolith radius. There are 179 of them (similar to numbers obtained in the profile displacement). Daily peaks describes y3=3,82sin( x[mm] -24,83)+90.
Tab. 2. Sinusoids parameters fit to 503 measurements (Ch. gunnarii), daily increments in bold.
From spectral analysis of PAST.
From fitting sinusoids of PAST.
From minimizing the sum of squared deviations (solver)
No
f
A
φ
T
Const.
f
A
φ
T
Const.
A
φ
T
Const.
1
sin
13.7
2.37
0.129119
81.85
cos
24.2
2.19
0.02481
89.05
29.28568448
0.366804749
0.025738099
85
2
sin
2.98
1.72
0.001932
χ²
sin
25.1
-0.242
0.033090
χ²
3.133956642
1.062888152
0.001932927
Σ(yₑ-yᵢ)²
3
cos
24.6
-0.119
0.002399
222570
cos
17.1
-0.881
0.06622
160410
1.444064802
-21.4882443
0.002399952
465807
4
sin
28.8
2.22
0.002330
R²
sin
16.4
-1
0.020890
R²
-0.239585307
-16.98166601
0.002330731
5
cos
14.8
-0.153
0.003547
0.684
cos
11.7
-2.7
0.012400
0.77196
3.66552516
0.744563692
0.003547357
6
sin
4.1
0.0589
0.0045
P
sin
7.44
0.437
0.0058
P
-3.185641848
-11.31575925
0.00448335
7
sin
3.24
0.203
0.001839
4.8E-114
sin
7.13
-0.876
0.008268
1.54E-148
-0.988937091
-3.94738222
0.001839334
8
sin
10.2
-2.74
0.002173
Akaike IC
sin
1.97
-2.22
0.002399
Akaike IC
1.019973039
-17.74347848
0.002173795
9
222538
sin
5.96
-2.38
0.006401
160410
4.853205895
6.200844788
0.006401000
Tab. 3. Sinusoids parameters fit to all 1614 measurements (Ch. gunnarii), daily increments in bold.
From minimizing the sum of squared deviations (solver)
No
f
A
φ
T
Const.
1
sin
11.34678543
-1.825153025
0.024976809
89.61
2
sin
2.250685872
2.289589021
0.001937818
Σ(yₑ-yᵢ)²
3
cos
3.817085043
-24.83181682
0.00238518
3577583
4
sin
-0.222998561
-24.96633606
0.00229975
5
cos
3.601751213
-1.707692003
0.003529968
6
sin
-2.177121558
-1.413467857
0.004584774
7
sin
-1.203566121
-5.202701474
0.001832624
8
sin
2.602419876
-15.24427788
0.00218312
9
sin
2.512937926
4.448054353
0.006367814
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
Moc ~A²
Σᵢ₌₁₋₉(Aᵢsin(2πx/Tᵢ+φᵢ))+const.
mm
solver: A₁=11,35, φ₁=-1,83, T₁=0,02498; A₂=2,25, φ₂=2,29, T₂=0,00194; A₃=3,82, φ₃=-24,83, T₃=0,00239; A₄=-0,22, φ₄=-24,97, T₄=0,0023; A₅=3,6, φ₅=-1,71, T₅=0,00353; A₆=-2,18, φ₆=-1,41, T₆=0,00458; A₇=-1,2, φ₇=-5,2, T₇=0,00183;
A₈=2,6, φ₈=-15,24, T₈=0,00218; A₉=2,51, φ₉=4,45, T₉=0,00637; const. =90; Σ(yₑ-yᵢ)²=3577583
Power ~A²
13. Discussion
Diurnal increments in otolith satisfy the conditions to describe them as signals periodically variable. Signals – signs of daily increments are multiple repeated at intervals of time: as their name in daily cycle and several repeated at interval of space - here, depending on the species and physiological period: forward every 0.0024 mm for juvenes of Ch. gunnari, or every 0.0009 mm for larvae, 0.0028 mm for juvenes; 0.0034 mm for adults of Ps. georgianus (1).
The above harmonic parameters of the otolith formation - daily creation of matter describe the cyclical changes in environment, tidal, in magnetic field which, when run in the air are not saved. In endolymph and in liquid two crystal, that form the otolith surface, above cyclical changes are captured in the pattern of daily increments. Endolymph transfers vibrations and waves that act on otolith and on the particles forming them. One theory for perception of sound is based on creating in endolymph a standing wave forming the local density and thinning, and thus charge changes determining the arrangement of otolith substrates. Arrangement laid down by one, short impulse (at higher concentration parallel arrangament) later does not change, because it is captured, recorded in a protein network and as a disorder causes a further growth of the crystal. Design orientations of microparticles formed by micro-changes further determine the macro form.
Otoliths from larvae are almost spherical, Fig. 1 (1). Otoliths grow with surface layers of mixed crystals of collagen network with aragonite. Ingrowing layers form curved surfaces proper to liquid crystals. Thus, they must be formed, depending on the ambient pressure. The larvae inside the eggs at the early stages of setting up bodies, as eggs float freely, or lie. In a motionless otoliths as detectors of motion, acceleration and environment vibration grow in spherical surfaces because their dipolar substrates are distributed almost everywhere in the endolymph with the same probability, at orientation in accordance with distribution of positive and negative charges, radially around the sphere. For propagated in the sea vibrations, environment noises that to their perception are transferred into the marine animals microscopic otoliths with their high density could be their receiver. Otoliths transfer waves with speed 3.5 times faster than sea water (~5000m/s).
Endolymph has a concentration and tributary of components regulated that keeps its function and metabolism at the appropriate level. Regulating concentration of the otolith components in the endolymph to equalize the speed of extracting them out from its to the process of crystallization with appropriate its speed, keeps the growth crystal surface at constant diameter with constant dimensions. This determine stability increments and the range of variation determined by changes in endolimfie. When the crystallization rate is higher than the rate of removing substrates from endolymph, the crystal diameter is increasing and vice- versa (10) [str. 456]. Process of otolith growth depends on laying the collagen fibers in the matrix in which their gaps aragonite crystallizes in sizes limited by these gaps.
Analyzed vibration, background noise in endolymph, carry cycling to densities of its components, to distribution of charges and to other parameters of the endolymph property, that changes the orientation of the dipoles of otoliths precursors. There are subject to cyclic concentration, accelerating crystallization alternately by recrystallization, facilitating the alignment of both component and the interpenetration into crystallized matrix of otolith.
14. For small larvae of Antarctic fish, the vital information about the environment provide to them vibration and noise from the sea: about the presence of ice, about the presence of krill forming various concentrations depending on the environment (11), and thus the background noise. This information allows them to locate food, threats, hiding. Because of that from the start of growth of larval runs specialization of organ vibration perception - otoliths to these sounds and vibrations, which determines their free life in the sea (12). Organisms without otolith, or statoliths is sedentary, associated with the bottom (13). For fish larvae may be less important sounds generated by large marine organisms, but with the development, and through development – growth of otolith, this organ of perception will recognize them. Width of daily increments of Ps. georgianus larvae developing in the eggs are narrower than those for juvenile and adult fish (1), living in different zones of the sea. But for juveniles of Ch. gunnari and Ps. georgianus widths of their increments are similar, as they share similar environment.
The analyzed species perform diurnal vertical migrations, thus periodically changing the acoustic field. With increasing depth sound amplitude decreases (for pressures of 15 dB from 0.00086 to 0.00026 cm, for pressures of 70 dB from 0.48251 to 0.14641 cm) and the speed of sound decreases.
With the depth noise from the waves disappear and there are conditions that increase the possibility of the perception of weak signals of biological activity. Generally fish are responsive to audio signals, when they are to noise in the ratio of not less than 1/5. Sounds specific to feeding 5000 Hz pressure of 50 N/m2 are received under no noise, from a distance of 70 m (with noise waving 1 ° B from the 3.5 m). Spawning sounds 100 Hz with pressure of 1000 N/m2 are received from a distance of 300 m (at wave of 1 ° B from 30 m, 2 ° B from 10 m, 4 ° B from the 9 m). Environmental noise can help to hear, could result in changes that increase hearing sensitivity.
Acoustic waves from different sources carry information about the factors changing them in the form specific to those factors emitted frequency and sound pressure. Various changes of acoustic waves from a fixed known source may provide information on factor specific changing the radiated waves (differently amended by the air bubbles, differently from schools of fish or krill and even differently by the bottom, also depending on whether it is muddy, sandy or rocky). Collection this information for the receiving marine organisms provides picture of the environment changes corresponding to the image from the light waves in the atmosphere for organisms equipped with organs of sight.
Krill in large densities protects larvae of fish, giving them the environment to develop, changing the physico - chemical properties of Antarctic waters on favorable to the development of larvae and juvenes present in its clusters, Fig. 22, (14). High densities of krill form a "moving, living ocean", causing bio-turbulent waters of size effects almost equal to the effect of mixing water in the tide, or with wind action (15; 16) – frequencies for wind are above 100 Hz and sound pressure 48 ÷ 20 ÷ -5 dB. Noise from turbulent flow of water masses also mean the presence of krill - which form there its higher concentrations (11). Ice cover also modifies the sea water, provides shelter and allows fish to extend their propagation for food. Noise caused by moving ice are frequencies 9 ÷ 5000 Hz, wherein the waters of completely ice-covered frequencies are from 1 to 10000 Hz with sound pressure of 45 dB to -15 dB, in which from 40 to 1000 Hz sound pressure run above the average of the minimum the sound pressure of own
15. noise of sea, i.e. in the range from 20 to 5 dB, in the remaining range is less than that average.
In the marine environment above noise carry information on changes in the environment, which is mostly in cyclical nature – noise of ice edge is cyclical daily from tides that stand out at the coast of Antarctica, with possibly reflection in the oscillation of the southern edge of the ice cover.
Fig. 22. Oscillation of the southern edge of the ice cover and occurrence of larvae of fish in the krill fishery (marked by arrows) carried out in the ice marginal zone between South Orkney and Elephant Island during an expedition on rv. "Professor Siedlecki" in season 1988/89 (17). Arrows – krill catches containing fish larvae of the following species: Ch. aceratus (40,66); Ch. gunnarii (41); Chionodraco rastrospinosus (41,66,78); Chaenodraco wilsoni (69,73,74); Dissostichus eleginoides (73); Pleurogramma antarcticum (40,74); Gryodraco antarcticus (40,73,74,82); Neopagetopsis sp. (55); Neopagetopsis ionach (56,71,73); Trematomus eulepidotus (65); Notolepis coatsi (67,71); Pagetopsis sp. (69,78,82); Notothenia sp. (69); Notothenia larseni (73;74); Pagetopsis macropterus (73); Electrona carlsbergi (78).
To environmental cycles, with the development of organisms synchronize physiological cycles, which at the beginning of synchronization may be reflected in circadian cycles - due to the complex process of adapting many of the currently formed biological, internal functions in the larval development.
It appears that for fishes does not exist a practical lower limit of sensed sounds. For the range of infrasound (sound waves of low frequency) function of receptors take over the organs of touch.
Even more simple statolith enable bivalve Donax to choose from complex sounds generated by the waves, the right kind of wave to use it to achieve success in reproduction.
Conclusions
Results are probable: larvae physiological cycles are usually circadian - at above model for fish larvae the highest amplitudes are characterized by circadian cycles, A4, A5. They may result from the transformation of the larvae to adapt to the daily cycle.
Time sinusoid parameters employed to describe time increments of otolith does not necessarily correspond with the parameters of the acoustic waves. Three theories of perception of sounds shall indicate more work in this direction.
Sine wave of daily increments separated component from sinusoids model, enables fast measurement of their number and width.
Obtained similar values of mean daily increment in three independent methods:
1. search for the minimum difference in optical density of otoliths when relative moving their profiles to each other.
kg/h
3 kg/h
14 kg/h
78
82
74
73
71
40
41
69
67
66
65
56
55
16. 2. harmonic analysis of REDFIT (4).
3. fit of the harmonic model to empirical data by minimizing the sum of squared deviations. Use solver tool - the most accurate method.
Records of optical density otolith increments can be a valuable material for the study of biological, physical and evolutionary (13) in the marine environment.
However, at noise emissions are weak, treated as irrelevant and discarded from the analysis, in the appropriate scale for the micro-level organizations can be important synchronisers of cyclicality - particularly for a large number of larvae - thus determining the mass gain, the success of generations and even existence of a species being closely related to the free way of life in vast, poor at food and raw space of Antarctic Ocean.
Lack of synchronization conditioning for species their lifestyle adapted to the environment may be partly responsible for the disappearance of that timing-dependent species. No cover surface of the ocean by ice reaching in the 70's up to Georgia Pd, coincides with the long kept decline of fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus by 75% - despite a ban on their fishing. Meanwhile, the open ocean and bottom species does not associated with the neighborhood of ice edge are present in an amount does not less, but even more (18).
Cited works
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2. Kota, M. Basics of Image Processing and Analysis. EMBL Heidelberg : Centre for Molecular & Cellular Imaging, 2013. Copyright 2006 - 2013, Kota Miura (http://cmci.embl.de).
3. Parkes, G., I. Everson, J. Anderson, Z. Cielniaszek, J. Szlakowski, R. Traczyk. Report of the UK/Polish fish stock assessment survey around South Georgia in January 1990. London : Imp.Coll. of Sci. & Techn., 1990, str. 20.
4. Hammer, Ø. Time series analysis with Past. Oslo : Natural History Museum, University of Oslo., 2010.
5. Schulz, M., M. Mudelsee. REDFIT: estimating red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series. GE : Computers & Geosciences 28, 421-426., 2002.
6. Kaczkowska, A. Transformacje Fouriera, DFT, FFT, Periodogram Lomba-Scargle’a. Gdańsk : Politechnika Gdańska, 2009.
7. Kozłowski, E. Analiza spektralna. Wrocław : GUM, Zakł. Fizykocemii, http://bip.gum.gov.pl/, 2013.
8. NASA. Algorithm Documentation. NJ : NASA Exoplanet Archive, 2012. http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/applications/Periodogram/docs/Algorithms.html.
9. UF. Lomb-Scargle Periodogram. FL : University of Florida, EEL, 6537, 2009.
10. Anonymous, 1983. Encyklopedia Fizyki Współczesnej. W-wa : PWN, 1983. str. 1072.
11. Witek, Z., J. Kalinowski, A. Grelowski. Formation of Antarctic Krill Concentrations in Relation to Hydrodynamic Processes and Social Behaviour. [aut. książki] D. Sahrhage. Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1988.
12. Mitrinowicz - Modrzejewska, A. Fizjologia i patologia głosu, słuchu i mowy. W-wa. : Państw. Zakł. Wyd. Lek., 1963. str. 307.
13. Traczyk, R. Migrations of Antarctic fish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus Norman, 1939 in the Scotia Sea. Hobart : CCAMLR. WG-FSA-12/68 Rev. 1, 2012.
14. Ślósarczyk, W., Z. Cielniaszek. Postlarval and juvenile fish (Pisces, Perciformes and
17. Myctophiformes) in the Antarctic Peninsula region the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1983/1984. 1-2. W-wa : Pol. Polar Res., 1985. strony 159-165. Tom 6.
15. Harmon, K. Shrimpy Sea Life May Mix Oceans as Much as Tides and Winds Do. bio-ocean- mixing. [Online] Scientific American, 29 VII 2009. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bio-ocean-mixing.
16. Pyper, W. Krill mix up the ocean. Tasmania : Australian Antarctic Magazine, 2008.
17. Traczyk, R. The occurrence of krill Euphausia superba in the floating ice edge zone and some its biological data. http://georgianka.strefa.pl/krill_oc.html. [Online] INTERIA.PL S.A., 1993.
18. Traczyk, R. Economic competition for high profits from Antarctic living resources in protection area and Mercury contaminants of fish from outside. Hobart : CCAMLR WG-EMM-13/04, 2.1.1, 2013.