This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
resource use conflicts and biodiversity conservation in jozani ecosystem, zan...IJEAB
Resource Conflicts are the major challenge to the responsible Institutions in the management and conservation of biodiversity in Zanzibar due to the existence of multiple and interactive reasons that lead to conflicts. This paper intends to reveal the less known current status of resource conflicts in the management of biodiversity in Jozani ecosystem, Zanzibar. The study employed descriptive survey research design of the causal comparative research design to collect data from 280 respondents which constitute the study population. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency, standard deviation and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. The outcome of the study showed that there is significant relationship existed between resource conflicts and the management of biodiversity conservation in Jozani ecosystem. The study has implications for environmental policy makers. The study concludes by asserting that unemployment, poverty and scarcity of environmental resources are the major causes of conflict, therefore the call is directed to policy makers to strengthen efforts on resolving conflicts by establishing overall strategies such as establishment of participatory community-based approaches to natural resource management, conflict resolution capacity building measures among the stakeholders, amendment of Laws and expansion of employment to reduce direct relying on using natural resource assets for livelihood.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
Socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs for multifunctional landscapes: ri...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Rice-fish farming provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. It increases food security and livelihoods through higher fish yields and income. Rice-fish also improves soil fertility and provides pest control with less need for fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are some risks from extreme weather and potential over-fertilization. Households practicing rice-fish tend to be more food self-sufficient despite smaller land areas. However, national policies promoting hybrid rice and food security could reduce rice-fish. The system would benefit from further research on adaptation and environmental impacts for payments for ecosystem services.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
community based natural resource managementShravan Rajur
This document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). It begins with definitions of natural resources and natural resource management. It then discusses different approaches to natural resource management, including private, common, state, and non-property regimes. The document also covers human dimensions in NRM, stakeholder participation, and the objectives and tools of CBNRM. It provides examples of successful CBNRM programs in India and discusses their approaches and impacts, such as increasing incomes and restoring ecosystems. The document concludes by outlining some challenges to CBNRM.
Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a systematic approach that allows local communities closest to natural resources to manage those resources and benefit from their management and use. It aims to achieve conservation and community development objectives through sustainably managing natural resources. Some methods to build community participation include house visits, group meetings, health camps, and participatory rural appraisal exercises. Successful CBNRM requires communities be homogeneous, benefits outweigh costs, boundaries are clearly defined, decision-making is decentralized, and long-term engagement exists.
This document discusses integrating national environmental policy into Ethiopia's military mission. It notes that Ethiopia has significant biodiversity but also faces threats like deforestation. While military lands are relatively protected, increased populations have led to problems. The study aims to analyze conservation at one military training center and understand perceptions of environmental management. It finds that military lands could serve as biodiversity sanctuaries if policies recognize this role. However, challenges include the uncommon view of military lands as conservation areas and environmental issues on bases. Recommendations include strengthening environmental integration, management, and cross-sector collaboration to balance protection and sustainable use of resources.
resource use conflicts and biodiversity conservation in jozani ecosystem, zan...IJEAB
Resource Conflicts are the major challenge to the responsible Institutions in the management and conservation of biodiversity in Zanzibar due to the existence of multiple and interactive reasons that lead to conflicts. This paper intends to reveal the less known current status of resource conflicts in the management of biodiversity in Jozani ecosystem, Zanzibar. The study employed descriptive survey research design of the causal comparative research design to collect data from 280 respondents which constitute the study population. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency, standard deviation and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. The outcome of the study showed that there is significant relationship existed between resource conflicts and the management of biodiversity conservation in Jozani ecosystem. The study has implications for environmental policy makers. The study concludes by asserting that unemployment, poverty and scarcity of environmental resources are the major causes of conflict, therefore the call is directed to policy makers to strengthen efforts on resolving conflicts by establishing overall strategies such as establishment of participatory community-based approaches to natural resource management, conflict resolution capacity building measures among the stakeholders, amendment of Laws and expansion of employment to reduce direct relying on using natural resource assets for livelihood.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
Socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs for multifunctional landscapes: ri...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Rice-fish farming provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. It increases food security and livelihoods through higher fish yields and income. Rice-fish also improves soil fertility and provides pest control with less need for fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are some risks from extreme weather and potential over-fertilization. Households practicing rice-fish tend to be more food self-sufficient despite smaller land areas. However, national policies promoting hybrid rice and food security could reduce rice-fish. The system would benefit from further research on adaptation and environmental impacts for payments for ecosystem services.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
community based natural resource managementShravan Rajur
This document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). It begins with definitions of natural resources and natural resource management. It then discusses different approaches to natural resource management, including private, common, state, and non-property regimes. The document also covers human dimensions in NRM, stakeholder participation, and the objectives and tools of CBNRM. It provides examples of successful CBNRM programs in India and discusses their approaches and impacts, such as increasing incomes and restoring ecosystems. The document concludes by outlining some challenges to CBNRM.
Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a systematic approach that allows local communities closest to natural resources to manage those resources and benefit from their management and use. It aims to achieve conservation and community development objectives through sustainably managing natural resources. Some methods to build community participation include house visits, group meetings, health camps, and participatory rural appraisal exercises. Successful CBNRM requires communities be homogeneous, benefits outweigh costs, boundaries are clearly defined, decision-making is decentralized, and long-term engagement exists.
This document discusses integrating national environmental policy into Ethiopia's military mission. It notes that Ethiopia has significant biodiversity but also faces threats like deforestation. While military lands are relatively protected, increased populations have led to problems. The study aims to analyze conservation at one military training center and understand perceptions of environmental management. It finds that military lands could serve as biodiversity sanctuaries if policies recognize this role. However, challenges include the uncommon view of military lands as conservation areas and environmental issues on bases. Recommendations include strengthening environmental integration, management, and cross-sector collaboration to balance protection and sustainable use of resources.
Preconditions for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Prosperity for All t...Environmental Alert (EA)
This is a Joint Civil Society Position on the Environment and Natural Resources sector performance, published ahead of the annual joint sector review for the Water and Environment sector for the financial year 2008/09. It highlights the contributions of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations to the sector. Furthermore, it presents the challenges in the sector and associated recommendations for addressing them.
Wildfire prevention in the Mediterranean is an important issue that requires intensified efforts to deal with increased risks from climate change. The document outlines key causes of increasing wildfire risks in the region, including rural abandonment, aging populations, changing land management practices, and climate change impacts. It recommends enhancing international cooperation on prevention, integrating prevention into national forest policies and climate change adaptation strategies, promoting prevention education, establishing sustainable financing mechanisms, and improving information systems to address new risks. The position paper was endorsed by Mediterranean stakeholders to implement recommendations and address prevention in the context of climate change across the region.
The document discusses ecosystem services and their importance in river basin management. It defines ecosystem services as the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and freshwater, regulating services like climate regulation and flood regulation, and cultural services like aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational benefits. The document advocates for mainstreaming ecosystem services, which means integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into various production sectors. This requires understanding how a healthy environment supports economic sectors and implementing coordination mechanisms. The ecosystem approach aims to balance conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing, according to principles like decentralized management and long-term planning. Tools are presented for assessing drivers of biodiversity loss and recording the status of ecosystem services.
This document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). CBNRM combines conservation objectives with generating economic benefits for rural communities through collective management of natural resources. It aims to involve local communities in sustainable resource use and management. The document discusses key CBNRM principles, benefits and challenges, and provides examples of CBNRM case studies in South Africa. It also outlines some opportunities for applying CBNRM approaches in Mongolia.
1) Natural resources include substances like land, water, air, plants and animals that are valuable in their natural form. Natural resource management aims to manage these resources in a sustainable way that benefits both current and future generations.
2) There are different approaches to natural resource management depending on who owns and controls the resources, such as private, common, state or non-property regimes.
3) Forests, wildlife, soil and water are some of India's important natural resources. Their conservation involves reducing exploitation, preserving habitats, afforestation programs, and setting up protected areas. Stakeholder participation is key to sustainable natural resource management.
Participatory Research and Development on Natural Resource ManagementBhagya Vijayan
This document summarizes a seminar on participatory research and development for natural resource management. The seminar covered topics such as natural resource management, participatory research and development approaches, changing agendas in the field, and case studies. It defined key concepts and outlined the objectives, components, tools, and principles of participatory research and development for natural resource management. Case studies presented examined the impacts of user participation, approaches to land use modeling, and effects of participatory communication strategies. The seminar emphasized collaboration across stakeholders to address sustainability challenges through participatory approaches.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation projects and sustainable development in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve region. It notes that while Ecuador promotes conservation through protected areas, extractive industries like oil development have led to rapid land use changes impacting local communities and ecosystems. The research aims to analyze land cover dynamics, community participation in planning, and potential environmental conflicts through a case study in the Yasuní Reserve. It utilizes field data collection, interviews, and GIS analysis to understand relationships between human activities, ecosystems, and protected areas in the region.
Deforestation drivers, carbon emission estimate and setting forest reference ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses methods for estimating deforestation drivers, carbon emissions, and setting forest reference levels in Indonesia. It analyzes land cover maps and remote sensing data to identify deforestation areas and activities between 2000-2009. Carbon stocks are estimated using field data, biomass maps, and assigning average carbon densities to land cover types. Estimates of cumulative carbon emissions from land use change over this period range from 1.8 to 7.4 gigatons depending on the method. The document advocates for Indonesia to develop national forest reference levels using a stepwise approach combining socioeconomic data with estimates of deforestation rates and carbon stocks.
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
The document discusses BIOFIN, a global partnership launched by UNDP to address underfunding of biodiversity conservation and management. BIOFIN is being piloted in 19 countries, including India, to assess funding needs, gaps, and opportunities to increase funding to meet biodiversity targets. In India, BIOFIN is led by the Ministry of Environment and involves various partners to conduct assessments of public and private biodiversity spending and develop a resource mobilization strategy. The goal is to help India progress toward its 12 National Biodiversity Targets established under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Research paper: Community Based Natural Resources Management in VietnamSPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
Environmental studies and natural resourcesParul Tyagi
Introduction to environmental studies, multidisciplinary nature of environment, its scope and importance. Concept of sustainability and renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Collective action in natural resource managementkollasravanthi
This document provides an overview of natural resource management and collective action. It begins with defining natural resources and listing common types. It then discusses ownership regimes and approaches to natural resource management. Next, it defines collective action and describes types, structures, benefits, and barriers. It classifies collective action problems and lists solution mechanisms. The document presents factors that promote cooperation and factors to consider in analyzing performance. It provides a case study on collective irrigation action in India and an example of joint forest management in India.
Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability and tipping points in...ILRI
The document discusses biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability, and tipping points in African drylands. It aims to develop a conceptual framework linking policy, land use, and livelihoods through pastoralist decision-making. The objectives are to construct and validate models of pastoralist decision-making, evaluate policy scenarios, and disseminate findings to policymakers and communities. The methods include statistical analysis, modeling household decisions, experiments, and agent-based simulations to explore scenarios around payments for ecosystem services and climate change.
This document discusses economic valuation of natural resources and ecosystems. It defines economic valuation as assigning monetary values to environmental goods and services, and explains how this allows natural capital to have a "voice" in decision making. The document outlines the SEEA framework for integrating environmental and economic accounting, describes different ecosystem services, and provides examples of methods to value different services monetarily. Integrating natural capital valuation into accounting helps agencies respond to environmental costs and opportunities of economic development.
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studiesSarthakKedia1
Environmental studies is called as a topic which is multidisciplinary in nature as it includes studies of multiple topics in order to understand it in a much more better end more explained and detailed manner.
Pros and cons of community based natural resource management.Dr. Pauline Gitonga
This document summarizes key principles of successful community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects based on case studies from several countries in Africa. It finds that CBNRM projects are most likely to succeed when they (1) involve local communities in decision-making and provide direct economic benefits, (2) establish clear incentives for sustainable resource management, and (3) recognize traditional community structures and communal ownership of resources. The document analyzes examples of successful CBNRM projects in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Namibia that demonstrate these principles. It also examines some cases of CBNRM projects that failed due to a lack of clear benefits, leadership issues, or not incorporating local social norms.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
Participatory Approach for the Integrated and Sustainable Management of the PNViAI Publications
This study proposes an Analysis on the participatory management of Virunga National Park using SWOT analysis. We started from the constant incomprehension and perpetual opposition of the local population on the management of the PNVi. The question asked is to know the management strategy aimed at involving all the actors in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After having presented and analyzed the data of our sample which were provided to us by 3 territories and a city including 12% in the territory of Nyiragongo, 15% in the city of Goma, 22% in the territory of Masisi and 51% in the territory of Rutshuru the size of the sample to be considered in relation to the strategies for involving the population in the sustainable management of the PNVi. The results showed that the best way to generate the PNVi would be the integrated management model, at least 42% of study participants proposed it, 31% proposed the multi-agent model, 20% proposed the traditional model policeman and 7% suggested private management.
Preconditions for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Prosperity for All t...Environmental Alert (EA)
This is a Joint Civil Society Position on the Environment and Natural Resources sector performance, published ahead of the annual joint sector review for the Water and Environment sector for the financial year 2008/09. It highlights the contributions of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations to the sector. Furthermore, it presents the challenges in the sector and associated recommendations for addressing them.
Wildfire prevention in the Mediterranean is an important issue that requires intensified efforts to deal with increased risks from climate change. The document outlines key causes of increasing wildfire risks in the region, including rural abandonment, aging populations, changing land management practices, and climate change impacts. It recommends enhancing international cooperation on prevention, integrating prevention into national forest policies and climate change adaptation strategies, promoting prevention education, establishing sustainable financing mechanisms, and improving information systems to address new risks. The position paper was endorsed by Mediterranean stakeholders to implement recommendations and address prevention in the context of climate change across the region.
The document discusses ecosystem services and their importance in river basin management. It defines ecosystem services as the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and freshwater, regulating services like climate regulation and flood regulation, and cultural services like aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational benefits. The document advocates for mainstreaming ecosystem services, which means integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into various production sectors. This requires understanding how a healthy environment supports economic sectors and implementing coordination mechanisms. The ecosystem approach aims to balance conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing, according to principles like decentralized management and long-term planning. Tools are presented for assessing drivers of biodiversity loss and recording the status of ecosystem services.
This document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). CBNRM combines conservation objectives with generating economic benefits for rural communities through collective management of natural resources. It aims to involve local communities in sustainable resource use and management. The document discusses key CBNRM principles, benefits and challenges, and provides examples of CBNRM case studies in South Africa. It also outlines some opportunities for applying CBNRM approaches in Mongolia.
1) Natural resources include substances like land, water, air, plants and animals that are valuable in their natural form. Natural resource management aims to manage these resources in a sustainable way that benefits both current and future generations.
2) There are different approaches to natural resource management depending on who owns and controls the resources, such as private, common, state or non-property regimes.
3) Forests, wildlife, soil and water are some of India's important natural resources. Their conservation involves reducing exploitation, preserving habitats, afforestation programs, and setting up protected areas. Stakeholder participation is key to sustainable natural resource management.
Participatory Research and Development on Natural Resource ManagementBhagya Vijayan
This document summarizes a seminar on participatory research and development for natural resource management. The seminar covered topics such as natural resource management, participatory research and development approaches, changing agendas in the field, and case studies. It defined key concepts and outlined the objectives, components, tools, and principles of participatory research and development for natural resource management. Case studies presented examined the impacts of user participation, approaches to land use modeling, and effects of participatory communication strategies. The seminar emphasized collaboration across stakeholders to address sustainability challenges through participatory approaches.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation projects and sustainable development in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve region. It notes that while Ecuador promotes conservation through protected areas, extractive industries like oil development have led to rapid land use changes impacting local communities and ecosystems. The research aims to analyze land cover dynamics, community participation in planning, and potential environmental conflicts through a case study in the Yasuní Reserve. It utilizes field data collection, interviews, and GIS analysis to understand relationships between human activities, ecosystems, and protected areas in the region.
Deforestation drivers, carbon emission estimate and setting forest reference ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses methods for estimating deforestation drivers, carbon emissions, and setting forest reference levels in Indonesia. It analyzes land cover maps and remote sensing data to identify deforestation areas and activities between 2000-2009. Carbon stocks are estimated using field data, biomass maps, and assigning average carbon densities to land cover types. Estimates of cumulative carbon emissions from land use change over this period range from 1.8 to 7.4 gigatons depending on the method. The document advocates for Indonesia to develop national forest reference levels using a stepwise approach combining socioeconomic data with estimates of deforestation rates and carbon stocks.
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
The document discusses BIOFIN, a global partnership launched by UNDP to address underfunding of biodiversity conservation and management. BIOFIN is being piloted in 19 countries, including India, to assess funding needs, gaps, and opportunities to increase funding to meet biodiversity targets. In India, BIOFIN is led by the Ministry of Environment and involves various partners to conduct assessments of public and private biodiversity spending and develop a resource mobilization strategy. The goal is to help India progress toward its 12 National Biodiversity Targets established under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Research paper: Community Based Natural Resources Management in VietnamSPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
Environmental studies and natural resourcesParul Tyagi
Introduction to environmental studies, multidisciplinary nature of environment, its scope and importance. Concept of sustainability and renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Collective action in natural resource managementkollasravanthi
This document provides an overview of natural resource management and collective action. It begins with defining natural resources and listing common types. It then discusses ownership regimes and approaches to natural resource management. Next, it defines collective action and describes types, structures, benefits, and barriers. It classifies collective action problems and lists solution mechanisms. The document presents factors that promote cooperation and factors to consider in analyzing performance. It provides a case study on collective irrigation action in India and an example of joint forest management in India.
Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability and tipping points in...ILRI
The document discusses biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability, and tipping points in African drylands. It aims to develop a conceptual framework linking policy, land use, and livelihoods through pastoralist decision-making. The objectives are to construct and validate models of pastoralist decision-making, evaluate policy scenarios, and disseminate findings to policymakers and communities. The methods include statistical analysis, modeling household decisions, experiments, and agent-based simulations to explore scenarios around payments for ecosystem services and climate change.
This document discusses economic valuation of natural resources and ecosystems. It defines economic valuation as assigning monetary values to environmental goods and services, and explains how this allows natural capital to have a "voice" in decision making. The document outlines the SEEA framework for integrating environmental and economic accounting, describes different ecosystem services, and provides examples of methods to value different services monetarily. Integrating natural capital valuation into accounting helps agencies respond to environmental costs and opportunities of economic development.
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studiesSarthakKedia1
Environmental studies is called as a topic which is multidisciplinary in nature as it includes studies of multiple topics in order to understand it in a much more better end more explained and detailed manner.
Pros and cons of community based natural resource management.Dr. Pauline Gitonga
This document summarizes key principles of successful community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects based on case studies from several countries in Africa. It finds that CBNRM projects are most likely to succeed when they (1) involve local communities in decision-making and provide direct economic benefits, (2) establish clear incentives for sustainable resource management, and (3) recognize traditional community structures and communal ownership of resources. The document analyzes examples of successful CBNRM projects in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Namibia that demonstrate these principles. It also examines some cases of CBNRM projects that failed due to a lack of clear benefits, leadership issues, or not incorporating local social norms.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
Participatory Approach for the Integrated and Sustainable Management of the PNViAI Publications
This study proposes an Analysis on the participatory management of Virunga National Park using SWOT analysis. We started from the constant incomprehension and perpetual opposition of the local population on the management of the PNVi. The question asked is to know the management strategy aimed at involving all the actors in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After having presented and analyzed the data of our sample which were provided to us by 3 territories and a city including 12% in the territory of Nyiragongo, 15% in the city of Goma, 22% in the territory of Masisi and 51% in the territory of Rutshuru the size of the sample to be considered in relation to the strategies for involving the population in the sustainable management of the PNVi. The results showed that the best way to generate the PNVi would be the integrated management model, at least 42% of study participants proposed it, 31% proposed the multi-agent model, 20% proposed the traditional model policeman and 7% suggested private management.
Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community The Case of B...ijtsrd
Biri LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape BLPLS is a marine protected area in the Province of Northern Samar and is one of the countrys protected areas facing biological degradation because of human exploitation. Thus, this study assessed conservation programs implementation and community awareness to propose a policy redirection. Using qualitative descriptive research design, data revealed that BLPLS spans 33,492 hectares encapsulating 36 barangays with 18 known implemented conservation programs. The conservation programs investigated in this study covered ecological, economic, social, and cultural functions that aimed to benefit communities. Notably, the programs were well planned, but the problem was generally on the implementation. Some of the conservation programs succeeded because of strong legal basis and proper execution, forged partnership and linkages, prioritization, constant program monitoring and evaluation, and research based decisions, while other programs failed due to lack of commitment, lack of political will, lot of inconsistencies, Filipino negative traits, implementer’s incompetence, lenient monitoring and evaluation, political intrusion, lack coordination, and people’s passive and inadequate knowledge. Therefore, it is certain that successful conservation programs are advantageous to the integrity of the protected area, while failure poses a risk of increased vulnerability to degradation. Ergo, all successful programs must redound for the benefit of both BLPLS and the community people as it champions BLPLS’s ecological integrity. Thus, there researchers highly recommended that various agencies connected with the protected area may imposed a stringent and harmonized implementation of conservation policies, institutional reform, strengthen the capacity of the implementers, community empowerment, creation of reward system, context based environmental education, institutionalization of program impact, and evaluation studies, and data based decision making for program development and plan of BLPLS. Escal, Rene John B. | Malabarbas, Gerald T. "Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community: The Case of Biri-LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49120.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49120/protected-area-conservation-measures-and-practices-of-community-the-case-of-birilarosa-protected-landscape-and-seascape-philippines/escal-rene-john-b
Ecotourism an approach to the sustainable conservation of biodiversity in the...AI Publications
This study was carried out at the buffer zones of Benue National Park in the North Region of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to assess the governance of ecotourism with an aim to promote sustainable management of biological resources. Primary data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered to 125 household heads that were involved in the conservation of biodiversity in the study area. Questionnaires and interview guides were design to collect data on: (the level of participation and involvement of communities, stakeholder in the ecotourism business and modalities for participation in the conservation of biological resources). The results showed that two categories of ecotourism actors are involved: Direct actors: conservation service, MINFOF/MINTOUL, eco-guards and indirect actors: NGOs and service providers. The issue of equity remained a major concern for stakeholders, as responsibilities and decision-making among the different actors were not shared equitably. Regarding the level of community participation in ecotourism activities, 79% of stakeholders are not involved in ecotourism activities; however, 21% of stakeholders who were involved are community guards, cooks and tour guides. In ZIC (Area of Cinegetic Interest) N° 1 and 4, 31% of respondents said that only the Union of Village Wildlife Committees (COZIC) have being participating in the ecotourism business. . However, it should be noted that the governance mode most frequently observed in this protected area is dominated by the state with 83% respondents involved even though the laws and policies on ecotourism shows a participatory management of ecotourism in the protected areas.
Policy Brief on Rangeland Management in Karamoja, UgandaErnest ANGELLA
The document summarizes a study on rangeland management practices and environmental health in Karamoja region of Uganda. Some key findings are:
- 25% of rangelands in the study area are degraded, with 11.9% highly degraded. Moderately healthy areas are declining.
- The most degraded districts were Kotido and Kaabong in upstream areas with higher livestock density.
- Rangeland health is strongly linked to livestock numbers and mobility. Restrictions on mobility like protected kraals contribute to degradation.
- Upstream areas with steeper slopes are more susceptible to erosion and degradation.
- Healthier rangelands were found near protected areas like wildlife reserves, suggesting proximity benefits health
This document summarizes a study on the supporting and inhibiting factors of marine conservation area management in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study analyzed three marine conservation areas in Sulawesi: Bunaken National Park in North Sulawesi, Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park in South Sulawesi, and Wakatobi National Park in Southeast Sulawesi. The study found that government regulations both at the national and local levels can have both positive and negative impacts on conservation area management. Local fishermen groups need to be involved to help monitor and protect the conservation areas. Conservation management needs to not only focus on ecological conservation but also increase income and welfare of surrounding communities. Infrastructure development is also important to support
A Review of Global Experiences on using of Indigenous Knowledge in Rangelands...AI Publications
With the further advancement of rangeland science in recent decades, the importance of utilizing the indigenous knowledge is further highlighted. However, in many cases, there are some disagreements between executive managers and specialists of rangelands on the one hand, and local communities on the other hand, which is usually due to the importance of each side to certain aspects of effective parameters in pastures. In any case, more attention to local communities and indigenous knowledge in this matter is indisputable and should be used to integrate these two factors. In this paper, the role of utilizing the indigenous knowledge in the utilization of the rangelands and their management and its experiences in Iran and several parts of the world that are located on different continents has been studied, then the results as well as the effectiveness have been discussed for pasture in Iran, and in the end, some suggestions have been made for this purpose in Iran.
Isaiah Ochieng Abillah
Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Murang‟a University of
Technology, Kenya
Abstract: Wetlands, all over the world, offer many livelihood support services to riparian communities and beyond
but are currently severely threatened with decimation. In Murang’a County, Kenya, wetlands are a key life
support system for many communities but their survival is currently uncertain due to extensive encroachment,
filling up, pollution and weak legislation. Our study aimed at investigating the impact of riparian community’s
livelihood strategies on wetlands conservation and restoration in Murang’a County, Kenya. Data was collected in
4-sub counties of the County using household’s survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group
discussion. A randomly selected sample of 404 respondents were recruited for the study. Data was analyzed using
SPSS software version 26.0. Results showed an encroachment rate into the wetlands by the riparian communities
of 60.4%. A highly significant and positive correlation was obtained between livelihood strategies and impacts on
wetlands ((r=0.184, p value =0.001). Members of the riparian communities were poorly informed about the roles of
wetlands, with 70% unaware of any wetland’s conservation efforts. A whopping 73.7% had not participated in any
wetland conservation effort. Hence, there is need for community sensitization and empowerment on wetlands wise
use as well as sustainable wetland utilization, conservation and management.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Globally, wetlands cover about 6% of the 5.7 million km2 of the Earth‟s surface and they support millions of livelihoods
as they act as „‟water banks‟‟ where water may be drawn and ground water replenished (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005). Wetlands are as old as the Earth itself. By 20th century, the increased use of wetlands attracted the
attention of the world and a global meeting was held in Iran on 2nd February, 1971 to discuss wise use and conservation
of lands that were wet (wetlands), the meeting was named the Ramsar Convention and it has been the foundation of
wetlands conservation (Ramsar, 2017).
Wetlands have been places of interest since civilization as many towns and cities are built along the blue economy. They
have also served as transport corridors, source of wildlife, fish and seeds (Fisher, K. and Morling, P.). However, due to
population pressure, wetlands have been encroached into and converted to different agricultural land use and degraded
Davidson, C. (2014), observes that 87% of the world‟s wetlands have been lost since 1700 AD as a result of human
activities.
In the Kenyan economy, Lakes such as Lake Naivasha contributes 5.3 billion and over 30,000 people draw their
livelihoods from wetlands ecosystem but due to climate change, these lakes are contemporarily facing rising water levels
which in turn affects ...
Accounting for watershed management services in the forest reserves of osun s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the contributions of forest reserves in Osun State, Nigeria to watershed management. The study examined the relationship between declines in forest area and water supply, assessed the perceived value of forest watershed services using contingent valuation methods, and estimated a total economic value of watershed services provided by forests. Key findings were that there was a strong relationship between forest area and water supply, the mean willingness to pay for watershed services was estimated to be ₦3,623.29 per person, and the total estimated value of forest watershed services in Osun State was ₦12.40 billion. The research concluded that accounting for the value of watershed services can enhance sustainability decisions
WCS EBM Facilitator Guide English WEB.PDFGed Acton
This document provides a guide for facilitating ecosystem-based management planning in Fiji. It emphasizes a community-led approach and outlines key principles such as promoting curiosity, valuing failures as learning opportunities, and creating partnerships. The guide covers various phases of the planning process, including pre-planning, stakeholder engagement, developing management strategies, and implementing and adapting plans over time based on monitoring. The overall goal is to empower communities to sustainably manage their natural resources by thinking strategically and balancing protection with sustainable use.
The document summarizes the development of a payments for watershed services scheme in Lantapan, Philippines. Key steps included:
1) An integrated watershed assessment using a rapid hydrological appraisal tool to understand land use impacts on water supply.
2) Negotiations between upstream farmers and downstream hydropower plant that resulted in an agreement for the plant to fund watershed rehabilitation in exchange for continued water provision.
3) Implementation of the agreement through a reforestation project providing farmers incentives to adopt sustainable practices and protect the watershed.
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
The document is the first issue of a weekly wetland sustainability report published by NET Africa. It includes articles on connecting education and citizen science to wetland monitoring, challenges facing the Sio-Setiko wetland in Kenya and Uganda, and the introduction of two youth ambassadors, Jacinta Ruguru of Kenya and Henry Gandhi of East Africa, who will contribute reports on achieving sustainable development goals related to wetlands.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Indicators of resilience in Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seasca...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Pablo Eyzaguirre presents on using resilience indicators in two landscapes/seascapes in Fiji and Mongolia. This was presented during the 5th IPSI Global Conference held just before the 2014 Convention on Biological Diversity conference in Pyeongchang, Korea.
Find out more about our work on landscapes: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/agricultural-ecosystems/landscapes/
Co managing ecosystem services of forest reserves in ghana-the case of the bo...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses co-managing the ecosystem services of the Bobiri Forest Reserve (BFR) in Ghana through stakeholder collaboration.
2. The forest communities have traditional rights to collect some non-timber forest products for personal use, but need permits for commercial use. However, overexploitation has led to declines in ecosystem services.
3. Effective co-management requires stakeholders to negotiate management responsibilities to sustainably manage forest resources and ensure long-term provision of ecosystem services through knowledge sharing and coordination between fragmented stakeholders.
The document discusses how land use changes can affect turbidity levels in receiving waters. Agricultural activities like crop production and cattle operations can increase nonpoint pollution and contaminate nearby water through surface runoff and erosion. Areas with annual crops and minimal vegetation cover, such as recently tilled fields in spring, tend to have higher turbidity due to increased runoff and erosion. Wetlands, while effective at removing bacteria, can also increase turbidity by acting as biofilters. Turbidity levels are negatively correlated with forested areas but positively correlated with annual crop coverage and urban land use.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
The Existence of Coastal Community Culture during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Si...AI Publications
The profile of coastal communities in various places in Indonesia is always described by showing their distinctive characteristics, such as poor villages, low formal education, lack of human resources, poor residential and health conditions, and lack of access to the use of socio-economic facilities and infrastructure. financial institutions (cooperatives, banks), transportation and communication, and other physical. This profile looks inversely proportional to the socio-economic potential of coastal resources. This study aims to see and reveal the cultural existence of coastal communities during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sinonsayang District, South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The method used is descriptive method. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of the object that became the research objective, then interviews were carried out using the help of a questionnaire. Based on the results of research conducted on the Cultural Existence of Coastal Communities in the Covid-19 Pandemic Period in Sinonsayang District (Aergale Village and Blongko Village), it shows that culture according to the gender system is not concerned with the division of its roles in activities on land and activities at sea. Fishermen and fishermen's wives will help each other voluntarily. According to patron-client culture, it occurs because of the urgent economic interests between traditional fishermen and fisherman bosses, while socially there is harmony between communities when someone is sick and when they are sad. Local culture in the exploitation of fishery resources still uses the calculation of the moon in the sky and the distribution of fishing seasons according to the way of fishermen from the Sangihe area. Culture according to social leadership is known to have two, namely the existence of religious leaders and community leaders, each of which has a role to lead and protect the community. In this time of the covid-19 pandemic, all of the above cultures continue to do as they have been from the past, only the culture of coastal communities which usually have to involve many people with large expenditures, is currently not being implemented.
The document provides a concept note for the TsavoRun84 project, which aims to restore and conserve the Tsavo ecosystem in Kenya through a tree growing competition and other conservation initiatives. The Tsavo ecosystem is facing desertification due to loss of forest cover and water sources, threatening wildlife and human livelihoods. The project will engage communities through a multi-level tree growing competition to increase forest cover and revive water sources. Key activities include establishing nurseries, providing technical support and financial incentives to encourage tree planting. The goal is to make a substantive contribution to restoring springs, streams and rivers through community participation and conservation efforts.
Similar to Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga National Park (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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95% of the hippo population (1200 to 30,000 individuals)
was decimated during the 30 years of political instability
and armed conflict with very negative impacts on the
management of Lake Edward's fisheries resources. The
appropriate management methods would be those that
follow the notions of collective accountability. Indeed, the
regulatory approach has shown its limits; there is no
regulatory mechanism that has not been circumvented So
the approach incorporating the local community that does
not exclude other management approaches is presented as
one that can bring out new regulations in the sustainable
protection of ViNP (NGUINGUIRI, 2008).
II. NOTION ON THE GOVERNANCE OF
PROTECTED AREAS
For many authors, the concept of governance or
management is theoretically a vague concept, in the
normative definition given by the World Bank in the late
1980s, the word governance corresponds to an ideal
situation of good management or administration, but this is
not always the case, it is for this that it is always
accompanied by a qualifying adjective and then we speak
of good governance. , this perception means that this
governance can be good or bad. When it comes to the
management of protected areas, it is considered good when
it is accountable, transparent, inclusive, participatory,
respected and effective in law enforcement. According to
Feral, good governance is a governance that is capable of
reconciling various interests through the integration of
local interests, and thus the national decision-making
process through a distribution of obligations and benefits
recognized as acceptable to interested parties, needless to
say that it is bad when it takes the opposite view of these
principles, i.e. it defends the interests of one or more
actors, not everyone's.
In the DRC, after several years characterized by regulatory
management, the ICCN officials have theoretically chosen
a conservation policy based on the integration of local
actors, obviously we can see different integrative projects
such as the electrification of the surrounding villages,
however, beyond the official discourses copied in the
world conservation policies, and taken up in the national
documents, it is clear that the place given to local
populations is almost non-existent. Looking back on the
ViNP case Whatever the mode of his creation according to
Horry 1956.The ViNP has introduced a new way of
managing in the region by marking a kind of spatial
discontinuity between the newly protected areas and the
inhabited areas, what must be remembered here is that this
new form of management has disarticulated the way of life
of local people and it is the endless conflict for these
actors, so a new approach is needed that will integrate the
local population into the management of the Park in order
to reduce the threats , the Landscape approach would be an
alternative to open up this integrated management between
the local population and the ViNP Managers(Feral,2007).
2.1 Management with Landscape Approach in the
Integration of the Local Population
It is a planning of the management of a protected area that
should not consider that area as an isolated entity but
rather take into account the functional relationship
between the area and its
periphery. In addition, planning must be consistent with
national and sub-regional land use and sustainable
development policies.
Simple plan of this management: it is a technical document
developed by members of the village community with the
support of local administration departments in
collaboration with park officials. It aims to plan, over time
and space, the operations to be implemented for the
sustainable use of one or more resources. It is the active
involvement of community members and external
stakeholders in all decisions related to objectives and
activities, for sustainable community and forestry
development. The community is involved, consulted,
provides information, asks questions and gives its opinion
(Balde.D, 2004).
III. METHODOLOGY
3.1. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY/LOCATION.
It is a park that is located in the east of the DRC on the
border of the two countries, to the northeast by Uganda
and to the south east by the RWANDA. It is also located
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between two important basins, to the north by the Nile
Basin through Lake Edouard and to the south by the
Congo Basin through Lake Kivu.
3.2. Choice of site and sample.
The choice of site depends on the location of the research
project "Participatory Plans for Integrated Management of
Biodiversity Services of the ViNP in which this study is
part of this study.
3.3. Sampling
Household sampling will be randomly stratified to identify
interviewees. So in the 4 territories surrounding the ViNP
we registered 27174 households. Scientific standards
recommend the use of mathematical and/or statistical
tricks to determine sample size, i.e. the units of analysis on
which the data will be collected. As part of this research,
the sample size will be determined in use of Lynch's
statistical formula, which is accepted in social science
research (Bautista 2000).This formula is stated as follows:
( )
( )
P
I
P
Z
Nd
P
P
NZ
n
−
+
−
= 2
2
2
1
.
n=Sample size
N= Target population
Z= this is the constant corresponding to the 95%
confidence interval. This is Z 1.96 P= prevalence which
will be 50% is 0.5
d= margin of error, which is % since the level of
confidence will be 95%
Thus, the sample of this study is calculated as
follows:
Z= 1,96
P= 0,5
d= 0,05
(1-p)= 0,5
= 104391,6384
p (1-p) = 0,5(1-0,5) = 0,5 x 0,5= 0,25
26071 x 0,0025
= 65,1775
= 3,8416 x 0,5 x 0,5
= 3,8416 x 0,25
= 0,9604
thus:
Table 1 : Distribution of investigations by territory and Village
Sampling
Territory Village Population Households Proportion Sample No poll
Rusthuru Kibirizi 52 515 8752 0,32207257 127 6
Rugari 22000 3666 0,13490837 53 6
Rumangabo 8000 1333 0,04905424 19 6
82 515 13751 0,50603518 199 6
Masisi Sake/Kimoka 19226 3204 0,11790682 46 6
Mubambiro 17225 2870 0,10561566 42 6
36451 6074 0,22352248 88 6
Nyiragongo Muja 9000 1500 0,05519982 22 6
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Kibumba 11000 1833 0,06745418 27 6
20000 3333 0,12265401 49
Goma Mugunga 20659 3443 0,12670199 50 6
Lacs vert 42311 573 0,02108633 8 6
62970 4016 0,14778833 58 6
Total 201 936 27174 1 394
Source: Territory Statistics 2019
Our sample is 394 persons
IV. RESULTS
To analyze the results, the square test will be conducted to
see if collaboration plays a role in the concerted
management of the ViNP.
Fig.1: Sample distribution by territory and city
This figure refers to half of those surveyed, or 51% from
Rutshuru territory. Second, 22% of respondents come
from Masisi compared to 15% who are from the City of
Goma. Finally, 12% come from the territory of
Nyiragongo.
Age of respondents in households
Table 2 Age Representation of Respondents
Characteristics
Statistics Erreur
standard
Age of
respondents
in
households
Average 40,6015 ,46897
Median 41,0000
Typical
difference
9,30873
Minimum 17,00
Maximum 61,00
In this table, we find that the average age of those
surveyed in the four territories is 40 years, with a median
of 41 years. The difference from the average is 9 years,
while the oldest of all respondents consulted is 61 years of
age versus the oldest who is 17 years old
Fig.2: Integration in the management of Virunga
National Park
This graph shows that 339 respondents out of 394
surveyed or 86% are not involved in the management of
the park compared to 55 respondents or 14% who are
integrated into the management.
Frequency Percent
Axe
title
Yes No
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Actors integrated in management,
Table.3 Table crossed between the professional occupations and the feeling to be integrated in the management of the park
Profession of the Respondent You feel integrated in the management of the
park
Total
Yes No
Small trade Effective 4 59 63
% of total 1,0% 15,0% 16,0%
Farmer Effective 9 128 137
% of total 2,3% 32,5% 34,8%
Housewife Effective 1 8 9
% of total ,3% 2,0% 2,3%
Pupils Effective 3 6 9
% of total ,8% 1,5% 2,3%
Teachers Effective 12 42 54
% of total 3,0% 10,7% 13,7%
Motorcyclist Effective 4 35 39
% of total 1,0% 8,9% 9,9%
State Agent Effective 5 9 14
% of total 1,3% 2,3% 3,6%
Students Effective 3 3 6
% of total ,8% ,8% 1,5%
Cattle-breeder Effective 1 16 17
% of total ,3% 4,1% 4,3%
Dressmaker Effective 0 1 1
% of total 0,0% ,3% ,3%
Male nurse Effective 1 6 7
% of total ,3% 1,5% 1,8%
Agronomist Effective 2 1 3
% of total ,5% ,3% ,8%
Fisherman Effective 1 2 3
% of total ,3% ,5% ,8%
Pastor Effective 2 5 7
% of total ,5% 1,3% 1,8%
Mason or
carpenter
Effective 1 7 8
% of total ,3% 1,8% 2,0%
Without
profession
Effective 5 8 13
% of total 1,3% 2,0% 3,3%
Meat seller Effective 1 3 4
% of total ,3% ,8% 1,0%
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Total Effective 55 339 394
% of total 14,0% 86,0% 100,0%
This result shows that in fact the teaching executives are implied in the management of the park on 54 questioned teachers,
12 are integrated in management, it is the greatest percentage high in this professional category. The others are represented
with very small proportion to see even non-existent. Also, the category of the farmers who should occupy the first place is not
also represented (9 farmers integrated against 128 not integrated).
Respondents' level of integration
Table 4: Breakdown of respondents by level of integration
into Park activities
Level of integration Frequency Percent t
Sensitizition 32 8,1
Joint meetings 4 1,0
Protection of the park 13 3,3
Park control 6 1,5
Total 55 14,0
394 100,0
Based on this table, we find that of the 55 respondents
who say they are involved in the management of the park,
32 out of 55 respondents or 8.1% are in awareness versus
3.3% who are in protection. In addition, 1% participated
in joint meetings compared to 1.5% who control the park.
4. Collaboration of the ViNP actors
Fig.3: Illustrative chart of collaboration with the ViNP
manager
Based on this graph, 301 out of 394 respondents or 76.4%
do not recognize collaboration with the ViNP managers
compared to 93 out of 394 respondents or 23.6% who
recognize collaboration with the ViNP managers.
Collaboration of the chief of the villages with the
managers of the ViNP
Research shows that the local leaders also do not
collaborate with the managers of the ViNP.
"the local chiefs underline the sincere lack of
collaboration with the manager of the National park of
Virunga, they often note when the agents of ViNP have a
interest with drawn with close to us; that is to say to
justify their financing with close to the financial backers
they precise at this time which they come to seek us to
make the cover but the other days they influent us and
local population but our participation would contribute
them to relieve several challenges in management… then
in term of collaboration it does not have only there
nothing, not collaboration in the true direction; when
they have an activity to realize of their choice apart from
ViNP they inform us by official statement it is the form of
collaboration with these managers of the ViNP. What
prevents collaboration it is their pride through their
systems police officer and of exclusion of management of
the ViNP. It should be announced that there are no
results of collaboration because it doesn’t exist. It for this
only a climate of tension between the local leaders and
the managers of the National park of Virunga ".
Elements being able to allow collaboration according
to leaders'
"In the interviews with the chief, the villages showed that
can be possible to collaborate if the agents of the ICCN
express this will. According to them What will be able to
allow collaboration between population and managers of
the Park, it is the dialogue permanent through the
continuation, installation of a framework of dialogue
initially to integrate the population in the mutual
management of the national park of Virunga by showing
him its share of responsibility and the role which it will be
able played in the durable protection of the National park
of Virunga, and also to create the system of access to the
resources of By this is to share interests regenerated by
the park, without taxing the population. It is also
Percentage
Frenquency
No
Ye
s
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necessary to improve or change their police system of
management of the park, by forming them on the matter of
human right because they tend to kill any person met in
the park ".
Reason of non-collaboration according to guarantors'
Table 5: Distribution of the reasons of collaboration
according to guarantors'
Reasons of non
collaboration
Frequen
cy
Percent
age
Less significant collaboration
for the population
122 31,0
Do not collaborate with the
old people
8 2,0
Not association with the
activities of management of
the Park
24 6,1
Lack of collaboration 10 2,5
Consider us as poachers 4 1,0
Difficult of communication
between population and
manager of the park
65 16,5
They are less co-operative 10 2,5
Do not know 47 11,9
Maltraitance of the managers 4 1,0
The managers are inaccessible 7 1,8
Total 301 76,4
Missing system 93 23,6
394 100,0
With the resulting one from this table we understand that
122 out of 394 guarantors are 31% think that the
managers do not collaborate with them because this
collaboration is less significant against for the population
65 guarantors out of 394 are 16,5% which evoke a
difficult communication between the population is the
managers. Then, 47 guarantors are 11,9% do not have
reasons which explain this non collaboration 6,1% against
consider that they are not associated the activities of
management of the park. As other reasons having less
than 2% are such as the managers are inaccessible, they
are less co-operative, the lack of will of collaboration,
others consider as the managers do not collaborate with
the hurdy-gurdies people, the bad treatment of the
managers and they estimate that the managers regard it all
as poachers. Also, the 93 guarantors are 23,6% represent
those which collaborate with the managers.
A conflict between the local ICCN and leaders
"The climate is often tended between the local population
and the managers of the National park of Virunga who
refuse a mutually collaboration, of one side the local
peoples believe that ViNP it is their medium of origin left
by their ancestors and other with dimensions the agents of
the ICCN regard the local population as the category of
nonintellectual people, not continues and especially no
informed of the importance of the Park… Yes there are
conflicts between population and park; these conflicts
persists because the population also says that with the
creation of the park nobody of the local population was
consulted since it was at the time colonial where the
negros were considered things and which them right
could be alienated without damage or claim. This fact to
avoid the conflicts, it will be necessary that the managers
of the park and the population return to the starting box,
while proceeding again by the definition of the limits of
the park and the redefinition of the system of
conservation, as well as the zoning of the park, that there
is a zone reserved for the access population for multiple
uses ( cows, to cultivate, build, fishing…).Except the
access it is also necessary to redefine the mode of division
of benefit regenerated by the park between population
and ViNP, i.e. the local population wants to find its
account in the income of the park in continuation to
create a committee of resolution of conflicts integrating
the local representatives population, heads and
representative them of the ICCN ".
.Existence of a committee of vigilance and its
composition to manage the conflicts between ICCN
and population
"According to local heads', a true committee of resolution
of conflict does not exist in ViNP, except what they call a
kind COCOSI (Commutated of Coordination of the Site)
of framework which brings together the managers of the
Park and certain members of the communities corrupt by
the latter to take part in it, this meeting is held often twice
per year during which nothing is to discuss or decide in
terms of access and divisions of the advantages of ViNP
between managers and population, rather than to follow
the sad presentations of annual achievements of the
managers of the park. The latter even manage to give
painfully and by our mockery the figures of people killed
during the year, who are however poor members of our
community caught in the park in the search of means of
living. Usually, in the event of conflicts the managers of
ViNP devote themselves to the arrests against the people
indexed to often transfer it to the central prison with
Goma. Often if they transferred people to the judicial
bodies they corrupt the judges who always give reason to
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the managers of the park, it is the great suffering of the
population for their ancestral ground which formerly
belonged to them and which became the ViNP. Thus for
them, the judicial bodies constitute the committee of
resolution of conflict. Indeed, the setting with the foot of
one commutated of resolution of conflict would be a good
strategy of collaboration, because each time that there is
problem one refers at this committee to settle the
disagreements between parts in conflicts. Moreover, one
often waits to speak about the existence of commutated
Community conservation (CCC) in the other parks of the
RDC, moreover it is a framework recognized by the ICCN
in its national strategy of conservation of the biodiversity
and national strategy of Community conservation. But
one wonders why similar commutated does not exist in
ViNP ".
Relationships between ViNP managers and respondents
Fig.4: Graphic illustration of the relationship between ViNP managers and respondents
We find that 255 out of 394 respondents are 64.7% confirm that relations are conflicting with ViNP managers compared to
139 or 35.3% who show that the relationship is harmonious.
Relationship between the local heads and the managers of the ViNP
"The committee of the ViNP is invisible on the ground and sometimes are not known by the members of the communities. It
would have to be widened these actions so that the community knows its existence. They are there beside the road whereas
the actions of destruction are inside the park; it should organize the descents and approach the community to dialogue with
the community."
. Relationships with other stakeholders involved in the management of the Park (NGOs AND Local Associations)
Fig.5: Graphic illustration of relationships with other stakeholders involved in park management
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Based on this graph we find that 242 out of 394 respondents are 61.4% confirm that the reports are harmonious compared to
152 respondents or 38.6% who prove that the relationships are conflicting with the players involved in the management of
the park. Other associations working to protect the environment in the territories targeted for this research show overall that
there is collaboration only when it comes to providing training.
Other associations working in the environmental
protection in the territories targeted for this research show
as a whole that there is collaboration only when it is a
question of providing them a formation.
"In the area there is a multitude of non-profit-making
associations gathering the bordering populations of the
Virunga national park of. Some nongovernmental
organizations of support to the development and
environmental protection like CACOPPVI, Pevi-kacheche
and LODE (League of the organizations of development
and environmental protection) gather the coordinators of
the known as organizations to reinforce their capacities in
their speaking about the protected surfaces, the
biodiversity, the mechanisms for the safeguard of the
protected surfaces, the safeguard of the biodiversity…
these formations are too useful because those which
undergo it learn how the strategies to implement for the
environmental protection or the nature conservation which
undergoes threats on behalf of the man daily.
Unfortunately the local population neglects that especially
when there is not the premium of participation.
Mechanisms of resolution of conflict
Table 6:Distribution of the guarantors according to
mechanisms' of resolution of conflicts
Mechanisms of
resolution of conflict
Frequency Percentage
No conflict 38 9,6
Imprisonment of the
antagonists
3 ,8
Research of the
reconciliation between
us
6 1,5
Collaboration and
dialogue with the actors
177 44,9
Direction towards the
local heads to slice
126 32,0
Nothing to make 31 7,9
Direction towards justice 11 2,8
To attack the ICCN 1 ,3
To take the machetes to
defend oneself
1 ,3
Total 394 100,0
This table shows that 126 guarantors out of 394 are 32%
move towards the local heads to solve the problem against
177 guarantors are 44,9% which support the collaboration
and the dialogue of the actors in conflicts.Also, 38
guarantors are 9,6% do not have a conflict against 31
guarantors are 7,9% which do not have any mechanism of
resolution of conflict.As let us add, as 11 guarantors are
2,8% move towards the justice against 1,5% which seeks
the reconciliation between population.A minority attacks
the ICCN and a guarantor goes until taking a machete to
deny himself like mechanism resolution of conflict.Lastly,
3 guarantors are 0,8% estimate that it is necessary to
imprison the antagonists (les actors in opposition).
Causes of conflict between people and ViNP managers
Table 7: Breakdown of respondents by cause of conflict
between population and ViNP managers
Causes of conflict between people
and ViNP managers
Freque
ncy
Percen
t
Disagreement with park rangers 5 1,3
Dispute and prohibition of growing
or cutting wood in the park
126 32,0
Poaching and destruction of animal
species
21 5,3
Deforestation and destruction of
plant species
43 10,9
Prohibition of fishing in certain areas
of the ViNP
9 2,3
Non-compliance with ViNP limits 68
17.3
Confiscation of fields
68 17,3
Confiscation of fields 10 2,5
Destruction of crops by ICCN
officers 4 1.0
Don't know
4 1,0
Don’t know 7 1,8
Lack of collaboration between ICCN
and the population
12 3,0
Lack of collaboration between ICCN
and the population
9 2,3
Lack of information from the
population
6 1,5
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Imprecise delineation of ViNP 37 9,4
Refusal to graze my herds in ViNP 10 2,5
Refusal to build in ViNP 2 ,5
Park resources not contributing to
local development: Resource
management
5 1,3
Incomprehension on the management
of the ViNP
8 2,0
Low income of the riverside
populations
2 ,5
Not sharing park interests 8 2,0
Complicity of the population with
armed groups
2 0,5
Total 394 100,0
It should be noted by this table that 126 out of 394
respondents are 32% who cite the dispute and prohibition
of growing or cutting wood in the park as a cause of
conflict against 68 respondents or 17.3% who report non-
compliance with limits. Second, 37 respondents, 9.4%,
said the park was delimited, compared to 10.9% who
mentioned deforestation and destruction of plant species.
Also, 21 respondents are 5.3% talk about poaching and
destruction of animal species compared to 3% who
confirm the non-integration of the local population in the
management of the park. Second, the other causes
represent less than 2%.
"… Certainly, there are frequently conflicts which are due
to incomprehension between the population and the
managers of the park which want to preserve the old
limits whereas the bordering inhabitants of this protected
surface want to advance the limits to gain a few hectares
of ground to be cultivated since demography does not
cease a galoper, which grown food requirements and thus
in fields for cultures. To avoid the pressure of the
bordering population on the park, it is necessary to
support the local nongovernmental organizations so that
the peasants create other generating activities of the
incomes which enable them to nourish their families.
These activities can be the manufacture of the blocks with
lime, the culture of vegetables, the bee-keeping, the
breeding of the pigs… but also the authorities of the park
must think the young people of the medium who studied.
When one realizes that there are 10 or 50 young people of
the villages surrounding the park which was committed
either as guard-park or as guides or trackers or carriers…
The population will cease being hostile and it will feel
integrated in the activities of the Park»
Table 8: Breakdown of proposed solutions by respondent
Envisage solutions according to
respondents
Frequency Percent
Let free the population cultivate
the park
17 4,3
Imprisoning the destroyers of the
ViNP
5 1,3
Solving the socio-economic
problems of the population
26 6,6
Clarify by tracing the boundaries
of the ViNP
6 1,5
Reviewing the boundaries of the
NVP in collaboration with the
public
30 7,6
Integrating all local players into
the management of the ViNP
110 27,9
Low-priced power grants that
embers
10 2,5
Allowing people to fend for
themselves in the park
23 5,8
Sharing land in the park 26 6,6
Raising awareness about
protecting the environment
24 6,1
Don’t know 15 3,8
Having a responsible government
that cares about community
problems
9 2,3
Cultivating a humanist spirit with
park rangers
3 ,8
Putting park management back in
the hands of the public or other
environmental partners
13 3,3
Restoring collaboration between
ViNP managers and the public
74 18,8
Reforestation of areas along the
park
3 ,8
Total 394 100,0
This table shows that 110 out of 394 respondents or 27.9%
believe that the solution lies in the integration of all local
players in the management of the ViNP compared to 74
out of 394 respondents or 18.8% who think that
collaboration between ViNP managers and the population
should be restored. And the other respondents give their
solution given the table.
Table 9: Crossing the variable working with managers and
reports
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What are your
relationships with
the ViNP
managers
Total
Harmoni
ous
Confli
cts
Work
with
the
ViNP
manag
er
Yes Effecti
ve
69 24 93
% 17,5% 6,1% 23,6%
No Effecti
ve
70 231 301
% 17,8% 58,6% 76,4%
Total Effecti
ve
139 255 394
% 35,3% 64,7% 100,0%
In view of this table we note that out of 93 respondents are
23.6% who recognize good collaboration with managers,
69 respondents or 17.5% are harmonious versus 6.1% who
are confrontational. Second, of the 301 respondents,
76.4%; 70 respondents or 17.8% are harmonious despite
therefore not collaborating against 58.6% whose
relationships are conflicting.
Assuming that, as a result of the anthropogenic activities
and activities of armed groups, the ICCN, in collaboration
with the Congolese state, is implementing the protection of
biodiversity as the only current means of governance of
the ViNP. To check the square-test between the
collaboration of the actors and the public relations with the
managers; We assume that these two variables are
independent; hence the collaboration of the population
with the actors do not totally influence their relations. To
answer this hypothesis the square-test gives us the
following:
We find from this table that the P (0,000) is smaller than
the threshold of 0.05 and therefore we affirm that the
reference hypothesis according to which following the
anthropogenic activities and activities of armed groups, the
ICCN in collaboration with the Congolese State are
implementing the protection of biodiversity as the only
current means of governance of the ViNP, the cooperation
of actors depends on current relations with the population;
so we understand that both variables are dependent.
Table 10: Test of square to assess the connection between the collaboration of actors with the populations and the
relationships between them.
Khi-square test
Value Degree of
freedom
Asymptotic mean
(bilateral)
Sig.exact
(bilaterale)
Sig.exact
(unilaterale)
Square test of Pearson 80,737a
1 ,000
Correction for continuity 78,521 1 ,000
Report of plausibility 78,832 1 ,000
Test exact de Fisher ,000 ,000
Association linéaire par
linéaire
80,532 1 ,000
N observations valides 394
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Fig.7: Illustrative chart of collaboration between managers and report status
V. DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS
Our study shows that the integration of the community in
the management of the ViNP can reduce its degradation
while the lack of collaboration contributes more to the
degradation of the Park. To overcome this situation; it is
necessary to collaborate between actors, in our results 301
out of 394 respondents or76.4% do not know the existing
collaboration between ViNP agents with the local
population see Figure No. 3 and No. 4 ,In this perspective
Bamba shows in his study on the anthropisation and
spatial-temporal dynamics of Forest Landscape in the
DRC that the socio-economic, political and environmental
issues require dialogue and collaboration between actors
finally to limit the conflict related to management.
Badly for the management of the ViNP, the climate
remains tense between the local population and the
managers of Virunga National Park who are suspicious of
each other. , on the one hand the local population believes
that ViNP is their environment of origin left by their
ancestors and on the other hand the agents of the ICCN
consider the local population as the category of non-
intellectual, unformed and above all uninformed of the
importance of the Park. Therefore, to avoid conflicts, park
managers will have to consider an area reserved for the
access of the population for multiple uses (grazing cows,
cultivating, building, fishing, etc.). Apart from access, it is
also necessary to redefine the mode of profit-sharing
regenerated by the population-to-population park and the
PNVi, i.e. the local population can find its account in the
income of the park as a result of creating a conflict
resolution committee incorporating representatives of the
population, local leaders and representatives of the ICCN.
The contribution of NGOs and local associations is
essential in conflict-related solutions as they play a buffer
role between the local population and ICCN officials.
61.4% that the relationship is harmonious between the
local population and the ONGs see Figure 5 and
Table No.6.So the NGs and local associations would serve
as opportunities to seize in the resolution of related
conflicts to the management of the ViNP because there is
no real resolution committee except what they call
COCOSI (Community of Site Coordination) a kind of
framework that brings together park managers and some
members of communities corrupted by them to participate,
this meeting is often held twice a year during which
nothing is discussed or decided in terms of access and
sharing of the benefits of the ViNP between managers and
, rather than following the sad presentations of annual
accomplishments by park managers. According to our
respondents, they even manage to give painfully and
mockingly the numbers of people killed during the years,
who are nevertheless poor members of their community
caught in the park looking for a way to live. Usually, in
case of conflict, Vi NP managers make arrests against
indexed persons and transfer him to the central prison
often in Goma. It is important to materialize the
Community Conservation Committee (CCC) in the ViNP,
besides it is a framework recognized by the ICCN and the
DRC in its national biodiversity conservation strategy, it
Graph of barre
Effective
What your
report with the
management of
VNP
Collaboration between managers and report
status
Yes No
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can reduce the conflict between the riparian population and
the managers of the ViNP.
VI. CONCLUSION
The aim of this article was to conduct an analysis in the
sustainable management of ViNP and to see the level of
integration of the local community in its sustainable
protection. To achieve this goal we surveyed 394 people as
a riverside population in the 4 territories of North Kivu.
After analysing the results, it is noted that the local
population has been stripped of their traditional property
rights, i.e. their freedom to act in the territories that were
theirs before the creation of the ViNP. To counter the
pressure from this population the colonial authorities had
imposed the laws the fines for anything that can cross the
boundaries of the protected area, it has created a climate of
frustration until now and it is the very main cause of the
conflict between the ICCN and the local community.
Subsequently, collaboration is almost non-existent
between the players involved in the management of the
ViNP ".... Absolutely nothing, no collaboration in the true
sense; only when they have an activity to carry out of their
choice outside of the ViNP they inform by press release
this is the form of collaboration with these managers of the
ViNP. What prevents collaboration according to the local
community is their pride through their police and
exclusion systems management of the ViNP. What can
allow collaboration between population and managers of
the Park is the dialogue through the establishment of a
framework of consultation first, then integrate the
population in the co-management of the park, and also
create the system of access to the resources of the Park and
sharing of interests regenerated by the park, without taxing
the population. So the new governance policy of the ViNP
will have to be based on the presence of local authorities,
local NGOs in collaboration with the local population, we
believe that the ViNP will be a place of protection for
everyone by applying this integrationist approach which is
the Landscape approach, especially since police methods
of protection have only exacerbated the conflicts between
park managers and local people. Therefore, the current
conservation policy is highly contested by the local
population, hence the openness to other actors for the
sustainable management of the ViNP.
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