This document discusses various types of earth moving equipment used in construction projects. It describes excavation equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clamshell buckets used to excavate earth and load trucks. It also covers excavating and earth moving equipment like scrapers and bulldozers used to dig and transport materials over long distances. Finally, it summarizes earth compacting equipment like smooth drum rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and pneumatic tyred rollers used to compact excavated earth in embankments and prepare surfaces for construction.

1. EARTH MOVING
EQUIPMENTS

2. Introduction
• Construction equipments can be classified into:
 Earth moving Equipment
 Hauling Equipment
 Hoisting Equipment
 Conveying Equipment
 Aggregate and concrete production Equipment
 Pile driving Equipment
 Tunnelling and rock drilling Equipment
 Pumping and dewatering Equipment

3. Earth Moving Equipment
They can be further classified into
 Excavating Equipment
 Excavating and Earth moving Equipment
• Operations such as excavation, digging of large quantities
of earth, moving, compacting, levelling etc. are performed
using earth moving equipment.

4. Excavation Equipment
1 Power Sovels
• Used to excavate earth and to load the trucks.
• Can excavate all types of earth, except hard rock.
• It may crawler or wheel mounted.
• Crawler mounted have low speed but effective in unstable
soil.
• Wheel mounted are effective on firm ground.

5. • Its size depend upon size of work.
• Size of power shovel (bucket size) varies from 0.375 to 5 m³

6. Operation
• It shall moved into the required position.
• Bucket stick is lowered and cables are moved such a way
that the bite is made into the ground.
• By moving the bucket forward the earth get excavated.
• Then the bucket is swung back to the required position and
by opening the flap the excavated earth is unloaded into
the truck.

7. Applications
• Suitable for close range works.
• Capable of digging hard materials
• Used in various types of jobs, such as digging in road
works, gravel banks etc.
Output
Depends on
• Class of material
• Depth of cutting
• Angle of swing
• Job condition
• Skill of operator

8. 2 Back Hoe
• An excavating machine.
• Used to excavate natural surface on which it rests.
• To excavate trenches, grading works which require
precise control of depths.

9. Operations
• Digging action results from the drag or pull of bucket
towards the machine.
• The boom is set at desired angle.
• The hoist cable is pulled in and the drag cable is
released, thus moving the bucket to required position.
• By pulling the cable the bucket is filled.
• The bucket is lifted by raising the boom and then
swinging to dumping position.
Applications
• Suitable for digging below machine level.
• Can be efficiently used to trim or dress the surface
avoiding manual effort.

10. 3 Drag Line
• It has a long light crane boom and the bucket is loosely
attached to boom through cables.
• It can dig and dump over larger distances than a shovel
can do.
• Used for digging below its track level and handling softer
material.
• Drag lines can be crawler or wheel or truck mounted.
•

11. Operations
• Bucket is lowered by releasing both drag and hoist cable.
• Hoist cable is slackened and the drag pull is applied
• The earth get filled up and the bucket attains a horizontal
position.
• When required dumping height is obtained, the is swung
to the position of dumping and the drag brake is applied.
Applications
• Used for digging softer material
• It has long reaches
• Can be used in the excavation of canal

12. 4 Clamshell
• Bucket is in the shape of a shell fish.
• The front end consist of crane boom with a specially
designed bucket.

13. Operations
• Bucket is lowered with the shells open till a good contact is
made with the ground.
• Then the shells are closed
• The weight of the bucket enables it to dig into the material,
thereby filling it.
• Then hoisted and swung to the position of dumping.
Applications
• Used for handling loose materials such as crushed rocks,
gravel etc.
• Can be used for removing materials from cofferdams,
sewer manholes etc.

14. 5 Trenching Machines
• Used for excavating trenches for laying pipelines, sewers,
cables etc.
• Quick operation giving required depth and width.
Wheel Type
• Depth upto 3 m.
• Width - .3 m to .6 m.
• Power driven wheel provided with no. of detachable
buckets.
• A belt conveyor is used for discharging the earth.

15. Ladder Type
• Consist of a telescopic ladder or a boom.
• Depth upto 10 m.
• Width of 3 m.
• Not suitable for muddy and rocky soils.
• With the help of gears speed can be adjusted.
• There are two endless chains on which detachable
buckets are mounted.

16. EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING
EQUIPMENTS
1 Scrapers
• Used for digging and long distance hauling of ploughable
materials.
• A self operating machine which digs and picks up its
own load through scrapping the ground and hauls it over
the required distance.
• They are either cable or hydraulically operated.
• Classified depending on the type tractor used to pull
them
crawler tractor pulled
wheel tractor pulled

18. 2 Bull Dozers
• Consist of heavy steel blade mounted on the front of the
tractor.
• Blade pushes the material from one place to another.
• Tractor can be wheel or crawler type.
Classification
Based on
1. Position of Blades
a) With blades perpendicular to the direction of movement
(bull dozers)
b) Blades set in angle with the direction of movement(angle
dozers)

19. 2. Based on mounting
a) Wheel mounted
b) Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control
a) Cable controlled
b) Hydraulically controlled

20. 3 Tractors
• Used for pushing and pulling other equipments
or heavy loads.
• Used for agricultural purposes.
• Tractors can be classified into
Crawler Type
• Speed does not exceed 12kmph.
• Used to move bull dozers, scrapers and wagons on
rough roads.
• Not used in bituminous road.
• It consist of chains which can effectively pull machines
in loose or muddy soil.

21. Wheel Type
• Speed can exceed 50kmph.
• Used for long distance hauling in good roads.
• Engine is mounted on 4 wheels.

22. Earth Compacting Equipment
1. Smooth Wheel rollers
2. Sheep foot rollers
a) Ordinary sheep foot roller
b) Convertible roller
c) Turn foot roller
3. Pneumatic tyred roller

23. Smooth wheel rollers
• Plain steel rollers, self propelled type.
• Weight – 5 t0 15 tonnes
• Used for ordinary rolling work where deep
compaction is not required, the principle
application being in road work.
• They have one front and 2 rear wheels
• The rear wheels has larger diameter and front
one being wider.
• The weight of the roller can be increased by
using hollow wheels which can be filled with
water or sand ballast.
• They compact only the top small thickness of
earth and its effect does not reach the bottom.

24. Sheet Foot Rollers
• For compacting earth in embankments and canals where
compaction deep into the layers is required.
• They produces good compaction throughout the thickness
of the layer when the soil is clay or cohesive and
impervious.
• The roller consist of hollow steel drum and have projected
feet or projections mounted on the surface which are
arranged around the wheel at 100 to 200 mm c/c along the
axis.
• Weigh upto 15 tonnes or more and travel at a speed of
25km/h.
• As roller moves over the surface, the feet penetrate the
soil to produce a kneading action and a pressure to mix
and compact the soil from bottom to top.
• Penetration of feet decreases after repeated passages

25. Pneumatic Tyred Rollers
• Consist of a base or platform mounted between two axles,
the rear of which has one more wheel than the front.
• The tyres must be so arranged that the tracks of the
forward wheels lie in between the tracks of the backward
wheels.
• Most suitable for compacting fine grained soil and well
graded sands.
• They are self propelled and the ballasting id done using
either water, sand or pig iron to increase the self weight
• Major advantage – ability to control the ground contact
pressure by
• Altering the weights of machine
• Increasing the no. of wheels
• Increasing the tyre width & changing the contact area of
tyre