To be able to secure and safety the equipment and the workers who work in the power plant area Berau 2 x 7 MW, of course, required the earthing system design quality, reliable and efficient whereby the grounding grid resistance, voltage step and touch voltage according to the calculations contained in IEEE Std 80 -2000. This research will discuss the evaluation of system design with respect to the value of earthing resistance grounding grid, mesh voltage and step voltage. Evaluation parameters - parameters according to calculations published in IEEE Std 80-2000. Results from this study is the need for improvements to the design value of the voltage step and touch voltage is actually one - each 219.03 V and 383.29 V, which is greater than the voltage step and touch voltages are allowed each - amounting to 164.86 V for weight 50 kg; 223.13 V for weights 70 kg and 128.21 V to weight 50 kg; 173.53 V to 70 kg weight.
Proteksi Tenaga Listrik merupakan alat pemutus dan penyambung pada suatu rangkaian sehingga jika pada rangkaian mengalami suatu gangguan maka alat yang digunakan untuk memutuskan dan menghubungkan dari suatu rangkaian dalam kadaan berbeban disebut pemutus tenaga (PMT) atau Circuit Breaker/CB.
Dimana alat tersebut dilengkapi dengan alat pemadam busur api sedangkan untuk memisahkan dari rangakain tanpa beban digunakan saklar pemisah beban atau Disconnecting switch (DS). Dimana alat ini hanya digunakan jika CB pemutus tenaga telah terbuka untuk memisahkan rangkaian
Gardu Induk (GI) adalah suatu pusat pembagi daya ke beban tertentu pada suatu daerah tertentu pula. Dari gardu inilah dihubungkan ke beban atau ke konsumen melalui saluran atau jaringan distribusi.
Fungsi utama dari instalasi tenaga listrik yang ada pada gardu induk ialah menurunkan tegangan dari tagangan tinggi ke tegangan menengah dengan peralatan utamanya adalah step down transformer Begitu Pula sebaliknya disebut Step Up Transforrmer
Proteksi Tenaga Listrik merupakan alat pemutus dan penyambung pada suatu rangkaian sehingga jika pada rangkaian mengalami suatu gangguan maka alat yang digunakan untuk memutuskan dan menghubungkan dari suatu rangkaian dalam kadaan berbeban disebut pemutus tenaga (PMT) atau Circuit Breaker/CB.
Dimana alat tersebut dilengkapi dengan alat pemadam busur api sedangkan untuk memisahkan dari rangakain tanpa beban digunakan saklar pemisah beban atau Disconnecting switch (DS). Dimana alat ini hanya digunakan jika CB pemutus tenaga telah terbuka untuk memisahkan rangkaian
Gardu Induk (GI) adalah suatu pusat pembagi daya ke beban tertentu pada suatu daerah tertentu pula. Dari gardu inilah dihubungkan ke beban atau ke konsumen melalui saluran atau jaringan distribusi.
Fungsi utama dari instalasi tenaga listrik yang ada pada gardu induk ialah menurunkan tegangan dari tagangan tinggi ke tegangan menengah dengan peralatan utamanya adalah step down transformer Begitu Pula sebaliknya disebut Step Up Transforrmer
Jaringan Distribusi Tegangan Rendah atau biasa disingkat JTR adalah bagian hilir dari suatu sistem tenaga listrik. Melalui jaringan distribusi ini disalurkan tenaga listrik kepada para pemanfaat/pelanggan listrik. Mengingat ruang lingkup konstruksi jaring distribusi ini langsung berhubungan dan berada pada lingkungan daerah berpenghuni, maka selain harus memenuhi persyaratan kualitas teknis pelayanan juga harus memenuhi persyaratan aman terhadap pengguna dan akrab terhadap lingkungan. Konfigurasi Saluran Udara Tegangan Rendah pada umumnya berbentuk radial.
Transmisi (penyaluran) adalah Penyaluran energi listrik sehingga mempunyai listrik, maksud proses dan cara menyalurkan energi listrik dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya, misalnya :
Dari pembangkit listrik ke gardu induk.
Dari satu gardu induk ke gardu induk lainnya.
Dari gardu induk ke jaring tegangan menengah dan gardu distribusi.
Gardu distribusi adalah suatu bangunan gardu listrik berisi atau terdiri dari instalasi Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Menengah (PHB-TM), Transformator Distribusi (TD) dan Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Rendah (PHB-TR) untuk memasok kebutuhan tenaga listrik bagi para pelanggan baik dengan Tegangan Menengah (TM 20 kV) maupun Tegangan Rendah (TR 220/380V).
Sistem proteksi pada instalasi penyaluran, dengan ruang lingkup sistem proteksi pada Gardu Induk ( GI ) / Gardu Induk Tegangan Extra Tinggi (GITET ) dan Saluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi ( SUTT ) / Saluran Kabel Tegangan Tinggi ( SKTT ) / Saluran Tegangan Extra Tinggi ( SUTET ), harus mampu bekerja sesuai dengan tujuan dan persyaratan serta fungsinya yang ditentukan terhadap jenis gangguan yang terjadi. Karena apabila tidak mampu, akan mengakibatkan kerugian yang besar, dilihat dari segikerusakanyang lebih luas terhadap peralatan instalasi itu sendiri maupun tidak lancarnya penyaluran tenaga listrik.
System tenaga listrik adalah sekumpulan pusat listrik
Dan gardu induk yang satu sama lain dihubungkan oleh
Jaringan transmisi sehingga merupakan sebuah kesatuan
Interkoneksi. Biaya operasi dari system tenaga listrik pada
umumnya merupakan bagian biaya yang terbesar dari biaya
operasi suatu perusahaan listrik. Secara garis besar biaya
operasi dari suatu system tenaga listrik terdiri dari ;
Biaya pembelian tenaga listrik.
Biaya pegawai.
Biaya bahan bakar dan material operasi.
Biaya lain – lain.
Berbagai persoalan pokok yang dihadapi
dalam pengoperasian system tenaga listrik
antara lain;
Pengaturan frekuensi.
Pemeliharaan peralatan.
Biaya operasi.
Perkembangan system.
Tegangan dalam system.
Gangguan dalam system
Jaringan tegangan menengah atau sering disebut jaringan distribusi primer merupakan bagian dari sistem tenaga listrik antar gardu induk dan gardu distribusi. Pada jaringan distribusi primer umumnya terdiri dari jaringan tiga - fasa dengan menggunakan tiga atau empat kawat sebagai penghantar. Didalam penyalurannya pada jaringan distribusi primer menggunakan saluran kawat udara, kabel udara (areal cable) dan sistem kabel tanah dimana penggunaannya sesuai dengan tingkat keandalan yang dibutuhkan
Didalam sistem AC ada sistem satu fasa dan sistem tiga fasa. Sistem tiga fasa mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan sistem satu fasa karena :
1. Daya yang disalurkan lebih besar
2. Nilai sesaatnya konstan
3. Mempunyai medan magnet putar
PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENTANAHAN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR 150KV PULOGADUNG DENGA...SyamsirAbduh2
The purpose of this research is to design Grid-Rod earthing system on Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 150 kV Pulogadung based on IEEE Std. 80-2000. IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding uses Finite Element Method (FEM) to secure people and equipment around substation. By changing some configurations based on initial design, the section I grid size that will be applied are 7 x 4 meters with the number of parallel conductor in its length and width’s side are nx= 7 and ny= 10. The section II grid size are, 7 x 7 meters with the number of parallel conductor in its length and width’s side are nx= 3 dan ny= 5. Grid depth is 0.8 meters from the ground surface and the number of 3 meters earthing rod used are 14 pieces. This design results for grounding resistance is 0.112 Ohm, touch voltage is 642.5 Volts and step voltage is 433.8 Volts which have met the safety standard of IEEE Std. 80-2000.
Jaringan Distribusi Tegangan Rendah atau biasa disingkat JTR adalah bagian hilir dari suatu sistem tenaga listrik. Melalui jaringan distribusi ini disalurkan tenaga listrik kepada para pemanfaat/pelanggan listrik. Mengingat ruang lingkup konstruksi jaring distribusi ini langsung berhubungan dan berada pada lingkungan daerah berpenghuni, maka selain harus memenuhi persyaratan kualitas teknis pelayanan juga harus memenuhi persyaratan aman terhadap pengguna dan akrab terhadap lingkungan. Konfigurasi Saluran Udara Tegangan Rendah pada umumnya berbentuk radial.
Transmisi (penyaluran) adalah Penyaluran energi listrik sehingga mempunyai listrik, maksud proses dan cara menyalurkan energi listrik dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya, misalnya :
Dari pembangkit listrik ke gardu induk.
Dari satu gardu induk ke gardu induk lainnya.
Dari gardu induk ke jaring tegangan menengah dan gardu distribusi.
Gardu distribusi adalah suatu bangunan gardu listrik berisi atau terdiri dari instalasi Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Menengah (PHB-TM), Transformator Distribusi (TD) dan Perlengkapan Hubung Bagi Tegangan Rendah (PHB-TR) untuk memasok kebutuhan tenaga listrik bagi para pelanggan baik dengan Tegangan Menengah (TM 20 kV) maupun Tegangan Rendah (TR 220/380V).
Sistem proteksi pada instalasi penyaluran, dengan ruang lingkup sistem proteksi pada Gardu Induk ( GI ) / Gardu Induk Tegangan Extra Tinggi (GITET ) dan Saluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi ( SUTT ) / Saluran Kabel Tegangan Tinggi ( SKTT ) / Saluran Tegangan Extra Tinggi ( SUTET ), harus mampu bekerja sesuai dengan tujuan dan persyaratan serta fungsinya yang ditentukan terhadap jenis gangguan yang terjadi. Karena apabila tidak mampu, akan mengakibatkan kerugian yang besar, dilihat dari segikerusakanyang lebih luas terhadap peralatan instalasi itu sendiri maupun tidak lancarnya penyaluran tenaga listrik.
System tenaga listrik adalah sekumpulan pusat listrik
Dan gardu induk yang satu sama lain dihubungkan oleh
Jaringan transmisi sehingga merupakan sebuah kesatuan
Interkoneksi. Biaya operasi dari system tenaga listrik pada
umumnya merupakan bagian biaya yang terbesar dari biaya
operasi suatu perusahaan listrik. Secara garis besar biaya
operasi dari suatu system tenaga listrik terdiri dari ;
Biaya pembelian tenaga listrik.
Biaya pegawai.
Biaya bahan bakar dan material operasi.
Biaya lain – lain.
Berbagai persoalan pokok yang dihadapi
dalam pengoperasian system tenaga listrik
antara lain;
Pengaturan frekuensi.
Pemeliharaan peralatan.
Biaya operasi.
Perkembangan system.
Tegangan dalam system.
Gangguan dalam system
Jaringan tegangan menengah atau sering disebut jaringan distribusi primer merupakan bagian dari sistem tenaga listrik antar gardu induk dan gardu distribusi. Pada jaringan distribusi primer umumnya terdiri dari jaringan tiga - fasa dengan menggunakan tiga atau empat kawat sebagai penghantar. Didalam penyalurannya pada jaringan distribusi primer menggunakan saluran kawat udara, kabel udara (areal cable) dan sistem kabel tanah dimana penggunaannya sesuai dengan tingkat keandalan yang dibutuhkan
Didalam sistem AC ada sistem satu fasa dan sistem tiga fasa. Sistem tiga fasa mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan sistem satu fasa karena :
1. Daya yang disalurkan lebih besar
2. Nilai sesaatnya konstan
3. Mempunyai medan magnet putar
PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENTANAHAN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR 150KV PULOGADUNG DENGA...SyamsirAbduh2
The purpose of this research is to design Grid-Rod earthing system on Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 150 kV Pulogadung based on IEEE Std. 80-2000. IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding uses Finite Element Method (FEM) to secure people and equipment around substation. By changing some configurations based on initial design, the section I grid size that will be applied are 7 x 4 meters with the number of parallel conductor in its length and width’s side are nx= 7 and ny= 10. The section II grid size are, 7 x 7 meters with the number of parallel conductor in its length and width’s side are nx= 3 dan ny= 5. Grid depth is 0.8 meters from the ground surface and the number of 3 meters earthing rod used are 14 pieces. This design results for grounding resistance is 0.112 Ohm, touch voltage is 642.5 Volts and step voltage is 433.8 Volts which have met the safety standard of IEEE Std. 80-2000.
This paper presents 230 66 kV, substation grounding system and calculation results of required parameters. The grounding system is essential to protect people working or walking in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against the danger of electric shock. This paper provides the floor surface either assures an effective insulation from earth potential or effectively equipment to a close mesh grid. Calculations of grounding grid system in the substation area which the top soil layer resistivity is less than the bottom layer resistivity, can lessen the number of ground rod used in the grid because the value of Ground Potential Rise GPR is insignificantly different. Essential equations are used in the design of grounding system to get desired parameters such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum grid current, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and resistivity of soil. Calculations of three separate earthing body earth, neutral earth and main earthing are described. Zin Wah Aung | Aung Thike "Design of Grounding System for Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26641.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26641/design-of-grounding-system-for-substation/zin-wah-aung
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
Performance Analysis of Actual Step and Mesh Voltage of Substation Grounding ...Editor IJCATR
The performance of Earthing grid system is very important to ensure the human and protective devices in safe environment. Actual
Step and Mesh voltage of a substation must keep under the maximum allowable limits under fault condition. Ground potential rise, GPR is
greatly influence on actual step and mesh voltage of substation grounding system. Ground potential rise also mainly depends on the length and
numbers of ground rods and grid spacing. This paper presents performance analysis of actual step and mesh voltages of a substation grounding
system under the variance of length and number of ground rods. The performance result is also carried out by using current injection method and
with the help of MULTISIM simulation software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of transient enclosure voltages in gis (emtp simulation studies)eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of transient enclosure voltages in gis (emtp simulation studies)eSAT Journals
Abstract Transient Enclosure voltage is special case of very fast transient overvoltages which occurs due to disconnect switch operation or earth ground. Transient Enclosure Voltage appears on external of earthed enclosure of Gas Insulated Systems. Despite of proper grounding, this phenomenon indicates presence of high potentials on Gas Insulted System enclosures so the grounding system impedance is thoroughly examined and designed. In this study EMTP Software is used for analysis. Simulation was done by varying the different parameters. Variations of waveforms of the Transient Enclosure Voltage with various parameters have been studied. Index Terms: Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV), Gas Insulated System (GIS), Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR), Disconnector Switch
Threshold voltage model for hetero-gate-dielectric tunneling field effect tra...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a two dimensional analytical model of the threshold voltage for HGD TFET structure has been proposed. We have also presented the analytical models for the tunneling width and the channel potential. The potential model is used to develop the physics based model of threshold voltage by exploring the transition between linear to exponential dependence of drain current on the gate bias. The proposed model depends on the drain voltage, gate dielectric near the source and drain, silicon film thickness, work function of gate metal and oxide thickness. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results of 2-D ATLAS simulator. Due to the reduction of the equivalent oxide thickness, the coupling between the gate and the channel junction enhances which results in lower threshold voltage. Tunneling width becomes narrower at a given gate voltage for the optimum channel concentration of 10 16 /cm 3 . The higher concentration in the source (N s ) causes a steep bending in the conduction and valence bands compared to the lower concentration which results in smaller tunneling width at the source-channel interface.
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
Apropos of the above topic, in this thesis we will deal with the problem while designing the grounding for the substation at the generation, transmission, and distribution end for all main and auxiliary equipment in the substation. In the working manual calculations based on IEEE and CBIP manual are done for better understanding. Soil resistivity, short circuit current, etc are required to initiate the calculation. An additional computer program used for comparing attainable and tolerable in both step and touch voltages, results between these two voltages conclude the safety of the grounding of the switch yard. In a very common word, we can say that the earth mat or grid is the CPU of the grounding system. Mohd Kamran Khan | Mr. Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Grounding System Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50406.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50406/grounding-system-analysis/mohd-kamran-khan
The purpose of this research is for the growth and development of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises to be able to help and improve the economy and absorb as much workforce as possible as well as
the introduction of regional superior products, especially Micro and Medium Enterprises. The analytical method
is carried out through explanatory research, with the PLS/SEM application. The concepts and problems studied
look at the causal relationship, then explain the variables that cause the problems studied. The research sample
was 178 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the South Tangerang area. The findings from this study are
that there is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate entrepreneurship on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on business model innovation. There is a positive influence of business model innovation on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on firm performance mediated by business model innovation. Theoretical implications of the
existence of a business model innovation through increasing its dimensions can increase the firm performance of
Micro and Medium Enterprises actors and can increase the trust and loyalty of related parties. Improving and
developing production quality first, paying attention to development and innovation. Strategic orientation will
provide a good indication of the firm performance of Micro and Medium Enterprises. Managerial implications
state that product quality, in the process of involving strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship, all entrepreneurs with third parties is very close, so that cooperation and conformity of
technical specifications to the wishes of the community must be a top priority. The quality of Micro and Medium
Enterprises actors in terms of cooperation, production quality, performance of divisions such as decision
makers, is a picture that can be felt by the community or parties who work together, so that these various
qualities must be a priority for the improvement of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
ANALISIS LAJU PENUAAN ISOLASI KERTAS MENGGUNAKAN ESTER BASED OIL PADA TRANSFO...SyamsirAbduh2
Transformer oil function as the cooling medium and electrical insulation component in power transformer. It has to follow minimum acceptable criteria as regulated in international standard, as IEC standard. In general, the most transformer oil used in power transformer is mineral oil. Due to the sustainability of the raw material and the bad impact to the environment, it is important to find the new transformer oil as alternative to the mineral oil. The intention of this reseeach is to study the characteristic of the ester based oil: breakdown voltage, tangen delta and color. Analyis was performed by comparing the characteristic from both oils, and reviewed the parameters against the minimum criteria as required by IEC standard. Based on the analysis, ester based oil fulfill criteria and can be used for the transformer oil. Furthermore, based on the degree polymerization test result from the paper insulation immersed in both oils, it can be concluded that the insulation paper immersed in ester based oil has slower aging rate than insulation paper immersed in mineral oil.
Analisis Kuat Hantar Arus-Sekararum & S.Abduh.pdfSyamsirAbduh2
The city’s rapid growth is in line with the increasing demand for electricity consumption. The use of
underground cable channels is one that is commonly used as a transmission medium from one substation
to another, especially in big cities where there are many skyscrapers. In Jakarta, the 150 kV electric
power transmission between GI uses Underground Cable (SKTT). Based on this, this research was
conducted to determine the conductivity of the current contained in the 150 kV SKTT power cable GI
Muara Karang Lama - GI Muara Karang Baru which crosses the river. To be able to perform these
calculations, there are several data that must be obtained in order to calculate the results of the overall
current conductivity. After obtaining the data, analysis and calculation, it then carried out with the two
methods, namely the conventional method or Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) and the cable bridges
method. The cable bridge method with a current carrying capacity of 1577.07 A can conduct electricity
better and is the right method for use at the Muara Karang Lama - Muara Karang Baru SKTT that passes
through the river compared to the conventional method (HDD) with the current carrying capacity is
relatively small, namely 1,309.10 A. This is because the value of a larger current carrying capacity for a
power cable can be better used for High Voltage Cable Line (SKTT) compared to the relatively smaller
current conductive strength.
BIS Complete Floating PV-Dianing & S.Abduh.pdfSyamsirAbduh2
One of the Indonesian goals is to reach 23% of renewable energy share in 2025. It is mentioned in the national energy
general (RUEN) that Indonesia has the potential for renewable energy about 443.208MW. However, only about 2% has been
utilized. These are caused by several reasons such as lack of land, high investment costs, and lack of information or research in
their field. As the capital city of Indonesia, the provincial government of DKI Jakarta is certainly in the spotlight regarding climate
change and pollution. Efforts were also made to reduce emissions. For example, the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) policy began to be
implemented in Kota Tua starting in February 2021. This is one of the efforts to reduce emissions in the cultural heritage area of
the old city and make the area cleaner. For this reason, this initial research is expected to help the development of science, especially
floating photovoltaic in the water surface area which is not large enough. With the existence of floating photovoltaic, the DKI
Provincial Government and PT. KAI can participate in utilizing new renewable energy. In addition, floating photovoltaic can also
be an attraction. and can also be an education for the community, especially for tourists visiting the Kota Tua which is one of the
tourist attractions in Jakarta. The result shows that the Kota Tua river potential is about 8.4MW which spread in rivers along the
Kota Tua area.
Photovoltaic and Diesel Power Plant Optimization for Isolated IslandSyamsirAbduh2
Photovoltaic (PV) and Diesel Generator (DG) hybrid
power plant system could be one of the solutions to increase
the renewable energy share and to reduce the fuel consumption
in isolated Island. Especially in Indonesia, where most of the
island supplied by DG. The goal of this study is to have the
optimized solution of the PV Diesel system without a battery in
Nusa Penida Island. It is assumed that new PV without a battery
will be installed to work with six existing DG with a capacity
of 1600 kW each to cover an average of 112 MWh/day load. By
having the irradiance data, load data, diesel, and PV specification,
the optimization can be done in HOMER Pro software. The
sensitivity analysis is focused on the minimum load ratio where
in this study it ranges from 25% to 80%. The result shows that
the optimized PV size for the system is 6150 kW and it could
cover 21% of the load, while the DG covers 79% of the total
load. The sensitivity analysis indicates that different minimum
load ratio affects the overall system performance. In the simple
case shown, the different number of DG minimum load ratios
can reduce fuel consumption by 5%.
Techno Economic Modeling for Replacement of Diesel Power PlantSyamsirAbduh2
Several problems occur in an old diesel power plant such as derating, low efficiency, high emission and noise decrease the performances of the systems. Besides, most of the old diesel power plants in Indonesia is still use High-Speed Diesel (HSD). In order to decide if the old diesel power plant is still feasible from the technical and economical point of view, a detailed analysis should be done. This paper proposes a model management tools to determine its techno-economic feasibility analysis from some factor such as cost, reliability, availability and economic life. This paper also propose the modeling calculation of Cost of Electricity (COE), Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost (EUAC) methods to determine in techno-economic. A simple case study is discussed. The result recommends for asset retirement without abandonment for the old diesel power plant and replacement with the new Power Plant using a dual fuel engine (Gas Fuel and Marine Fuel Oil (MFO)). From the new power plant, it also can be estimated the replacement should be carried out in 14th year for the future. Finally, model management tools can be used to facilitate decision making in similar cases in the diesel power plant.
Analysis of Modelling and Engineering Building Power Integration System Based...SyamsirAbduh2
The intensity of energy consumption for commercial buildings in Jakarta is quite high. It is around 240 kWH/m2/year by USAID-ASEAN, IFC and JICA. In Tokyo, the intensity of energy consumption is around 140 kWH/m2/year. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources releases about the usage of energy in Indonesia, it is said that the usage coal is 62.7%, gas 21.2%, oil 4.0% and renewable energy 11.4%. The government has made an electricity supply business plan for 2019-2028, it is stated that renewable energy 23%, oil 0.4%, gas 22.2% and coal 54.4%. The data from Emporis.GmBH state that the total number of buildings in Jakarta is 962 high-rise buildings and 244 skyscraper buildings. This research aim is to overcome the energy needs and reduce the cost of energy in a building, by utilizing the potential of renewable energy produced by the building. This research uses the literature study or library research method. This study found a source of renewable energy electricity, namely GTP with a capacity of 18.52 kW and generating an RPV of 126.9 kW with a total PEBT of 145.42 kW. An efficiency generating of 4,72% between PEFK and PEBT, 17.50% between PLAMP/STK with PEBT and 25.63% between PPUMP and PGTP. Based on the building power efficiency integration system, it shows that the renewable energy.
Hosting Capacity Analysis for Photovoltaic Rooftop in IndonesiaSyamsirAbduh2
The commitment to reduce emission in all over
the world can be depicted in the Paris Agreement. As one of the
countries involved, Indonesia made a target to increase the
share of renewable energy by 23% in 2030. Furthermore, the
incentive given by the government for the photovoltaic (PV)
rooftop might attract more people and increase the awareness
of renewable energy. However, the rising number of integrated
PV rooftop might have an impact on the grid and the overall
system. So, in order to make sure the reliability of the system,
the hosting capacity is needed. It is a maximum limit of how
much PV rooftop can be integrated into the distribution system
without disturbing the performance of the system. By
implementing the hosting capacity, is expected to avoid an
unnecessary problem like overloading, overvoltage, protection
failure or power quality problem. This paper discusses general
information of technical and economic policy of PV rooftop in
Indonesia and also a case to obtained hosting capacity. A radial
system which consists of three transformers (A, B, and C) is
observed. By using the active power method, the hosting
capacity in each point of load and also along the feeder can be
obtained. Next, the load is projected to increase by 10%, 20%,
30%, and up to 100% of installed capacity. Then, the hosting
capacity and transformer ratio is calculated and analyzed. The
result indicated that the PV limit from the government rules
affects the hosting capacity calculation where the PV projection
is equal as load projection. Finally, this paper is expected to be
used as guidance or source of information for the electricity
company before accepting more PV rooftop on the grid
Keywords—hosting capacity, distributed generation,
Design of Street Light Revitalitation using Dialux EVOSyamsirAbduh2
The development of road infrastructure and the
increasing density on the highway, especially in big cities like
the capital city of Jakarta, require adequate road equipment to
provide security and comfort for public road riders, especially
at night. One of the instruments supporting highway equipment
as a support for road user safety is the Public Street Lighting
(LPJU) lights. Currently the Kemayoran ExAirport area which
is managed by the Kemayoran Complex Management Center
still has a road width of 25 meters and uses high-powered street
lighting instruments but the illumination level is not optimal
with an average value of 11 lux for fast lanes with the SON-T
lamp type 400 watts. The purpose of this study is to optimize
the function of public street lighting in the Kemayoran Region
by planning revitalization / rejuvenation of street lighting (PJU)
using low power lighting with high lumens with Light Emitting
Diode (LED) Lighting technology. The method used in this
research is quantitative observations and calculations using
international standards and SNI with lighting simulations using
DIALux Evo software. The results of this study note that:
Public street lighting system Jl. The most suitable Benyamien
Sueb is to add a new PJU pole placement pattern in the middle
median with 235 Watt lamp power in the fast lane and the
existing pole with 140 Watt lamp power in the slow lane. This is
evidenced by the results of the Dialux Evo simulation which
shows the average value of lighting using LEDs reaching 48.7
lux (Fast Track) and 36.4 lux (Slow Track). This value has
fulfilled the SNI 7391: 2008 standard for public street lighting
with the classification of arterial-free roads.
One of the tasks of military forces is to defend the country. Furthermore, Indonesia has more than 300.000 people serve as a military force like army, navy, or air force and has to be ready anytime to serve the country. On the other hand, the usage of electricity in military activity is very important. Thus, having reliable and secure sources is mandatory. In addition, one of the advantages of a microgrid are reliability, security, and also clean energy, so having a military microgrid in Indonesia also means that it will help to achieve the Indonesian government target to increase 23% of renewable energy share by 2030. This paper discusses the overview of military microgrids and also a study case with techno-economic calculation for one of the military bases in Indonesia. By Importing the solar data, load data, diesel and also Photovoltaic (PV) data, HOMER Pro search the best combination of feasible solution with constrain given. The result proposes four different architecture combination of PV, Diesel, Battery on grid and off grid. The cheapest solution with backup is system 4 where the combination is consisting of PV and battery with on grid system with LCOE USD 0.024 and serve the 1124,86GWh/year load.
Analysis and Effect of Waste and Population Growth on Waste-Based Electric Energy Generation Potential and Energy Demand in Bantargebang TPST Environment Over time, the amount of population growth is directly proportional to the amount of waste generated in DKI Jakarta every day. The increasing number of existing residents is also directly proportional to the amount of energy demand in the following days. With the increasing amount of waste collected at the Bantargebang TPST, it will make it increasingly hilly without an effective solution. This study aims to analyze the possibility of using waste as a new renewable energy source to produce electricity if a Waste Power Plant (PLTSa) is built using the thermal gasification method. This study also aims to analyze the effect of electrical energy generated from waste on energy demand projections in the following years. This study uses the LEAP software to simulate PLTSa development with some data used by the latest conditions in 2022. This research concludes that the generated electrical energy does not significantly affect energy demand in the coming year where the potential for electrical energy generated from waste in DKI Jakarta in 2022 has the potential to generate 10.274.157,2 MWh or 37.090.820,2 GJ of electrical energy with a generation capacity of 1.563,79 MW.
Development Design of Lightning Protection System in Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-ESyamsirAbduh2
Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-E is a national vital object owned by one of several oil and gas companies in Indonesia, a company engaged in the oil and gas sector. The rig is a building used for drilling activities to extract natural resources from the earth. Due to the tall structure of the rig building and its location in an open area, it is susceptible to lightning strikes. The development of a lightning strike protection system for this rig is necessary due to disruptions experienced in 2020, which affected electrical installations, control networks, telecommunications, and instrumentation at the rig, all caused by lightning strikes. This study will utilize several standards, including PUIPP (General Guidelines for Lightning Protection Installations), Permen No. 31 of 2015, NF C 17-102 2011, and IEC-62305. The rolling sphere method and radius of protection will be employed as methods of lightning strike protection. Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-E experiences a direct lightning strike frequency value (Nd) of 3,029 lightning strikes per year, with a building lightning strike equivalent area (Ae) of 103,922.57 m2. The value of the intensity of lightning strikes to the ground (Ng) is measured at 29.15 lightning strikes per km2 per year, corresponding to a level I protection level. The recommended protection radius is 20 meters, and the average grounding resistance value is 0.1925 Ω. Additionally, this study introduces an internal lightning protection system using a surge protection device (SPD). Keywords—Lightning Protection, Rig, Electrostatic, ESEAT,
Transformer BAT.12 PLTGU Priok is a power transformer which has an important role in distributing electrical power from PLTGU Priok to the load network. BAT 12 transformer which has been operating for a long time will certainly experience a decrease in standard and quality due to electrical, thermal, mechanical, chemical, and aging factors. One of the decreases in the standard and quality of the transformer is the decrease in the quality of the winding insulation. During the last two years of operation, there were several disturbances in the BAT. 12 PLTGU Priok transformer. Based on the Maximo 201819647 work order, there is a disturbance that can damage the isolation on the transformer. To determine the condition of the isolation quality and anticipate unexpected transformer breakdowns, it is necessary to test the transformer standard parameters. This test includes testing the insulation quality of the transformer windings. The Tangent Delta, Insulation Resistance and Dielectric Frekeuncy Respone test methods were carried out to determine the standard parameters of the dissipation factor, insulation resistance, polarity index, moisture content and oil conductivity. The test results are Tangent Delta of <0.5%, Oil conductivity of <6.7 pS / m, moisture content of <1.5%, HV / LV Insulation Resistance of 538 MΏ and polarity index of 2.76. The results of this test show that the transformer is still in good condition.
Development Design of Lightning Protection System in Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-ESyamsirAbduh2
Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-E is a national vital object owned by one of several oil and gas companies in Indonesia, a company engaged in the oil and gas sector. The rig is a building used for drilling activities to extract natural resources from the earth. Due to the tall structure of the rig building and its location in an open area, it is susceptible to lightning strikes. The development of a lightning strike protection system for this rig is necessary due to disruptions experienced in 2020, which affected electrical installations, control networks, telecommunications, and instrumentation at the rig, all caused by lightning strikes. This study will utilize several standards, including PUIPP (General Guidelines for Lightning Protection Installations), Permen No. 31 of 2015, NF C 17-102 2011, and IEC-62305. The rolling sphere method and radius of protection will be employed as methods of lightning strike protection. Rig PDSI #38.2/D1000-E experiences a direct lightning strike frequency value (Nd) of 3,029 lightning strikes per year, with a building lightning strike equivalent area (Ae) of 103,922.57 m2. The value of the intensity of lightning strikes to the ground (Ng) is measured at 29.15 lightning strikes per km2 per year, corresponding to a level I protection level. The recommended protection radius is 20 meters, and the average grounding resistance value is 0.1925 Ω. Additionally, this study introduces an internal lightning protection system using a surge protection device
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
ANALISIS DESAIN SISTEM GRID PENTANAHAN PLTU BERAU KALIMANTAN TIMUR 2 X 7 MW
1. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
ANALISIS DESAIN SISTEM GRID PENTANAHAN
PLTU BERAU KALIMANTAN TIMUR 2 X 7 MW
Syamsir Abduh & Mulia Sulistiani
Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Trisakti
Jl. Kiai Tapa No 1, Grogol, Jakarta Barat 11410
E-mail: syamsir@trisakti.ac.id
ABSTRACT
To be able to secure and safety the equipment and the workers who work in the power plant
area Berau 2 x 7 MW, of course, required the earthing system design quality, reliable and
efficient whereby the grounding grid resistance, voltage step and touch voltage according to
the calculations contained in IEEE Std 80 -2000. This research will discuss the evaluation of
system design with respect to the value of earthing resistance grounding grid, mesh voltage
and step voltage. Evaluation parameters - parameters according to calculations published in
IEEE Std 80-2000. Results from this study is the need for improvements to the design value
of the voltage step and touch voltage is actually one - each 219.03 V and 383.29 V, which is
greater than the voltage step and touch voltages are allowed each - amounting to 164.86 V
for weight 50 kg; 223.13 V for weights 70 kg and 128.21 V to weight 50 kg; 173.53 V to 70
kg weight.
Keywords: grounding system, touch and step voltage, conductor area
ABSTRAK
Sistem pentanahan yang berkualitas, handal dan efisien adalah merupakan persyaratan
utama dalam merancang suatu sistem pentahanan untuk dapat mengamankan peralatan dan
para pekerja di area pembangkit. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis desain Grid
Pentanahan PLTU Berau 2x7 MW oleh Konsultan Perencana berdasarkan metode IEEE
Std 80-2000. Analisis dilakukan terhadap beberapa parameter berupa luas penampang
konduktor, nilai tahanan grid pentanahan tegangan sentuh dan tegangan langkah. Hasil
dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlu adanya perbaikan desain dengan nilai tegangan
langkah dan tegangan sentuh sebenarnya masing – masing 219,03 V dan 383,29 V, yang
lebih besar dari tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh yang diperbolehkan masing –
masing sebesar 164,86 V untuk bobot 50 kg; 223,13 V untuk bobot 70 kg dan 128,21 V untuk
bobot 50 Kg;173,53 V untuk bobot 70 Kg.
Kata kunci: Grid pentanahan, Tegangan langkah, Tegangan Sentuh, Luas penampang
konduktor
2. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
96
1. PENDAHULUAN
PLTU Berau yang memiliki kapasitas daya 2 x 7 MW didesain untuk
memenuhi beban listrik di daerah Kalimantan Timur. Setiap pusat listrik yang baru
dibangun harus memiliki sistem pentanahan yang baik agar meningkatkan
keandalan dari pembangkit itu sendiri agar dapat melayani kebutuhan beban dengan
baik [1]. Untuk itu analisis sistem pentanahan perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan
sebuah pembangkit layak untuk dioperasikan [2].
Pada perencanaan dari suatu sistem pentanahan, ada beberapa hal yang perlu
diperhatikan [3] seperti, jenis tanah di sekitar area yang akan dibangun pembangkit,
serta bentuk konfigurasi penanaman elektroda di dalam tanah. Kedua hal itu sangat
berhubungan erat dalam mendapatkan sistem pentanahan yang baik dan aman bagi
pembangkit tersebut [4].
Analisis pentanahan yang dilakukan dengan memperhatikan nilai tahanan
tanah, tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh [5]. Apabila nilai tahanan tanah,
tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh yang terukur melebihi nilai standard yang
ditentukan oleh PT PLN (Persero), maka desain pentanahan harus diperbaiki ulang
dan tidak bisa dipakai untuk desain pentanahan untuk PLTU Berau 2 x 7 MW [3].
2. DESAIN GRID PENTANAHAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK
2.1. Penentuan Luas Penampang Konduktor Minimum
Setiap arus gangguan akan membebankan suatu stress thermal (panas) pada
setiap konduktor pentanahan. Stress ini terkait pada besarnya arus gangguan dan
durasi gangguan yang seharusnya tidak boleh menghancurkan konduktor pentanahan
tersebut. Maka besarnya konduktor yang digunakan untuk pentanahan besarnya
dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan (1) berikut [2]:
Amm
2
=
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
√(
𝑇𝐶𝐴𝑃 𝑥 10−4
𝑡𝑐.∝𝑟.ρr
)𝑙𝑛(
𝐾𝑜+ 𝑇𝑚
𝐾𝑜+ 𝑇𝑐
)
(1)
Dimana: Irms adalah arus gangguan (kA), Amm
2
adalah luas penampang konduktor
pentanahan (mm2
), tc adalah lama terjadinya gangguan (s), αr adalah koefisien
3. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
97
panas resistivitas material pada temperature referensi Tr (1/o
C), ρr adalah resistivitas
konduktor pentanahan pada temperatur referensi Tr (µΩ.cm), Tm adalah batas
temperatur maksimum yang dapat ditahan oleh material (o
C), Tc adalah temperatur
tanah disekitar lokasi (o
C), Ko adalah koefisien, yang nilainya
1
∝𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢
1
∝𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟(0
C)
Nilai αr, ρr, Tm, Ko dan TCAP (Kapasitas Termal per satuan volume ( Joule/cm3
.o
C))
dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.
Tabel 1. Parameter berdasarkan konduktor yang digunakan [2].
Material
Kondu
ktifitas
Materi
al (%)
αr pada
20o
(1/o
C)
Ko
pada
Temp
Maks
TM
(o
C)
Ρr pada
20 ◦
C
(µΩ.cm)
Kapasitas
Thermal
TCAP
(J/cm3.◦
C)
Tembaga Pilin Lentur 100,1 0,00393 234 1083 1.72 3.42
Tembaga Umum Kaku 97.0 0.00381 242 1084 1.78 3.42
Tembaga Lapis Baja- Kabel 40.0 0.00378 245 1084 4.40 3.85
Tembaga Lapis Baja- kabel 30.0 0.00378 245 1084 5.86 3.85
Batang Tembaga Lapis Baja 20.0 0.00378 245 1084 8.62 3.85
Alumunium tipe EC 61.0 0.00403 228 657 2.86 2.56
Campuran Aluminium 5005 53.5 0.00353 263 652 3.22 2.60
Campuran Aluminium 6201 52.5 0.00347 268 654 3.28 2.60
Kabel Aluminium lapis baja 20.3 0.00360 258 657 8.48 3.58
Baja 1020 10.8 0.00160 605 1510 15.90 3.28
Batang Stainles lapis baja 9.8 0.00160 605 1400 17.50 4.44
Batang Zinc berlapis baja 8.6 0.00320 293 419 20.10 3.93
Stainles Baja 304 2.4 0.00130 749 1400 72.00 4.03
2.2. Penentuan Nilai Tahanan Pentanahan
Sistem pentahanan yang baik menghasilkan tahanan tanah yang rendah
untuk meminimalisir nilai GPR (Ground Potential Rise). Nilai tahanan tanah untuk
substation dan stasiun pembangkit biasanya bernilai 1 Ω atau kurang. sedangkan
untuk substation jaringan distribusi rendah biasanya kisaran harga tahanan tanah
bernilai 1 – 5 Ω tergantung pada keadaan sekitar [4].
Estimasi total tahanan tanah terhadap bumi adalah langkah pertama dalam
menentukan ukuran dan rangcangan dasar dari suatu sistem pentanahan. Nilai
resistansi bergantung terutama kepada area yang akan dipasang sistem pentanahan,
yang telah diketahui pada tahap awal pembuatan desain. Sebagai pendekatan
4. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
98
pertama, nilai resistansi tanah minimum pada suatu pembangkit listrik, dengan tanah
yang seragam dapat diestimasi rata–rata dengan persamaan (2), dengan kedalaman
penanaman konduktor sama dengan 0 m berikut [2]:
𝑅𝑔 =
𝜌
4
√
𝜋
𝐴
(2)
Dimana: Rg adalah resistansi Tanah (Ω), ρ adalah resistivitas tanah (Ω.m), A adalah
luas area yang akan dipasang grid pentanahan (m2
).
Pendekatan selanjutnya dapat dengan menambahkan jumlah konduktor yang akan
ditanam dalam sistem pentanahan (LT), maka persamaan akan menjadi seperti
persamaan (3) berikut:
𝑅𝑔 =
𝜌
4
√
𝜋
𝐴
+
𝜌
𝐿𝑇
(3)
Kondisi selanjutnya adalah bahwa sistem pentanahan yang menggunakan
konduktor, akan memiliki suatu ketinggian pada kedalaman tanah jika dibandingkan
dengan menggunakan pelat metal. Perbedaan itu akan diperkecil dengan menambah
panjang konduktor yang ditanam, sehingga akan menghasilkan nilai 0 pada LT yang
tidak terhingga, dan itulah saatnya kondisi plat solid dapat terpenuhi. Maka
persamaannya, dengan menambahkan kedalaman konduktor ditanamkan dapat
dinyatakan dengan persamaan (4) berikut:
Rg = ρ |
1
𝐿𝑇
+
1
√20.𝐴
(1 +
1
1+ℎ√
20
𝐴
)| (4)
Dimana: LT adalah panjang konduktor total grid dan rod yang digunakan dalam
sistem grid pentanahan.
5. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
99
Bentuk Grounding grid dapat ditunjukan pada gambar 1 berikut:
Gambar 1. Bentuk grid pentahahan [IEEE 80-2000]
Dimana: D1 adalah jarak antar konduktor pada sumbu x, L1 adalah panjang
konduktor pentanahan pada sumbu x, n adalah banyaknya konduktor paralel pada
sumbu x, D2 adalah jarak antar konduktor pada sumbu y, L2 adalah panjang
konduktor pentanahan pada sumbu y, m adalah banyaknya konduktor paralel pada
sumbu y.
Untuk mencari panjang LT adalah dengan menambahkan panjang konduktor grid
pentanahan (Lg) dan panjang total rod pentanahan (Lr). Untuk mencari panjang total
grid pentanahan dapat menggunakan persamaan sebagai berikut:
Lg = L1.n + L2.m (5)
untuk mencari jarak antar konduktor (D1 dan D2), dapat digunakan persamaan
berikut:
D1 =
𝐿1
𝑛−1
(6)
D2 =
𝐿2
𝑚−1
(7)
6. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
100
2.3. Penentuan Arus Maksimum Grid Pentanahan
Arus grid maksimum merupakan arus terbesar yang mengalir pada grid
pentanahan pada saat terjadinya gangguan. Nilai arus grid maksimum dapat
ditentukan dengan persamaan (8) berikut:
IG = Df . Ig (8)
dengan nilai Ig yang dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan sebagai berikut:
Ig = If . Sf (9)
dengan memasukkan persamaan (9) ke dalam persamaan (8), maka didapatkan
persamaan akhir untuk menghitung arus grid maksimum adalah sebagai berikut:
IG = Df . If . Sf (10)
Dimana: Df adalah paktor pengurangan (Decrement Factor), If adalah arus hubung
singkat, Sf adalah faktor pembagi (Division Factor).
2.4. Perhitungan Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
Ground Potential Rise (GPR) adalah suatu tegangan maksimum yang dapat
dicapai oleh suatu grid pentanahan terhadap suatu titik pentanahan yang diasumsikan
memiliki potensial yang sama dengan potensial bumi. Nilai GPR ini diperoleh
dengan persamaan (11) berikut:
GPR = RG
. IG
(11)
Dimana: RG
adalah resistansi grid pentanahan (Ω), IG
adalah arus grid maksimum
(Ampere).
2.5. Penentuan Tegangan Sentuh dan Tegangan Langkah yang Diperbolehkan
Penentuan tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh yang diperbolehkan adalah
hal terpenting untuk menjamin amannya suatu desain pentahanan pembangkit listrik
7. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
101
,
[4]. Jika tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh untuk desai grid pentanahan yang
didapatkan nilainya berada di bawah nilai tegangan sentuh dan tegangan langkah
yang diperbolehkan, maka desain dapat dikatakan memenuhi syarat. Seseorang yang
berada dalam daerah pentanahan, mungkin masih akan terkena suatu shock saat
terjadinya gangguan, namum tidak akan menyebabkan ventricular fibrillation
(kondisi abnormal jantung yang dapat berujung pada kematian).
Tegangan sentuh dan tegangan langkah yang diperbolehkan dapat diperoleh
dengan persamaan (12), (13), (14) dan (15) berikut [2]:
1. Tegangan sentuh (Etouch) dan Tegangan Langkah (EStep) untuk bobot 50 kg
EStep = (1000 + 6 . Cs . ρs )
0,116
√𝑡𝑠
(12)
ETouch = (1000 + 1,5 . Cs . ρs )
0,116
√𝑡𝑠
(13)
2. Tegangan sentuh (Etouch) dan Tegangan Langkah (EStep) untuk bobot 70 kg
EStep = (1000 + 6 . Cs . ρs )
0,157
√𝑡𝑠
(14)
ETouch = (1000 + 1,5 . Cs . ρs )
0,157
√𝑡𝑠
(15)
Dimana: Cs adalah faktor koreksi, ρs adalah resistansi lapisan pelapis permukaan
tanah (Ω.m), ts adalah durasi terjadinya gangguan (s)
Nilai Cs merupakan faktor koreksi untuk resistansi kaki manusia jika tanah dilapisi
dengan permukaan tanah. Nilai Cs adalah 1 apabila permukaan tanah tidak
menggunakan lapisan tambahan, dan nilai ρs = ρ. Sedangkan untuk pembangkit yang
menggunakan lapisan tanah permukaan, nilai Cs menjadi:
Cs = 1 – (
0,09(1−
𝜌
𝜌𝑠
)
2ℎ𝑠+ 0,09
) (16)
8. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
102
Dimana: ρ adalah resistivitas tanah secara keseluruhan (Ω.m), ρs adalah resistivitas
lapisan permukaan tanah (Ω.m), hs adalah ketebalan lapisan permukaan tanah. (m)
2.6. Perhitungan Tegangan Mesh dan Tegangan Langkah yang Sebenarnya
i) Perhitungan Tegangan Mesh
Dalam merancang suatu sistem pentanahan grid, tegangan mesh dapat
diasumsikan sebagai tegangan sentuh yang mungkin terjadi di dalam mesh di dalam
grid pentanahan. Perhitungan tegangan mesh dan tegangan langkah sebenarnya akan
menentukan desain yang telah dibuat aman atau tidak untuk diterapkan dalam sistem
pentanahan untuk pembangkit listrik.
Nilai tegangan mesh dan tegangan langkah sebenarnya didapatkan dengan persamaan
berikut:
Em =
𝜌 . 𝐾𝑚 .𝐾𝑖 .𝐼𝐺
𝐿𝐶 + 𝐿𝑅
(17)
Persamaan (17) berlaku untuk desain grid pentanahan yang tidak dilengkapi dengan
batang pentanahan tambahan, atau disertai dengan beberapa batang pentanahan
tambahan, namun tidak diletakkan di sudut ataupun sekeliling grid pentanahan.
Untuk desain grid pentanahan dengan batang pentanahan yang diletakkan di sudut
dan di sekeliling grid pentanahan, nilai tegangan mesh didapatkan dengan persamaan
berikut:
E = m
𝜌 . 𝐾𝑚 . 𝐾𝑖 . 𝐼𝐺
𝐿𝑐 + |1,55+1,22 (
𝐿𝑟
√𝐿𝑥
2+ 𝐿𝑦
2
)|𝐿𝑅
(18)
Dimana: Km adalah faktor koreksi jarak untuk tegangan mesh grid, Ki adalah faktor
ketidakteraturan, ditentukan nilainya sebesar 0,644 + 0,148.n, n adalah nilai efektif
jumlah konduktor paralel dalam grid pentanahan, Lc adalah panjang total konduktor
pada grid pentanahan (m), Lr adalah panjang masing – masing batang pentanahan
9. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
103
(m), Lx adalah panjang total konduktor grid pentanahan yang searah sumbu x (m),
Ly adalah panjang total konduktor grid pentanahan yang searah sumbu y (m), LR
adalah panjang total batang pentanahan (m).
Nilai Km yang merupakan faktor koreksi untuk jarak antar konduktor dalam grid
pentanahan, dapat dihitung dengan persamaan berikut:
Km =
1
2𝜋
⌈𝑙𝑛 [
𝐷2
16 .ℎ .𝑑
+
(𝐷+2ℎ)2
8 .𝐷.𝑑
−
ℎ
4𝑑
] +
𝐾𝑖𝑖
𝐾ℎ
. ln [
8
𝜋(2𝜋−1)
]⌉ (19)
Dimana D adalah jarak antara konduktor paralel (m), d adalah diameter grid
pentanahan (m), h adalah kedalaman grid pentanahan ditanam (m), n adalah nilai
efektif jumlah konduktor paralel dalam grid pentanahan.
Nilai Kii yang merupakan faktor koreksi berat yang menyesuaikan efek dari
konduktor bagian dalam sudut mesh didapat dengan persamaan berikut:
Kii =
1
(2.𝑛 )
2
𝑛
⁄
(20)
Persamaan (20) berlaku apabila grid pentanahan tidak memiliki batang pentanahan,
ataupun memiliki sedikit batang pentanahan namun tidak ada yang letaknya di sudut
ataupun sekeliling grid pentanahan. Jika grid pentanahan memiliki batang
pentanahan disudut ataupun sekeliling grid pentanahan, maka nilai Kii yang berlaku
adalah 1.
Untuk nilai faktor koreksi berat yang menekankan terhadap efek kedalaman grid
pentanahan, didapat dengan persamaan:
Kh = √1 +
ℎ
ℎ0
(24)
Dengan menggunakan empat komponen yang dikembangkan di Thapar, Gerez,
Balakrishnan dan Blank, nilai efektif jumlah konduktor paralel dapat diberlakukan
untuk bentuk persegi panjang dan bentuk bukan persegi panjang yang
10. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
104
.
merepresentasikan jumlah konduktor paralel seperti pada jumlah konduktor paralel
pada grid bentuk persegi panjang, dengan persamaan:
n = na . nb . nc . nd (22)
dengan nilai – nilai na, nb, nc, dan nd adalah:
na =
2 . LC
Lp
(23)
Dimana: nb adalah bernilai 1, jika grid pentanahan berbentuk persegi, nc adalah
bernilai 1, jika grid pentanahan berbentuk persegi dan persegi panjang, nd adalah
bernilai 1, jika grid pentanahan berbentuk persegi, persegi panjang,dan bentuk L.
Jika tidak memenuhi bentuk–bentuk diatas, maka:
Nb = √
𝐿𝑃
4 .√𝐴
(24)
Nc = [
𝐿𝑥 . 𝐿𝑦
𝐴
]
0,7 . 𝐴
𝐿𝑥 . 𝐿𝑦
(25)
Nd =
𝐷𝑚
√𝐿𝑥
2
+ 𝐿𝑦
2
(26)
Dimana Lp adalah total panjang keliling grid pentanahan (m)
ii) Perhitungan Tegangan Langkah Sebenarnya
Nilai tegangan langkah merepresentasikan tegangan langkah maksimum yang
mungkin terjadi apabila terjadi gangguan. Nilai tegangan langkah didapat dengan
persamaan (26) berikut [IEEE 80-2000]:
Es =
𝜌 . 𝐾𝑠 . 𝐾𝑖 . 𝐼𝐺
𝑃𝑠
(27)
11. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
105
Dimana nilai Ls merupakan nilai efektif panjang konduktor grid yang ditanam.
Selanjutnya diperoleh persamaan (28):
Ls = 0,75 . Lc + 0,85 . LR (28)
Nilai dari faktor koreksi jarak dengan pertimbangan jarak kedalaman konduktor
ditanam dari 0,25 m < h <2,5 m untuk perhitungan tegangan langkah diperoleh
persamaan berikut:
Ks =
1
𝜋
⌈
1
2ℎ
+
1
𝐷+ ℎ
+
1
𝐷
(1 − 0,5𝑛−2)⌉ (29)
3. PERBAIKAN DESAIN GRID PENTANAHAN PADA SISTEM
PEMBANGKIT
Jika perhitungan yang didasarkan pada perhitungan desain awal mengindikasi
bahaya terjadinya perbedaan potensial di pembangkit, langkah–langkah berikut dapat
dilakukan untuk memperbaiki desain, berdasarkan IEEE std 80-2000 adalah sebagai
berikut:
1. Mengurangi total tahanan grid, pengurangan total tahanan grid akan
mengurangi nilai maksimum GPR, dan karenanya juga akan mengurangi
tegangan pindah maksimum. Cara yang paling efektif untuk mengurangi
tahanan grid adalah dengan memperluas area yang di lingkupi oleh grid
pentanahan.
2. Mengurangi area mesh, dengan cara menambahkan jumlah konduktor
disekeliling grid pentanahan. Dengan area mesh yang lebih luas, dapat
mengurangi besar tegangan mesh dan tegangan langkah disekitar grid
pentanahan.
3. Memperkecil jarak antar konduktor grid pentanahan, dengan memperkecil jarak
antar konduktor dapat memperkecil perbedaan potensial antar konduktor grid
pentanahan.
12. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
106
4. Mengalihkan arus gangguan ke jalur lain, dapat dilakukan dengan
menghubungkan kabel pentanahan pada saluran transmisi, atau dengan
menurunkan resistansi tanah yang menjadi pijakan menara disekitar
pembangkit, maka arus gangguan akan dapat dialihkan dari grid
pentanahan.
4. ANALISIS DAN HASIL PENELITIAN
Sistem pentanahan yang akan digunakan di PLTU Berau 2 x 7 MW berupa
konduktor yang ditanam secara vertikal dan horizontal membentuk kisi – kisi (grid)
ditambah dengan beberapa batang pentanahan yang diletakkan di tempat tertentu
bersama dengan konduktor grid. Sistem tersebut akan diletakkan diantara main
power house dan saluran transmisi 20 kV, dimana di tempat tersebut merupakan
tempat terjadinya arus hubung singkat.
Desain yang diajukan oleh Konsultan Perencana selaku kontraktor dapat dilihat
pada Tabel 2 berikut:
Tabel 2. Desain pentanahan oleh konsultan perencana
Desain Pentanahan
Panjang Batang Pentanahan (ground rod) (Lr) 6 m
Diameter setiap batang pentanahan (d2) 0,02 m
Jumlah ground yang terpasang (n) 4 buah
Panjang ground grid sepanjang sumbu x (Lx) 64,5 m
Panjang ground grid sepanjang sumbu y (Ly) 26 m
Jumlah sircuit parallel searah sumbu x (La) 6
Jumlah sircuit parallel searah sumbu y (Lb) 15
Luas daerah yang terlingkupi oleh grid (A) 1677 m2
Panjang keseluruhan konduktor grid (Lc) 777 m
Panjang total batang pentanahan (LR) 24 m
Panjang total batang pentanahan dan konduktor grid (LT) 801 m
Panjang setiap konduktor searah sumbu x (a) 4,6 m
Panjang setiap konduktor searah sumbu y (b) 5,2 m
Panjang keliling konduktor grid (Lp) 181 m
Tabel 3 berikut menunjukkan data resistivitas tanah yang terukur di
Lokasi PLTU Berau 2 x 7 MW dengan. jenis tanah di lokasi adalah Tanah Gembur
13. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
107
Tabel 3. Nilai resistivitas tanah di PLTU Berau 2 x 7 MW
Material Pelapis Tanah Bagian Atas Nilai Resistivitas
Ketebalan material pelapis permukaan tanah (hs) 0,12 m
Resistifitas tanah secara keseluruhan ( ρ). 16 Ω.m
Resistifitas material permukaan ( ρs )5
. 90 Ω.m
Hasil perhitungan disajikan dalam Tabel 4 berikut:
Tabel 4. Hasil perhitungan
Parameter Nilai Sebenarnya
Nilai yang Di
bolehkan
Nilai Tahanan Grid Pentanahan 0,19 173,53 V
Luas Penampang Konduktor
yang akan dipakai
120 mm2
berdasarkan perhitungan
didapatkan 88,70 mm2
Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 2850 V
Tegangan Sentuh 382,29 V
50 kg: 128,21 V
70 kg
Tegangan Langkah 219,03 V
50 kg: 164,86 V
70 kg: 223,13 V
Berdasarkan Tabel 4, tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh yang sebenarnya
nilainya masih lebih besar dari pada yang diperbolehkan, maka itu desain awal
Tidak Tepat untuk digunakan sebagai desain grid pentanahan PLTU Berau 2 x 7
MW, karena berpotensi menimbulkan gradien tegangan pada saat terjadinya
gangguan. Untuk itu perlu adanya perbaikan desain. Perbaikan desain pentanahan
menggunakan Software ETAP 7.5. Kelebihan dari software tersebut adalah adanya
optimasi mengenai jumlah konduktor yang digunakan dan jumlah circuit paralel
yang digunakan dalam grid pentanahan. Hasil perbaikan desain dapat dilihat pada
Tabel 5:
Tabel 5. Hasil perbaikan desain
Parameter Desain Lama Desain Baru
Jumlah Konduktor 6 8
Panjang Grid Pentanahan Searah sumbu x ( Lx) 64,5 m 60 m
Panjang Grid Pentanahan Searah sumbu y (Ly) 26 m 70 m
Jumlah Circuit Paralel Sumbu x (La) 6 27
Jumlah Circuit Paralel Sumbu y (Lb) 15 23
Panjang Tiap Konduktor Searah Sumbu x (a) 4,5 m 2,7 m
Panjang Tiap Konduktor Searah Sumbu y (b) 5,2 m 2,7 m
Luas Area Grid Pentanahan (A) 1677 m2
4200 m2
14. JETri, Volume 11, Nomor 2, Februari 2014, Halaman 95 - 109, ISSN 1412-0372
108
Dan pada Tabel 6 berikut menyajikan hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan desain
baru yang telah di optimasi.
Tabel 6. Hasil perhitungan dengan desain baru yang telah di optimasi
Parameter
Nilai Sebenarnya Nilai yang Di bolehkan
Desain lama Desain Baru Desain Lama Desain Baru
Tahanan Grid Pentanahan 0,19 0,11
Ukuran Konduktor Minimum 88,70 mm2
88,70 mm2
GPR (Ground Potential Rise) 2850 V 1675,9 V
Arus Maksimum Grid 15.000 A 15.000 A
Tegangan Sentuh 383,29 V 125,6 V
50 kg: 128,2V
70 kg: 173,5 V
50 kg: 131,1 V
70 kg: 177,4 V
Tegangan Langkah 219,03 V 152,8 V
50 kg: 164,8 V
70 kg: 223,1 v
50 kg: 176,4 V
70 kg: 238,8 V
Berdasarkan Tabel 6, terlihat bahwa nilai tegangan sentuh dan tegangan langkah yang
sebenarnya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan nilai tegangan sentuh dan tegangan
langkah yang diperbolehkan. Ground Potential Rise (GPR) menunjukkan nilai yang
lebih rendah dari desain awal. Dengan pertimbangan itu desain baru tersebut dapat
dipakai sebagai desain PLTU Berau 2 x 7 MW karena tidak berpotensi menimbulkan
gradien tegangan yang besar pada saat terjadinya gangguan.
5. KESIMPULAN
Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan terhadap hasil desain sistem grid pentanahan
PLTU Berau 2 x t MW maka dapat disimpulkan:
1. Desain ukuran konduktor untuk Main Earth Grid adalah sebesar 120 mm2.
Nilai ini lebih besar dibandingkan dengan hasil perhitungan, yaitu 89 mm2
.
2. Desain tegangan langkah dan tegangan sentuh yang diajukan oleh Konsultan
Perencana belum tepat untuk digunakan sebagai sistem pentanahan di PLTU
Berau 2 x 7 MW. Nilai tegangan sentuh dan tegangan langkah sebenarnya
adalah masing–masing bernilai 383,29 Volt dan 219,03 Volt lebih besar dari
pada nilai tegangan sentuh yang diperbolehkan IEEE 80-2000, yaitu 128,21
Volt ( u n t u k b e r a t 50 kg) dan 173,53 Volt (70 kg) dan tegangan langkah
yaitu 164,86 Volt (50 kg) dan 223,13 Volt (70 kg).
15. Syamsir Abduh, “Analisis Desain Sistem Grid Pentanahan PLTU Berau Kalimantan Timur”
109
3. Desain sistem pentanahan yang efisien dilakukan melalui tiga upaya, yaitu:
Pertama, menambah luas area grid pentanahan dari 1677 m2
menjadi 4200 m2
.
Kedua, menambah jumlah batang pentanahan dari 6 buah menjadi 8 buah.
Ketiga, mengurangi jarak antar konduktor pada grid pentanahan, untuk sumbu
x dari jarak 4,5 m menjadi 2,7 m dan untuk sumbu y dari jarak 5,2 m menjadi
2,7 m.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]. Suswanto, Daman. Sistem Distribusi Tenaga Listrik. Scribd. Diunduh pada 16
Mei 2013 pukul 21.00. http://www.scribd.com/doc/83446236/.
[2]. IEEE 80-2000, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding. American
National Standards Institute. IEEE Power Enginering Society.2000.
[3]. SNI PUIL- 2000. Amandemen 1 Persyaratan Umum Instalasi Listrik (PUIL).
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2000.
[4]. _____________Shared. Diunduh pada 10 April 2013 pukul 22.15
http://dc385.4shared.com/doc/QwzRuZRO/preview.html.
[5]. . Scribd. Sistem Pentanahan. Diunduh pada 16 Mei 2013 pukul 19.30.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/86222806/
[6]. . Bahaya–Bahaya yang Timbul Pada Gardu Induk Pada Keadaan
Gangguan Tanah. Diunduh pada 6 September 2013 pukul 08.30.
http://dc385.4shared.com/doc/QwzRuZRO/preview.html