bone marrow is viscus, highly vascular fluid which is present within the trabuculi of the spongy bones. all the blood cells are derived from this compartment. its structure, function are given in this presentation
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
bone marrow is viscus, highly vascular fluid which is present within the trabuculi of the spongy bones. all the blood cells are derived from this compartment. its structure, function are given in this presentation
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. INTRODUCTION
Anemia is diagnosed as any condition in which there
is a decreased number of circulating red blood cells.
Conditions where our body does not produce enough
healthy red blood cells, destroys too many red blood
cells, or loses circulating red blood cells can all lead
to anemia.
Anaemia, as per is not a specific disease state but a
sign of underlying disorder.
3. Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or
the hemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal
4.5 – 6.5 million
4. The normal hemoglobin level for:-
14 – 17 g/dL
12 – 15 g/dL
category range
MILD 9.5-13 g/dL
MODERATE 8-9.5g/dL
SEVERE less than 8 g/dL
6. 4
• Low level of hemoglobin results in inadequate supply
of oxygen to body tissues hence resulting in anaemia
1
•Shortage of iron in the body
2
•Bone marrow need iron for hemoglobin
production
3
• Without adequate iron, production of
hemoglobin is limited.
7. WHAT CAUSES ANAEMIA?
• NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
IRON
VITAMIN B12
VITAMIN A
• BLEEDING
MENORRHAGIA
HEMORRHAGE
EPISTAXIS
TRAUMA
• INFECTIOUS DISEASE
MALARIA
PARASITIC INFECTION
8. •Diet lacking in certain elements such as iron and
vitamins
•Intestinal disorders
•Menstruation
•Pregnancy
•Age
•Chronic conditions
9. • Fatigue /weakness and pallor, headache, due to hypoxia
• Dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia, systolic murmur
• Bone pain
• Jaundice in hemolytic anaemia
• Splenomegaly and angina pectoris
10. This typically results due to inadequate intake of dietary iron .
Common cause in men and post menopausal women is bleeding, in pre
menopausal women is menorrhagia and pregnancy with inadequate iron
supplements. Other causes may include mal absorption often seen after
gastrostomy/ celiac disease.
12. • COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
MOST RELIABLE DIAGNOSTIC FINDING IS FERRITIN AND HEMOGLOBIN VALUES.
• FERRITIN BLOOD TEST
• BONE MARROW ASPIRATE
13. • ORAL REPLACEMENT
- Ferrous sulphate
- Ferrous gluconate
- Ferrous fumarate
• PARENTAL REPLACEMENT
- Iron dextran
- Iron sodium gluconate
- Iron sucrose complex
14. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Monitor vital signs for tachycardia/ tachypnea
• Monitor for reaction to parental therapy
• Promote iron intake
• Educate patient for
-sources of dietary iron and vitamin C intake
-restrictions and way of taking dose
-side effects
15. • Bone marrow stops producing sufficient amount of RBC and WBC and platelet
and thereby increasing the risk of infection and hemorrhage can be congenital,
acquired or idiopathic. Results in THROMBOCYTOPENIA ,LEUKOPENIA and
ANAEMIA.
16. Ecchymosis / petechiae. Fatigue/ weakness and pallor
Bleeding from mucus due to hypoxemia. Infection.
Membrane
18. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Administer hematopoietic factor
- Epoetin Alfa by SC/IV
• Administer human granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- filgrastim by SC/IV
-sargramostim by IV infusion
• Packed RBC transfusion when Anaemia is symptomatic
• Platelet transfusion for severe bleeding
• Administer immunosuppressive drugs, antithymocyte, globulin and corticosteroids.
• BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT:- replacing non functional stem cells
19. NURSING INTERVENSTIONS
• Monitor vitals for changes
• Report intake and output of fluids
• Protect patient from falls
• Avoid IM injections due to altered clotting ability
• Explain the patient
-No aspirin due to platelet aggregation
-Plan to take rest periods during activities
-Only use electric razor to decrease risk of bleeding
-Call physician/nurse for signs of bleeding
20. • Anaemia caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid.
RBC produced are abnormally large and may occur due to body’s
inability to absorb vitamin B12.
Typical onset is between 40-60years
21. RED BEEFY TONGUE DEMENTIA, TINGLINGIN
HANDS AND FEET, POOR
BALANCE
33. • Alpha thalassemia usually doesn’t require treatment.
• Blood transfusion
• Bone marrow transplant
• spelenectomy
34. NURSING INTERVENSTIONS
• Monitor vitals
• Manage fluid overload
• Monitor regular blood transfusion
• Urine color orange
• During blood transfusion iron
supplements should be restricted.
35. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Activity intolerance related to fatigue
• Imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirements related to inadequate intake of
essential nutrients
• Insufficient tissue perfusion related to
inadequate blood volume
43. Condition of reduced RBC is known as Anaemia.
•3 classifications : hemolytic, hypo-proliferative, bleeding
• Risk factors : age, pregnancy, menstruation, intestinal
disorders etc.
• Clinical manifestations : fatigue, pallor,
dyspnea, splenomegaly, jaundice, tachycardia, etc.
•Diagnosis : History, physical examination, CBC,
bone marrow aspirate, shillings test,
hemoglobin electrophoresis.
44. Polycythaemia is over production of blood cells.
• Clinical manifestations: plethora, hypertension, severe
itching, headache, blurred vision, tinnitus, thrombosis
leading to tissue hypoxia.
• Diagnostic findings: CBC, bone marrow biopsy
• Management: phlebotomy, antihistamines,
anticoagulants, allopurinol etc.
45. PLETHORA IS A CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
1. SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
2. POLYCYTHAEMIA
3. THALASSEMIA
4. MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
46. MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA IS DEFICIENCY OF
1. IRON
2. VITAMIN C
3. VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID
4. VITAMIN A
47. ANOTHER TERM FOR MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
1. APLASTIC ANAEMIA
2. PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
3. THALASSEMIA
4. SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
48. TRUE / FALSE
1. ANTACIDS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOULD BE TAKEN WITH IRON
SUPPLEMENTS IN IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA.
2. INSUFFICIENT INTAKE OF VITAMIN C CAN CAUSE MALABSORPTION
OF IRON IN BODY.
3. PHLEBOTOMY IS INDICATED IN POLYCYTHAEMIA.
4. THALASSEMIA FALLS UNDER THE CLASSIFICATION OF
HYPOPERFOLATIVE ANAEMIA.
5. ALPHA THALASSEMIA IS THE SEVERE FORM OF
THALASSEMIA.
6. ALLOPURINOL LOWERS URIC ACID LEVELS
49. NOT A DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR POLYCYTHAEMIA
1. CBC
2. BONE MARROW BIOPSY
3. HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS
4. LEVELS OF VITAMIN B12
