The document discusses different types of anemia classified based on morphology, etiology, and pathophysiology. It summarizes the main types as macrocytic (e.g. vitamin B12/folate deficiency), microcytic (e.g. iron deficiency, sickle cell), and normocytic anemias. The causes, signs, symptoms, diagnostic workup, and management of different anemias are outlined in detail. Key tests include complete blood count, peripheral smear, and iron studies. Treatment involves iron supplementation for iron deficiency, B12/folate for deficiencies, and addressing underlying causes for anemia of chronic disease.
The document discusses various red blood cell disorders and anemias. It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory evaluation, and management of different types of anemias including aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias like sickle cell disease. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for these conditions.
The document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. It causes symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The main causes are blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to determine the type and underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants.
Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cells. It can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Symptoms vary depending on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses erythrocyte and leukocyte disorders. It defines various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12/folic acid deficiency, aplastic anemia from bone marrow failure, and hemolytic anemias from premature red blood cell destruction. It also discusses polycythemia from an increased red blood cell count. For leukocytes, it defines leukopenia and leukocytosis and discusses neutropenia and various causes of decreased or increased white blood cell counts including leukemia.
Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC mass. RBCs function to deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. Anemia can result from blood loss, decreased RBC production, or increased RBC destruction. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, thalassemias, and sickle cell anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure RBC count, hemoglobin levels, and indicators of RBC size like MCV. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin injections, blood transfusions, or medications.
The document discusses various red blood cell disorders and anemias. It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory evaluation, and management of different types of anemias including aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias like sickle cell disease. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for these conditions.
The document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. It causes symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The main causes are blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to determine the type and underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants.
Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cells. It can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Symptoms vary depending on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses erythrocyte and leukocyte disorders. It defines various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12/folic acid deficiency, aplastic anemia from bone marrow failure, and hemolytic anemias from premature red blood cell destruction. It also discusses polycythemia from an increased red blood cell count. For leukocytes, it defines leukopenia and leukocytosis and discusses neutropenia and various causes of decreased or increased white blood cell counts including leukemia.
Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC mass. RBCs function to deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. Anemia can result from blood loss, decreased RBC production, or increased RBC destruction. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, thalassemias, and sickle cell anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure RBC count, hemoglobin levels, and indicators of RBC size like MCV. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin injections, blood transfusions, or medications.
This document discusses different types of anaemia. It covers the composition of blood and defines anaemia. It describes signs and symptoms of anaemia and discusses causes such as reduced red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. The document classifies anaemias based on mean corpuscular volume and discusses specific types in more detail including iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Treatment options are mentioned for some types.
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. It can be caused by blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, genetics factors. The main types are microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic depending on red blood cell size. Common causes include iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Anemia is diagnosed through a complete blood count and other blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, or blood transfusions.
The document discusses general hematology and various blood disorders. It covers red blood cell disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, and red blood cell membrane defects. It also discusses bleeding disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation defects, and leukemia. Key points about various conditions like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, immune hemolytic anemia, and vitamin deficiencies are summarized. Screening tests for evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities are also mentioned.
Anemia is one of the most commonly seen condition predominantly in women due to various causes such as some chronic infection conditions and all. There are different types of anemias are there here we discuss mainly about Iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia.
This document discusses various hematological diseases, focusing on different types of anemia. It defines anemia and describes the different types, including iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia (which can be caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies), aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia (which includes conditions like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia). It provides details on symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and treatment for each type of anemia. Major risk factors for anemia include diet deficiencies, blood loss, illnesses, liver/spleen malfunctions, and infections.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It provides information on normal hemoglobin levels and defines terms like mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit. It then describes common causes of anemia like iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, and chronic blood loss. The document classifies anemias based on red blood cell size and discusses features of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. It outlines evaluation, treatment options, and dental considerations for different anemias.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
This document provides an overview of anaemia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention. Anaemia is defined as a low level of hemoglobin in the blood. It affects about 30% of the global population and is commonly caused by multiple factors like nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, and increased red blood cell destruction. Clinical features are non-specific and include pallor, fatigue, and breathlessness. Investigations include complete blood count, peripheral smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, as well as oral or intravenous iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 supplementation, or blood transfusions as needed.
causes of macrocytic anemia pathopysiology, sign and symptoms and the difference between macrocytic anemia megaloblastIc anemia. causes of hypersegmented neutrophils and its association between them. investigation and medical management plus pictures illustration.
Anemia, thalassemia and hemophilia in childrenNimmy Tomy
This document defines and discusses different types of anemia, including hemolytic anemia. It notes that anemia is a low red blood cell or hemoglobin level, reducing oxygen delivery. Causes include decreased or ineffective red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia), and blood loss. Hemolytic anemia specifically refers to the premature breakdown of red blood cells, either inside or outside blood vessels. Causes can be genetic defects affecting red blood cells or acquired factors like immune system attacks or infections. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to fatigue, palpitations, and jaundice in more severe cases.
Hematological disorders involve problems with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the bone marrow. Common hematological disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders like hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers. Hemoglobin is composed of heme and globin proteins and carries oxygen in red blood cells. Disorders of hemoglobin can be qualitative from abnormal hemoglobin proteins or quantitative from reduced hemoglobin production. Examples of qualitative disorders include sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which involves impaired globin chain production. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. Untreated hemochromatosis results in iron accumulation that can damage organs like the liver
Hematological disorders involve problems with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the bone marrow. Common hematological disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders like hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers. Hemoglobin is composed of heme and globin proteins and carries oxygen in red blood cells. Disorders of hemoglobin can be qualitative from abnormal hemoglobin proteins or quantitative from reduced hemoglobin production. Examples of qualitative disorders include sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which involves impaired globin chain production. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. Untreated hemochromatosis results in iron accumulation that can damage organs like the liver
- Anemia is defined as a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. It has many potential underlying causes and is a common complication in many disorders.
- A complete blood count provides important information about RBCs like hemoglobin levels, RBC count, MCV, and reticulocyte count. This helps classify anemias and determine if the bone marrow is responding appropriately.
- Taking a thorough history and physical exam can provide clues to the potential causes of anemia, like nutritional deficiencies, infections, hereditary disorders, medications, or other underlying illnesses. Certain physical findings may point to specific conditions like hepatosplenomegaly in hemolytic anem
Haematopathology consists of dysplastic or neoplastic changes to normal blood and bone marrow cells. There are nearly 100 types of hematopoietic disorders categorized into anaemias, myeloid neoplasms, lymphoid neoplasms, and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Advanced digital imaging technologies are used to diagnose these diseases by examining blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, and lymph node biopsies. The three major types of anaemia are those due to blood loss, poor red blood cell production, and red blood cell destruction.
Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs.
Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.
Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements may be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements maybe used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may be used for blood loss. Medications to induce blood formation may be used if the body’s blood production is reduced.
Blood of bloooooooooooooooooooooooooooodssusera32ec41
This document discusses several blood disorders of dental interest including anemias, hemoglobinopathies, and hemolytic anemias. It provides details on the classification, etiology, oral manifestations, and dental management considerations of specific disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, sickle cell disease, and thalassemias. Iron deficiency anemia is highlighted as the most common type of anemia. Sickle cell disease results from an abnormality in the beta chain of hemoglobin and manifests as either sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia. Dental procedures for patients with blood disorders require special precautions to prevent complications.
This document summarizes various blood disorders that affect red blood cells. It begins by describing anemia of blood loss from acute hemorrhage or chronic blood loss. It then discusses hemolytic anemias, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than normal, including hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by inherited defects in the red blood cell membrane. Sickle cell anemia results from a genetic mutation that causes hemoglobin to polymerize and distort the red blood cells into a sickle shape. Thalassemias are caused by mutations that decrease alpha or beta globin synthesis. The document also reviews impaired red cell production and other acquired
Irion defitient and megaloblastic anemiasJasmine John
This document summarizes iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. It discusses the causes, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and results in abnormal DNA synthesis and large, immature red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation for iron deficiency and vitamin B12/folate supplementation for megaloblastic anemia.
The document provides information on several common blood disorders including an overview of blood typing and related antibodies, standard blood tests, components of blood, and details on specific disorders such as anemia, hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemochromatosis, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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This document discusses different types of anaemia. It covers the composition of blood and defines anaemia. It describes signs and symptoms of anaemia and discusses causes such as reduced red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. The document classifies anaemias based on mean corpuscular volume and discusses specific types in more detail including iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Treatment options are mentioned for some types.
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. It can be caused by blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, genetics factors. The main types are microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic depending on red blood cell size. Common causes include iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Anemia is diagnosed through a complete blood count and other blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, or blood transfusions.
The document discusses general hematology and various blood disorders. It covers red blood cell disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, and red blood cell membrane defects. It also discusses bleeding disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation defects, and leukemia. Key points about various conditions like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, immune hemolytic anemia, and vitamin deficiencies are summarized. Screening tests for evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities are also mentioned.
Anemia is one of the most commonly seen condition predominantly in women due to various causes such as some chronic infection conditions and all. There are different types of anemias are there here we discuss mainly about Iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia.
This document discusses various hematological diseases, focusing on different types of anemia. It defines anemia and describes the different types, including iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia (which can be caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies), aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia (which includes conditions like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia). It provides details on symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and treatment for each type of anemia. Major risk factors for anemia include diet deficiencies, blood loss, illnesses, liver/spleen malfunctions, and infections.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It provides information on normal hemoglobin levels and defines terms like mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit. It then describes common causes of anemia like iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, and chronic blood loss. The document classifies anemias based on red blood cell size and discusses features of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. It outlines evaluation, treatment options, and dental considerations for different anemias.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
This document provides an overview of anaemia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention. Anaemia is defined as a low level of hemoglobin in the blood. It affects about 30% of the global population and is commonly caused by multiple factors like nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, and increased red blood cell destruction. Clinical features are non-specific and include pallor, fatigue, and breathlessness. Investigations include complete blood count, peripheral smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, as well as oral or intravenous iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 supplementation, or blood transfusions as needed.
causes of macrocytic anemia pathopysiology, sign and symptoms and the difference between macrocytic anemia megaloblastIc anemia. causes of hypersegmented neutrophils and its association between them. investigation and medical management plus pictures illustration.
Anemia, thalassemia and hemophilia in childrenNimmy Tomy
This document defines and discusses different types of anemia, including hemolytic anemia. It notes that anemia is a low red blood cell or hemoglobin level, reducing oxygen delivery. Causes include decreased or ineffective red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia), and blood loss. Hemolytic anemia specifically refers to the premature breakdown of red blood cells, either inside or outside blood vessels. Causes can be genetic defects affecting red blood cells or acquired factors like immune system attacks or infections. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to fatigue, palpitations, and jaundice in more severe cases.
Hematological disorders involve problems with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the bone marrow. Common hematological disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders like hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers. Hemoglobin is composed of heme and globin proteins and carries oxygen in red blood cells. Disorders of hemoglobin can be qualitative from abnormal hemoglobin proteins or quantitative from reduced hemoglobin production. Examples of qualitative disorders include sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which involves impaired globin chain production. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. Untreated hemochromatosis results in iron accumulation that can damage organs like the liver
Hematological disorders involve problems with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the bone marrow. Common hematological disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders like hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers. Hemoglobin is composed of heme and globin proteins and carries oxygen in red blood cells. Disorders of hemoglobin can be qualitative from abnormal hemoglobin proteins or quantitative from reduced hemoglobin production. Examples of qualitative disorders include sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which involves impaired globin chain production. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. Untreated hemochromatosis results in iron accumulation that can damage organs like the liver
- Anemia is defined as a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. It has many potential underlying causes and is a common complication in many disorders.
- A complete blood count provides important information about RBCs like hemoglobin levels, RBC count, MCV, and reticulocyte count. This helps classify anemias and determine if the bone marrow is responding appropriately.
- Taking a thorough history and physical exam can provide clues to the potential causes of anemia, like nutritional deficiencies, infections, hereditary disorders, medications, or other underlying illnesses. Certain physical findings may point to specific conditions like hepatosplenomegaly in hemolytic anem
Haematopathology consists of dysplastic or neoplastic changes to normal blood and bone marrow cells. There are nearly 100 types of hematopoietic disorders categorized into anaemias, myeloid neoplasms, lymphoid neoplasms, and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Advanced digital imaging technologies are used to diagnose these diseases by examining blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, and lymph node biopsies. The three major types of anaemia are those due to blood loss, poor red blood cell production, and red blood cell destruction.
Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs.
Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.
Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements may be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements maybe used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may be used for blood loss. Medications to induce blood formation may be used if the body’s blood production is reduced.
Blood of bloooooooooooooooooooooooooooodssusera32ec41
This document discusses several blood disorders of dental interest including anemias, hemoglobinopathies, and hemolytic anemias. It provides details on the classification, etiology, oral manifestations, and dental management considerations of specific disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, sickle cell disease, and thalassemias. Iron deficiency anemia is highlighted as the most common type of anemia. Sickle cell disease results from an abnormality in the beta chain of hemoglobin and manifests as either sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia. Dental procedures for patients with blood disorders require special precautions to prevent complications.
This document summarizes various blood disorders that affect red blood cells. It begins by describing anemia of blood loss from acute hemorrhage or chronic blood loss. It then discusses hemolytic anemias, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than normal, including hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by inherited defects in the red blood cell membrane. Sickle cell anemia results from a genetic mutation that causes hemoglobin to polymerize and distort the red blood cells into a sickle shape. Thalassemias are caused by mutations that decrease alpha or beta globin synthesis. The document also reviews impaired red cell production and other acquired
Irion defitient and megaloblastic anemiasJasmine John
This document summarizes iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. It discusses the causes, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and results in abnormal DNA synthesis and large, immature red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation for iron deficiency and vitamin B12/folate supplementation for megaloblastic anemia.
The document provides information on several common blood disorders including an overview of blood typing and related antibodies, standard blood tests, components of blood, and details on specific disorders such as anemia, hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemochromatosis, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
2. Anemias are a group of diseases characterized by a decrease in haemoglobin or
RBCs, resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
The decrease may result from blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs
(hemolysis), or decreased production of RBCs.
Anemia, like a fever, is a sign that requires investigation to determine the
underlying etiology.
The most serious complications of severe anemia arise from tissue hypoxia. Shock,
hypotension, or coronary and pulmonary insufficiency can occur. This is more
common in older individuals with underlying pulmonary and cardiovascular
disease.
3. BASED ON MORPHOLOGY
BASED ON ETIOLOGY
BASED ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
4. A)BASED ON MORPHOLOGY
1) Macrocytic anemias
Where cells are larger than normal.
Mean corpuscular volume(MCV) >100 fL
Megaloblastic anemia
Cells are larger than normal in size because of impaired DNA synthesis.
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, decreased absorption and inadequate
utilization.
Deficiency of intrinsic factor can cause a decrease in absorption of vitamin B12 in the
GIT which is caused by alcohol dependence, pernicious anemia etc.
Folate deficiency can be caused due to hyper utilization during pregnancy, hemolytic
anemia, myelofibrosis, malignancy, chronic inflammatory disorders, long-term dialysis or
growth spurt .
Drugs can cause anemia by reducing absorption of folate (eg. phenytoin) or by interfering
with corresponding metabolic pathways(eg. methotrexate).
5. 2) Microcytic anemia
RBCs are lesser in size than normal.
MCV <80fL
MCHC <32 g/dL
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia develops when body stores of iron drop too low to support
normal red blood cell (RBC) production.
Inadequate dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, or loss of body iron in
the urine may be the cause.
Sickle-cell anemia
RBCs become sickle shaped.
Presence of abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S in RBC.
Genetic causes; abnormal genes which are inherited from parents.
Present from birth.
Most infants do not present any symptoms until they are 5-6 months age.
Causes painful swelling of the hands and feet called dactylitis, fatigue and jaundice
in children.
Some complications are: Acute pain(sickle-cell or vaso-occlusive crisis), acute chest
syndrome, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, liver complications etc.
7. Thalassemia
Inherited blood disorders that can result in abnormal formation of hemoglobin.
2 types: Alpha-thalassemia and Beta-thalassemia.
Hemoglobin consists of 4 globin chains bound to the heme molecule.
There are 4 major types of globins: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ).
The dominant hemoglobin in adults (hemoglobin A) is composed of 2 alpha and 2
beta chains.
Two minor forms of hemoglobin constitute a small percentage of normal blood:
hemoglobin F , composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains, and hemoglobin
A2, composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 delta chains.
A very tightly controlled globin chain production process keeps the ratio of alpha
chains to non-alpha chains at 1.00 (± 0.05).
In thalassemia , this ratio is disrupted.
Alpha thalassemias involve HBA1 and HBA2 genes.
Beta thalassemias are due to mutations in HBB gene.
Patients are always at risk of severe anemia and require lifelong transfusions.
Iron overload: Patients have excessive iron levels in the body either from the
disease or continuous transfusions. Iron gets accumulated in tissues and causes
damage to heart, liver and endocrine system.
Iron chelation therapy is required to manage iron overload.
8.
9. 3)Normocytic anemia
Common form of anemia that occurs with older age.
Manifests with a decrease in haemoglobin and hematocrit but not MCV or MCH or
MCHC.
Causes include:
Recent blood loss
Hemolysis
Bone marrow failure
Anemias of chronic disease
Renal failure
Endocrine disorders
Myelodysplastic anemias(Blood cancer)
Anemias of chronic disease is a hypoproliferative anemia associated with chronic
infectious or inflammatory processes, tissue injury, or conditions that release
proinflammatory cytokines.
The pathogenesis is based on shortened RBC survival, impaired bone marrow
response, and disturbance of iron metabolism.
10. 1)Deficiency
Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic acid
Pyridoxine
2)Central-caused by impaired bone marrow function
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia of the elderly(normocytic anemia)
Malignant bone marrow disorders
Myelodysplastic syndrome, leukaemia, aplastic anemia, multiple myeloma,
PNH(Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria).
3)Peripheral
Bleeding (hemorrhage)
Hemolysis(Hemolytic anemia)
11. Hemolytic anemia
A condition in which there is premature destruction of RBCs before their life span
of 120 days is completed and the bone marrow is not able to compensate for the
RBC loss.
Mild anemia is asymptomatic but severe anemia can be life threatening and can
cause angina and cardiopulmonary decompensation.
Hereditary disorders may cause hemolysis as a result of erythrocyte membrane
abnormalities, enzymatic defects, and hemoglobin abnormalities. Hereditary
disorders include the following:
Glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase deficiency
Sickle cell disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
Acquired causes of hemolysis include the following:
Immune disorders
Toxic chemicals and drugs
Antiviral agents (eg, ribavirin )
Physical damage
Infections [18]
13. Excessive sequestration in the spleen
Heredity
Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
4)Inadequate production of mature RBCs
Deficiency of nutrients(B12, folic acid, iron, protein)
Deficiency of erythroblasts
Aplastic anemia
Isolated(often transient) erythroblastopenia
Folic acid antagonists
Antibodies
5)Conditions with infiltration of bone marrow
Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Myelofibrosis
Carcinoma
14. 7)Endocrine abnormalities
Hypothyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Pituitary insufficiency
8)Chronic renal disease
9)Chronic inflammatory disease
Granulomatous diseases
Collagen vascular diseases
10)Hepatic diseases
Paleness of skin due to iron deficient anemia
15. Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of bone marrow failure characterized by peripheral
pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia.
Although often normocytic, mild macrocytosis can also be observed in association
with stress erythropoiesis and elevated fetal hemoglobin levels.
Occurs primarily due to bone marrow failure.
On morphologic evaluation, the hematopoietic elements in the bone marrow are
less than 25%, and they are largely replaced with fat cells.
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Paleness
Tachycardia
Frequent infections
Mostly genetic cause
16. Signs and symptoms depend upon the onset and cause of the anemia, and on the
individual.
Acute-onset anemia:
Tachycardia
Light headedness
Breathlessness
Chronic anemia:
Weakness
Fatigue
Vertigo
Faintness
Cold sensitivity
Pallor
Loss of skin tone
19. Rapid diagnosis is essential because it anemia is often a sign of underlying
pathology.
Signs and symptoms
Complete Blood count
Reticulocyte index
Peripheral blood smear report
Stool examination
Serum iron for Iron-deficiency anemia
TIBC(Total Iron Binding Capacity)
Macrocytic anemias-Raised MCV(80-110 FL)
Hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes for macrocytic anemia
20. Iron deficiency anemia:
Oral iron therapy containing soluble ferrous iron salts which are not enteric coated and not
slow or sustained release is recommended at a daily dosage of 200 mg in two or 3 divided
doses.
In case of dietary absorption iron is best absorbed from meat, fish and poultry and poorly
from vegetables, grain products, diary products and eggs.
Parenteral iron is required in cases where there is malabsorption of iron from diet ,
intolerance of oral iron or non compliance. Parenteral administration however does not
hasten the hematologic process.
SALT ELEMENTAL IRON(%) ELEMENTAL IRON
PROVIDED
Ferrous sulphate 20 60-65mg/324-325 mg tab
18 mg iron/5 ml syrup
44mg iron/5 ml elixir
15 mg iron/0.6 ml drop
Ferrous sulphate(exsiccated) 30 65 mg/200 mg tablet
60 mg/187 mg tab
50 mg/160 mg tab
21. SALT ELEMANTAL IRON(%) ELEMENTAL IRON
PROVIDED
Ferrous gluconate 12 36 mg/325 mg tablet
27 mg/240 mg tab
Ferrous fumarate 33 33 mg/ 100 mg tab
63-66mg/200 mg tab
106 mg/324-325 mg tab
33 mg/5 ml suspension
Polysaccharide iron
complex
100 150 mg cap
50 mg tab
100 mg /5 ml elixir
Carbonyl iron 100 50 mg caplet
22.
23. Vitamin B12 Deficiency anemia:
Oral vitamin B12 supplementation is as effective as parenteral therapy.
Oral cobalamin is initiated at 1-2 mg daily for 1-2 weeks followed by 1 mg daily.
Parenteral therapy is more rapid acting than oral therapy and should be given if
neurologic symptoms are present.
An intranasal gel formulation can be advantageous for patients who are homebound, have
cognitive impairment, or experience dysphagia.
A widely used regimen is cyanocobalamin 1000 µg daily for a week, then weekly for a
month, and then monthly. When symptoms resolve, daily oral administration can be
initiated.
Folate-deficiency anemia:
Oral folate 1 mg daily for 4 months is usually sufficient, unless the underlying etiology
cannot be corrected..
If malabsorption is present, the daily dose should be increased to 5 mg.
Anemia of chronic disease:
Treatment must focus on correcting reversible causes.
Iron therapy is not effective when inflammation is present.
Epoetin alfa is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA
technology which stimulates erythropoiesis and facilitates formation of new RBCs.
24. It is used in cases of anemia associated with chronic renal failure and chemotherapy.
In case of renal failure associated anemia it is to be used only if hemoglobin levels go
<10 g/dl.
Initial dosage is 50-100 units/kg thrice weekly.
If no increase in hemoglobin after 6-8 weeks of administration then increase to 150
units/kg thrice weekly or in patients with AIDS to 300 units/kg weekly.
Hemolytic Anemia:
Management consists of administration of folic acid supplements.
Corticosteroids such as prednisone prevents phagocytosis of antibody covered RBCs and
thus is useful in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Iron supplements are contraindicated in hemolytic anemia.
Thalassemia:
Management includes administration of folic acid supplements and iron chelation
therapy.
Iron chelating agents- Deferoxamine mesylate & Deferasirox.
Approximately 8mg of iron is bound by 100 mg of deferoxamine from ferritin and
hemosiderin but not from transferrin and it gets excreted in urine and bile.
Given via IM inj, SC bolus, slow infusion or continuous infusion.
Deferasirox is available as tablet for oral suspension and it binds to iron with affinity ratio
of 2:1