This document discusses various techniques for diagnosing and studying viruses in a laboratory setting. It describes growing viruses in cell cultures and embryonated eggs, observing cytopathic effects, and quantifying viruses using plaque assays, particle counting, and hemagglutination assays. It also covers transforming infected cells to develop continuous cell lines and detecting viral proteins and antibodies using techniques like western blotting. The goal is to isolate, propagate, quantify, and identify viruses for research and clinical diagnosis.
MPN AND INDIRECT METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF MICROBIAL GROWTH microbiology Notes
This document discusses methods for measuring microbial growth, including the most probable number (MPN) method and indirect turbidity measurements. The MPN method involves inoculating water samples into multiple tubes containing growth media and observing results to statistically estimate microbial concentrations. It involves presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests to identify coliforms and E. coli. Turbidity measurements use a spectrophotometer to measure light passage through cultures, where increased microbial growth causes higher turbidity and lower light transmission. Both methods provide ways to quantify microbes in samples without direct microscopic counting.
This document describes the cyanobacterium Anabaena. Key points:
- Anabaena is a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium that can form symbiotic relationships with plants. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes.
- It has specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. Akinetes are thick-walled dormant cells that allow survival in unfavorable conditions.
- Anabaena plays an important ecological role in nutrient cycling and has significance in agriculture through symbiotic relationships like with azolla that fertilize rice paddies.
This document discusses Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic bacterium that can cause foodborne illness. It is found in coastal waters worldwide. The document covers its taxonomy, characteristics, virulence factors like thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), epidemiology, pathogenesis including the Kanagawa phenomenon, and differentiation from non-halophilic vibrios. TDH is a major virulence factor that causes beta-hemolysis on blood agar and is associated with pathogenic strains.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
This document describes various culture methods used in microbiology. Streak culture is used to isolate bacteria by distributing an inoculum thinly over agar plates through serial streaking. Lawn culture provides uniform bacterial growth through swabbing or flooding plates. Stab culture maintains stock cultures by inserting inoculated wires into semi-solid agar. Pour and spread plate methods allow quantitative estimation of bacterial counts by plating serial dilutions and counting colonies after incubation.
1. The history of animal cell culture began in 1907 with Harrison cultivating frog nerve cells. Over the decades, techniques improved including the development of defined media, antibiotics in culture, and the first human cell line in 1952.
2. Cell culture media contains essential nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and other components to support cell growth. Basal media can be supplemented with serum, serum-free, or reduced serum. Common basal media include DMEM and RPMI.
3. There are three main types of tissue culture: explant culture uses intact pieces of tissue; organ culture maintains tissue structure; and cell culture dissociates cells from tissue into single cell suspensions. Each technique offers advantages and disadvantages depending on
1. MICROSCOPY - introduction + principle (Basics)Nethravathi Siri
Basics only
Microscopy is the technical field that uses microscopes to observe samples which are
not in the resolution range of the normal-unaided eye.
Microscope is a scientific-instrument consisting of magnifying lens that enables an
observer to view the minute features distinctly.
In greek, micro = small
skopein = to view.
This document discusses various techniques for diagnosing and studying viruses in a laboratory setting. It describes growing viruses in cell cultures and embryonated eggs, observing cytopathic effects, and quantifying viruses using plaque assays, particle counting, and hemagglutination assays. It also covers transforming infected cells to develop continuous cell lines and detecting viral proteins and antibodies using techniques like western blotting. The goal is to isolate, propagate, quantify, and identify viruses for research and clinical diagnosis.
MPN AND INDIRECT METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF MICROBIAL GROWTH microbiology Notes
This document discusses methods for measuring microbial growth, including the most probable number (MPN) method and indirect turbidity measurements. The MPN method involves inoculating water samples into multiple tubes containing growth media and observing results to statistically estimate microbial concentrations. It involves presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests to identify coliforms and E. coli. Turbidity measurements use a spectrophotometer to measure light passage through cultures, where increased microbial growth causes higher turbidity and lower light transmission. Both methods provide ways to quantify microbes in samples without direct microscopic counting.
This document describes the cyanobacterium Anabaena. Key points:
- Anabaena is a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium that can form symbiotic relationships with plants. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes.
- It has specialized cells called heterocysts that facilitate nitrogen fixation. Akinetes are thick-walled dormant cells that allow survival in unfavorable conditions.
- Anabaena plays an important ecological role in nutrient cycling and has significance in agriculture through symbiotic relationships like with azolla that fertilize rice paddies.
This document discusses Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic bacterium that can cause foodborne illness. It is found in coastal waters worldwide. The document covers its taxonomy, characteristics, virulence factors like thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), epidemiology, pathogenesis including the Kanagawa phenomenon, and differentiation from non-halophilic vibrios. TDH is a major virulence factor that causes beta-hemolysis on blood agar and is associated with pathogenic strains.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
This document describes various culture methods used in microbiology. Streak culture is used to isolate bacteria by distributing an inoculum thinly over agar plates through serial streaking. Lawn culture provides uniform bacterial growth through swabbing or flooding plates. Stab culture maintains stock cultures by inserting inoculated wires into semi-solid agar. Pour and spread plate methods allow quantitative estimation of bacterial counts by plating serial dilutions and counting colonies after incubation.
1. The history of animal cell culture began in 1907 with Harrison cultivating frog nerve cells. Over the decades, techniques improved including the development of defined media, antibiotics in culture, and the first human cell line in 1952.
2. Cell culture media contains essential nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and other components to support cell growth. Basal media can be supplemented with serum, serum-free, or reduced serum. Common basal media include DMEM and RPMI.
3. There are three main types of tissue culture: explant culture uses intact pieces of tissue; organ culture maintains tissue structure; and cell culture dissociates cells from tissue into single cell suspensions. Each technique offers advantages and disadvantages depending on
1. MICROSCOPY - introduction + principle (Basics)Nethravathi Siri
Basics only
Microscopy is the technical field that uses microscopes to observe samples which are
not in the resolution range of the normal-unaided eye.
Microscope is a scientific-instrument consisting of magnifying lens that enables an
observer to view the minute features distinctly.
In greek, micro = small
skopein = to view.
This document summarizes a seminar presented by S. Mohamed Musthafa at Sri Paramakalyani College in Alwarkurichi, India. The seminar covered topics such as the difference between in vitro and in vivo conditions, what microbial culture collections are, examples of national and international culture collection centers, and the benefits of taking a seminar. Sri Paramakalyani College is located in Alwarkurichi, India and is affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. The seminar aimed to spread knowledge on important microbiology topics.
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include selecting and sterilizing explant tissue, transferring it to a solid culture medium containing hormones, and periodically moving the growing tissue to new media for multiplication. The growing plantlets are eventually transferred to pots and grown in a greenhouse. Plant tissue culture allows for conservation of endangered species, production of virus-free plants, hybrid regeneration, and faster plant growth.
This document provides an overview of specimen processing in a clinical microbiology laboratory. It covers the normal flora, opportunistic infections, and nosocomial infections that can be found in different specimen types, including blood, cerebrospinal fluid, stool, genital, wound/tissue, sputum, throat, and urine samples. For each specimen type, it describes the relevant clinical conditions, common pathogens, collection and transport methods, and processing including any special culture techniques or stains used.
This document discusses the structure of viruses including their capsids, nucleic acids, and envelopes. It provides details on the structure of specific viruses like T4 bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The document is a lecture presented by Dr. R. S. Jadhav from the Department of Microbiology at VNBN Mahavidyalaya in Shirala.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF SPECIMEN LATEST.pptxSereneVarghese1
The document provides guidance on proper collection, transport, and storage of clinical specimens to ensure accurate microbiological testing and results. Key points include:
- Specimen quality directly impacts patient care, treatment decisions, and outcomes.
- Laboratories should reject poor quality specimens that could impact results.
- Proper collection, transport, and storage methods depend on specimen type to maintain organism viability until testing.
- Complete labeling and requisition forms are needed to properly identify and interpret specimen results.
This document discusses the microbiology of confectionery products. It defines microbiology and food microbiology, and notes that microorganisms can have beneficial or deleterious effects on food quality and safety. It describes common microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and pathogens. It also outlines several factors that promote microbial growth in foods, such as temperature, water activity, pH, population, oxygen availability, and nutrients. The document explains methods for microbiological analysis of foods, including media preparation, sterilization, sampling, serial dilution, plating, and incubation. It describes different types of media and how to interpret results from qualitative and quantitative microbiological analyses.
This document discusses several methods for microbial examination of milk and milk products:
1. Direct Microscopic Count (DMC) - Allows rapid enumeration and morphology study of bacteria in milk by examining stained smears under a microscope.
2. Standard Plate Count (SPC) - A reference method that uses serial dilutions and agar plating to quantify viable bacteria present in milk samples.
3. Dye (methylene blue, resazurin) reduction tests - Qualitative tests where the time taken for bacteria in milk to reduce the color of certain dyes indicates the microbial load. Living bacteria deplete oxygen in milk and use the dyes as electron acceptors instead, changing their color.
This dissertation examines the bacterial etiology of wound infections and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates from patients visiting B and B Hospital in Nepal. Cultures were taken from 1164 wound samples over one year. Common gram-positive isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (92.46%) and gram-negative isolates included E. coli (28.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (30.91%). Antibiotics like amikacin and vancomycin were effective against most isolates. The study concludes that wound infections are commonly caused by resistant bacteria, so alternative antibiotics need to be used for treatment.
Types of Media in Microbiology & Plating Techniques. (1).pptxNobenduMukerjee
This document discusses various types of media and plating techniques used in microbiology. It covers topics like cultivation of bacteria, purpose of culturing, types of culture media including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. It describes common media components and important culturing methods like pour plate, spread plate, streak plate, and liquid culture. Colony morphology and its importance in identification is also discussed.
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
Fungal culture methods and media are described. Most molds grow best at 25-30°C while most yeasts grow best at 35-37°C. General incubation is 14 days but it can be as short as 7 days for detecting oral yeast or as long as 28 days for tissue specimens. ChromAgar differentially identifies Candida species by color. Chlamydospore agar induces chlamydospore formation in C. albicans. Sabhi agar is recommended for recovering fungi from clinical specimens. Czapek's agar is a synthetic medium used to observe fungal morphology and pigment production.
This document discusses different methods of micrometry, which is the measurement of microscopic objects under a microscope. There are two main types of micrometers used: stage micrometers and ocular micrometers. Stage micrometers have finely graduated scales etched onto a slide and are used to calibrate the microscope by observing how many divisions on the ocular micrometer correspond to a known distance on the stage micrometer. Ocular micrometers are discs that are inserted into eyepieces and have their own graduated scales. To measure a microbe, its size is calculated by counting how many divisions it spans on the calibrated ocular micrometer. Micrometry is important in microbiology labs to identify microscopic organisms by measuring their length.
This document provides instructions for isolating algae from soil and water samples. It describes several general methods for isolation, including micromanipulation of single cells, streak plating of mixed samples, and spraying of cell suspensions. Specific protocols are given for isolating algae from soil and water using serial dilution methods. A variety of culture media and materials are listed for growing isolated algae cultures. The aim is to obtain pure, uni-algal cultures free of bacterial contamination through careful manipulation and transfer of algal cells from natural samples onto solid and in liquid growth media.
The document discusses bacterial growth curves and kinetics. It explains that bacterial populations go through four phases: lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The exponential growth phase is when bacteria divide at their maximum rate and the population increases exponentially. The stationary phase occurs when resources are depleted and the growth rate slows. The death phase follows as more bacteria die than grow. Growth curves can provide insights into bacterial infection and be important for microbial control and food microbiology.
This document outlines methods for creating transgenic animals. It begins with definitions and historical background, then describes the general strategy which involves isolating a gene of interest, generating a DNA construct, injecting the construct into embryos, and analyzing expression in offspring. Three main methods are discussed: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. DNA microinjection involves directly injecting DNA into the nucleus of cells, but results in transgenic progeny in less than 5% of cases. Retroviral vectors can be used to introduce genes. Embryonic stem cells are modified then injected into blastocysts. The document also covers getting embryonic cells, selecting transfected cells using genetic markers,
The document discusses the four classes of biological safety cabinets (BSCs). It provides details on each class:
Class I BSCs provide personnel and environmental protection but no product protection. Airflow is inward and exhausted through a HEPA filter.
Class II BSCs provide personnel, environmental and product protection. They maintain laminar airflow and exhaust air through HEPA filters, with options for recirculation or external exhaust.
Class III BSCs are fully enclosed and gas-tight, providing maximum containment. All supply and exhaust air is HEPA filtered before being externally exhausted under negative pressure. Access is through dunk tanks or double-door pass-through boxes.
A brief presentation on cell counting and cell viability assays. For cell cytotoxicity assays, you can check my profile where I have uploaded a separate file.
Prepared in July 2015
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#pancreas, #gallbladder ,#liver ,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Nearly 1,000 species of scorpion are known worldwide belonging to six families.
The Indian red scorpion Mesobuthus tumulus is the most lethal amongst all the poisonous species of scorpions.
This document summarizes a seminar presented by S. Mohamed Musthafa at Sri Paramakalyani College in Alwarkurichi, India. The seminar covered topics such as the difference between in vitro and in vivo conditions, what microbial culture collections are, examples of national and international culture collection centers, and the benefits of taking a seminar. Sri Paramakalyani College is located in Alwarkurichi, India and is affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. The seminar aimed to spread knowledge on important microbiology topics.
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include selecting and sterilizing explant tissue, transferring it to a solid culture medium containing hormones, and periodically moving the growing tissue to new media for multiplication. The growing plantlets are eventually transferred to pots and grown in a greenhouse. Plant tissue culture allows for conservation of endangered species, production of virus-free plants, hybrid regeneration, and faster plant growth.
This document provides an overview of specimen processing in a clinical microbiology laboratory. It covers the normal flora, opportunistic infections, and nosocomial infections that can be found in different specimen types, including blood, cerebrospinal fluid, stool, genital, wound/tissue, sputum, throat, and urine samples. For each specimen type, it describes the relevant clinical conditions, common pathogens, collection and transport methods, and processing including any special culture techniques or stains used.
This document discusses the structure of viruses including their capsids, nucleic acids, and envelopes. It provides details on the structure of specific viruses like T4 bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The document is a lecture presented by Dr. R. S. Jadhav from the Department of Microbiology at VNBN Mahavidyalaya in Shirala.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF SPECIMEN LATEST.pptxSereneVarghese1
The document provides guidance on proper collection, transport, and storage of clinical specimens to ensure accurate microbiological testing and results. Key points include:
- Specimen quality directly impacts patient care, treatment decisions, and outcomes.
- Laboratories should reject poor quality specimens that could impact results.
- Proper collection, transport, and storage methods depend on specimen type to maintain organism viability until testing.
- Complete labeling and requisition forms are needed to properly identify and interpret specimen results.
This document discusses the microbiology of confectionery products. It defines microbiology and food microbiology, and notes that microorganisms can have beneficial or deleterious effects on food quality and safety. It describes common microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and pathogens. It also outlines several factors that promote microbial growth in foods, such as temperature, water activity, pH, population, oxygen availability, and nutrients. The document explains methods for microbiological analysis of foods, including media preparation, sterilization, sampling, serial dilution, plating, and incubation. It describes different types of media and how to interpret results from qualitative and quantitative microbiological analyses.
This document discusses several methods for microbial examination of milk and milk products:
1. Direct Microscopic Count (DMC) - Allows rapid enumeration and morphology study of bacteria in milk by examining stained smears under a microscope.
2. Standard Plate Count (SPC) - A reference method that uses serial dilutions and agar plating to quantify viable bacteria present in milk samples.
3. Dye (methylene blue, resazurin) reduction tests - Qualitative tests where the time taken for bacteria in milk to reduce the color of certain dyes indicates the microbial load. Living bacteria deplete oxygen in milk and use the dyes as electron acceptors instead, changing their color.
This dissertation examines the bacterial etiology of wound infections and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates from patients visiting B and B Hospital in Nepal. Cultures were taken from 1164 wound samples over one year. Common gram-positive isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (92.46%) and gram-negative isolates included E. coli (28.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (30.91%). Antibiotics like amikacin and vancomycin were effective against most isolates. The study concludes that wound infections are commonly caused by resistant bacteria, so alternative antibiotics need to be used for treatment.
Types of Media in Microbiology & Plating Techniques. (1).pptxNobenduMukerjee
This document discusses various types of media and plating techniques used in microbiology. It covers topics like cultivation of bacteria, purpose of culturing, types of culture media including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. It describes common media components and important culturing methods like pour plate, spread plate, streak plate, and liquid culture. Colony morphology and its importance in identification is also discussed.
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
Fungal culture methods and media are described. Most molds grow best at 25-30°C while most yeasts grow best at 35-37°C. General incubation is 14 days but it can be as short as 7 days for detecting oral yeast or as long as 28 days for tissue specimens. ChromAgar differentially identifies Candida species by color. Chlamydospore agar induces chlamydospore formation in C. albicans. Sabhi agar is recommended for recovering fungi from clinical specimens. Czapek's agar is a synthetic medium used to observe fungal morphology and pigment production.
This document discusses different methods of micrometry, which is the measurement of microscopic objects under a microscope. There are two main types of micrometers used: stage micrometers and ocular micrometers. Stage micrometers have finely graduated scales etched onto a slide and are used to calibrate the microscope by observing how many divisions on the ocular micrometer correspond to a known distance on the stage micrometer. Ocular micrometers are discs that are inserted into eyepieces and have their own graduated scales. To measure a microbe, its size is calculated by counting how many divisions it spans on the calibrated ocular micrometer. Micrometry is important in microbiology labs to identify microscopic organisms by measuring their length.
This document provides instructions for isolating algae from soil and water samples. It describes several general methods for isolation, including micromanipulation of single cells, streak plating of mixed samples, and spraying of cell suspensions. Specific protocols are given for isolating algae from soil and water using serial dilution methods. A variety of culture media and materials are listed for growing isolated algae cultures. The aim is to obtain pure, uni-algal cultures free of bacterial contamination through careful manipulation and transfer of algal cells from natural samples onto solid and in liquid growth media.
The document discusses bacterial growth curves and kinetics. It explains that bacterial populations go through four phases: lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The exponential growth phase is when bacteria divide at their maximum rate and the population increases exponentially. The stationary phase occurs when resources are depleted and the growth rate slows. The death phase follows as more bacteria die than grow. Growth curves can provide insights into bacterial infection and be important for microbial control and food microbiology.
This document outlines methods for creating transgenic animals. It begins with definitions and historical background, then describes the general strategy which involves isolating a gene of interest, generating a DNA construct, injecting the construct into embryos, and analyzing expression in offspring. Three main methods are discussed: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. DNA microinjection involves directly injecting DNA into the nucleus of cells, but results in transgenic progeny in less than 5% of cases. Retroviral vectors can be used to introduce genes. Embryonic stem cells are modified then injected into blastocysts. The document also covers getting embryonic cells, selecting transfected cells using genetic markers,
The document discusses the four classes of biological safety cabinets (BSCs). It provides details on each class:
Class I BSCs provide personnel and environmental protection but no product protection. Airflow is inward and exhausted through a HEPA filter.
Class II BSCs provide personnel, environmental and product protection. They maintain laminar airflow and exhaust air through HEPA filters, with options for recirculation or external exhaust.
Class III BSCs are fully enclosed and gas-tight, providing maximum containment. All supply and exhaust air is HEPA filtered before being externally exhausted under negative pressure. Access is through dunk tanks or double-door pass-through boxes.
A brief presentation on cell counting and cell viability assays. For cell cytotoxicity assays, you can check my profile where I have uploaded a separate file.
Prepared in July 2015
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#pancreas, #gallbladder ,#liver ,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Nearly 1,000 species of scorpion are known worldwide belonging to six families.
The Indian red scorpion Mesobuthus tumulus is the most lethal amongst all the poisonous species of scorpions.
मलेरिया परजीवी का जीवन चक्र
मलेरिया प्लास्मोडियम वंश के प्रोटोज़ोआ परजीवियों से फैलता है। इस वंश की पाच प्रजातियां मानव को संक्रमित करती हैं - प्लास्मोडियम फैल्सीपैरम, प्लास्मोडियम वाईवैक्स, प्लास्मोडियम ओवेल, प्लास्मोडियम मलेरिये तथा प्लास्मोडियम नौलेसी। इनमें से सबसे पराक्रमी और घातक पी. फैल्सीपैरम माना जाता है, मलेरिया के 80 प्रतिशत रोगी इसी प्रजाति के संक्रमण की देन है। मलेरिया से मरने वाले 90 प्रतिशत रोगियों का कारण पी. फैल्सीपैरम संक्रमण ही माना गया है।
गुर्दों की गीता
गुर्दों का आर्थिक और सामाजिक महत्व
गुर्दा या वृक्क शरीर का बहुत मँहगा और दुर्लभ अंग है। आदमी का रौब, रुतबा, शान-शौकत, बाज़ुओं की ताकत सब कुछ गुर्दे के दम से ही होती है। आपके गुर्दे में दम-खम है तो दुनिया डरती है, सलाम करती है। गुर्दे के दम पर कई बिना पढ़े या कम पढ़े लोग भी नेता, मुख्य मंत्री या बड़े-बड़े ओहदों पर पहुँच जाते हैं। फिर गुर्दों की देख-भाल और सुरक्षा में हम कोई कोताही क्यों बरतें। देख लीजियेगा समय आने पर गुर्दे के मामले में सगे-संबन्धी तथा इष्ट-मित्र किनारा कर लेंगे और तन-मन न्यौछावर करने वाली आपकी अंकशायिनी या चाँद-सितारे तोड़ कर लाने वाला आपका बलमा भी धोखा दे जायेगा। गुर्दा खरीदना भी आसान काम नहीं है। बाज़ार में गुर्दे सिमित हैं, कीमतें आसमान को छू रही हैं और खरीदने वालों की कतार बड़ी लम्बी है। भारत गुर्दे के रोगों में भी विश्व की राजधानी है।
गुर्दों की गीता
गुर्दों का आर्थिक और सामाजिक महत्व
गुर्दा या वृक्क शरीर का बहुत मँहगा और दुर्लभ अंग है। आदमी का रौब, रुतबा, शान-शौकत, बाज़ुओं की ताकत सब कुछ गुर्दे के दम से ही होती है। आपके गुर्दे में दम-खम है तो दुनिया डरती है, सलाम करती है। गुर्दे के दम पर कई बिना पढ़े या कम पढ़े लोग भी नेता, मुख्य मंत्री या बड़े-बड़े ओहदों पर पहुँच जाते हैं। फिर गुर्दों की देख-भाल और सुरक्षा में हम कोई कोताही क्यों बरतें। देख लीजियेगा समय आने पर गुर्दे के मामले में सगे-संबन्धी तथा इष्ट-मित्र किनारा कर लेंगे और तन-मन न्यौछावर करने वाली आपकी अंकशायिनी या चाँद-सितारे तोड़ कर लाने वाला आपका बलमा भी धोखा दे जायेगा। गुर्दा खरीदना भी आसान काम नहीं है। बाज़ार में गुर्दे सिमित हैं, कीमतें आसमान को छू रही हैं और खरीदने वालों की कतार बड़ी लम्बी है। भारत गुर्दे के रोगों में भी विश्व की राजधानी है।
वह प्रक्रिया, जिससे किसी आबादी में, जो किसी विशिष्ट स्थान पर एक साथ वास करते हों, एक बहुत ही लंबे समय में बदलाव आते हैं, उसे जैव विकास (एवोल्यूशन) कहते हैं।
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP
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#small, #large ,#intestine ,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ENDOCRINE,#GLANDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S...
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139...
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu...
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#WORMS, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
मनुष्य के शरीर में पौरुष ग्रंथि या प्रोस्टेट ग्रंथि ही एक मात्र अंग है जिसे पुरुषार्थ का प्रतीक माना जाता है, क्योंकि पुरुष की परम श्रेष्ठ धातु शुक्र या वीर्य पौरुष ग्रंथि में ही बनती है। शरीर की सात धातुओं में सातवीं धातु शुक्र अथवा वीर्य सबसे श्रेष्ठ मानी जाती है। केवल वीर्य ही शरीर का अनमोल आभूषण है, वीर्य ही शक्ति है, वीर्य ही सुन्दरता है। शरीर में वीर्य ही प्रधान वस्तु है। वीर्य ही आँखों का तेज है, वीर्य ही ज्ञान, वीर्य ही प्रकाश है, वीर्य ही वेद हैं और वीर ही ब्रह्म है। वीर्य का संचय करना ही ब्रह्मचर्य है। वीर्य ही एक ऐसा तत्त्व है, जो शरीर के प्रत्येक अंग का पोषण करके शरीर को सुन्दर व सुदृढ़ बनाता है। वीर्य ही आनन्द-प्रमोद का सागर है। जिस मनुष्य में वीर्य का खजाना है वह दुनिया के सारे आनंद-प्रमोद मना सकता है और सौ वर्ष तक जी सकता है। वीर्य में नया शरीर पैदा करने की शक्ति होती है। जब तक शरीर में वीर्य होता है तब तक शत्रु की ताकत नहीं है कि वह भिड़ सके, रोग इसे दबा नहीं सकता। भोजन से वीर्य बनने की प्रक्रिया भी बड़ी लम्बी और जटिल है, जो प्रोस्टेट में ही सम्पन्न होती है।
क्या होता है स्ट्रोक या दौरा या ब्रेन अटेक?
मस्तिष्क और नाड़ियों को जीवित और सक्रिय रहने के लिए भरपूर ऑक्सीजन और पौषक तत्वों की निरंतर आवश्यकता रहती है जो रक्त द्वारा प्राप्त होते हैं। मस्तिष्क और नाड़ी-तंत्र के सभी हिस्सों में विभिन्न रक्त-वाहिकाऐं निरंतर रक्त पहुँचाती है। जब भी इनमें से कोई रक्त-वाहिका क्षतिग्रस्थ या अवरुद्ध हो जाती है तो मस्तिष्क के कुछ हिस्से को रक्त मिलना बन्द हो जाता है। यदि मस्तिष्क के किसी हिस्से को 3-4 मिनट से ज्यादा रक्त की आपूर्ति बन्द हो जाये तो मस्तिष्क का वह भाग ऑक्सीजन व पौषक तत्वों के अभाव में नष्ट होने लगता है, इसे ही स्ट्रोक या दौरा कहते हैं।
सबसे अच्छी बात यह है कि चिकित्सा-विज्ञान ने इस रोग के उपचार में बहुत तरक्की कर ली है और आज हमारे न्यूरोलोजिस्ट पूरा ताम-झाम लेकर बैठे हैं और उनके पिटारे में इस रोग के बचाव और उपचार के लिए क्या कुछ नहीं है। इसीलिए पिछले कई वर्षों में स्ट्रोक से मरने वाले रोगियों का प्रतिशत बहुत कम हुआ है। बस यह जरुरी है कि रोगी बिना व्यर्थ समय गंवाये तुरन्त अच्छे चिकित्सा-कैंन्द्र पहुँचे ताकि उसका उपचार जितना जल्दी संभव हो सके शुरू हो सके। समय पर उपचार शुरू हो जाने से मस्तिष्क में होने वाली क्षति और दुष्प्रभावों को काफी हद तक रोका जा सकता है।
The document discusses the relationship between economics, environment, and ethics. It summarizes that we are facing issues today because of ignoring the fundamental relationship between the three. The economy relies on ecosystem services provided by the environment, but the environment is being degraded by waste and emissions. Ethical practices also constitute an unseen force guiding economic behavior.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Scientific temper and attitude refer to traits like critical thinking, objectivity, open-mindedness, and respect for evidence. Developing a scientific attitude in students is the aim of science teaching. Some key aspects of scientific attitude are questioning beliefs, reasoning logically, honestly reporting observations, and accepting ideas that are supported by evidence. Fostering skills like curiosity, perseverance, and skepticism in students can help cultivate their scientific temper.
This document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biological science as the study of life and living organisms. It then lists several objectives of teaching biological science, including developing students' scientific outlook, curiosity about their surroundings, and respect for nature. The document also discusses the values of teaching biological science, which include encouraging curiosity and knowledge, and keeping an open mind. It emphasizes that teaching biological science should help students become responsible democratic citizens and appreciate diverse perspectives. Overall, the document provides an overview of the goals and importance of teaching biological science.
This presentation discusses using information and communication technologies (ICT) applications in biology learning. It introduces the topic, noting the presenter and institution. The document provides references on the advantages and limitations of ICT in education, using ICT to integrate science teaching and learning, and the impact of ICT in education.
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
1) The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and concepts related to solution concentrations. It defines oxidizing and reducing agents and gives examples of each.
2) A redox reaction involves the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of reactants. In redox reactions, the total increase in oxidation number equals the total decrease.
3) Disproportionation reactions involve the same element in a compound being both oxidized and reduced. The reverse is called a comproportionation reaction.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the concept of equilibrium in economics. It defines equilibrium as a state of balance where opposing forces neutralize each other. In microeconomics, market equilibrium occurs when supply equals demand. In macroeconomics, equilibrium is reached when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. The document provides examples of economic disequilibrium and equilibrium, and examines how prices adjust via demand and supply mechanisms to reach equilibrium. Key terms in Hindi are also defined.
This document summarizes Crystal Field Theory, which considers the electrostatic interactions between metal ions and ligands. It describes ligands and metal ions as point charges that can have attractive or repulsive forces. This causes the d orbitals of the metal ion to split into two sets depending on if the field created by the ligands is weak or strong. The theory explains color in coordination compounds as being caused by d-d electron transitions under the influence of ligands. However, it has limitations like not accounting for other metal orbitals or the partial covalent nature of metal-ligand bonds.
Dr. Laxmi Verma teaches Microeconomics at the BA-1 level and her topic is on utility in Unit 1 of the course. She teaches at Shri Shankracharya Mahavidyalya in Junwani.
Dr. Laxmi Verma is teaching a class of B.A-1 students. The subject is Indian Economy and the topic being covered is New Economic Reform. The document provides basic context about an economics lecture being given to undergraduate students on recent reforms in the Indian economy.
An iso-product curve shows the different combinations of two factors of production, such as labor and capital, that result in the same level of output. It is represented graphically, with the two factors on the x and y axes and points of equal output connected to form an iso-product curve. Key properties are that iso-product curves slope downward to the right, are convex to the origin, and do not intersect, as each curve represents a different output level. Higher iso-product curves correspond to higher output levels. Iso-product curves allow producers to identify input combinations that achieve maximum output efficiently.
This document discusses demand theory and the relationship between supply and demand. It covers the following key points:
1) Demand theory explains how consumer demand for goods and services relates to their prices in the market. It forms the basis for the demand curve, which shows that as price increases, demand decreases.
2) Demand depends on the utility of goods in satisfying wants and needs as well as a consumer's ability to pay. Supply and demand determine market prices and reach equilibrium when supply equals demand.
3) The demand curve has a negative slope, showing an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. A change in non-price factors like income can shift the demand curve. The law of supply and
Land reform in India has involved abolishing intermediaries like rent collectors and establishing ceilings on land ownership to redistribute surplus land to the landless. The goals were to remove impediments to agricultural production from the previous feudal system and eliminate exploitation. Key reforms included abolishing rent collectors, regulating tenancy, imposing landholding ceilings, consolidating fragmented holdings, and promoting cooperative farming. Impacts included reducing disparities, giving ex-landlords other work, increasing revenue, and empowering small farmers and laborers. Land reform aimed to promote social justice and economic growth through a more equitable distribution of agricultural land.
This document discusses different types of structural isomerism that can occur in coordination compounds. It defines structural isomerism as compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to different structures or orientations. The types of structural isomerism discussed include ionization isomerism, solvate/hydrate isomerism, linkage isomerism, coordination isomerism, ligand isomerism, polymerization isomerism, geometrical isomerism (cis/trans), and optical isomerism. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism.
More from Shri Shankaracharya College, Bhilai,Junwani (20)
5. ठौि-ठठकाना
• यह एक फिलामेंटस ब्लू ग्रीन शैवाल है। ये
दोनों प्लवक हैं, या जलीय जीवों पि लेप
बनाते हैं। कु छ प्रजाततयाां एांटोिाइठटक हैं औि
पानी के िनड अजोला की पत्तियों के बीच
गुहाओां में बढ़ती हैं औि साइक्सेस की ज़ें ें •
ताजे औि खािे पानी में व्यापक शिीि • यह
पानी के खखलने का भी उत्पादन किता है •
उनके शिीि में हेट्रोसाइट औि एफकनाइट्स होते
हैं
6.
7. पौधे का शिीि
• थैलस अनब्रेंच्ड फिलामेंट है। कोमशकाएां अांत से
अांत तक जु़ें जाती हैं। फिलामेंट्स एक ठदशा
में बढ़ने पि सेल बनते हैं। कॉलोनी में मसांगल
िो को ट्राइकोम कहा जाता है। एक या अधधक
ट्राइकोम हो सकते हैं। इन ट्राइकोम को
अफकनीट में सांशोधधत फकया जाता है औि
टममडनल ट्राइकोमोम्स द्वािा हेटेिोस्स्टक मूवमेंट
की सूचना दी गई है।
8.
9. अनाबाने की कोमशकाओां की सांिचना
• कोमशका प्रोकै रियोठटक है प्लास्स्टड औि अन्य खिल्लीदाि सांिचनाएां स्जनमें नामभक, कें द्रीय
रिस्क्तका, माइटोकॉस्न्िया औि गोल्गी तांत्र शाममल हैं अनुपस्स्थत हैं
• कोमशका मभत्ति- प्रोटोप्लास्ट तििा होता है अमीनो एमसड पेप्टाइड्स से बनी कोमशका मभत्ति
सेकोमशकाएां गोलाकाि या बैिल के आकाि की होती हैं। वे शायद ही कभी बेलनाकाि होते हैं
औि कभी भी नहीां टूटते हैं।
• एक कॉलोनी की अधधकाांश कोमशकाएँ आकाि में समान होती हैं। इसकी कोमशकाओां में
तनम्नमलखखत िटक होते हैं:
• प्रत्येक कोमशका में बाहिी कोमशका मभत्ति होती है। इस दीवाि में तीन पितें होती हैं।
भीतिी पित पतली सेलुलि पित है, मध्यम पेस्क्टक पित है औि बाहिी श्लेष्म पित है।
• प्रोटोप्लाज्म का परिधीय क्रोमोप्लाज्म नामक भाग से बना होता है। इसमें वर्डक होता है।
इसमलए यह िांगीन है। प्रोटोप्लाज्म के कें द्रीय िांगहीन ठहस्से में कें द्रक या क्रोमेठटन ग्रैन्यूल
नामक सामग्री जैसे नामभक होते हैं।
• वनस्पतत कोमशका के रूप में हेटिोके स्स्टक्स एक ही आकाि के होते हैं।
• गॉल्जी बॉडी, एन्कोप्लास्ज्मक िेठटकु लम औि माइटोकॉस्न्िया अपनी कोमशकाओां में
अनुपस्स्थत हैं
10.
11.
12.
13. Heterocyst
• एक त्तवषमकोर् एक त्तवभेठदत साइनोबैक्टीरियल सेल है जो नाइट्रोजन
तनधाडिर् को पूिा किता है। ।
• एिोबबक परिस्स्थततयों में नाइट्रोजन स्स्थिीकिर् के मलए साइट के रूप में
हेटेिोस्स्टस्ट कायड किता है। In
• वे तनस्श्चत नाइट्रोजन (NH4 या NO3) की कमी के कािर् बनते हैं।
• उनके पास के वल िोटोमसस्टम 1 होता है, जो उन्हें चक्रीय
िोटोिॉस्िोरिएलेशन औि एटीपी उत्थान किने में सक्षम बनाता है
ये परिवतडन ऑक्सीजन के प्रतत सांवेदनशील नाइट्रोजन के कायड किने के
मलए उपयुक्त स्स्थतत प्रदान किते हैं।
हेटिोमसस्ट वनस्पतत कोमशका के समान आकाि के होते हैं औि पिस्पि
अन्योन्याधित होते हैं।
हि दस में से एक कोमशका के बािे में कम पयाडविर्ीय नाइट्रोजन के समय में
एक त्तवषमकोर् में अांति होगा।
हेटिोमसस्ट तब प्रकाश सांश्लेषर् के उत्पादों के बदले में तनयत नाइट्रोजन के
साथ प़ें ोसी कोमशकाओां की आपूततड किता है, ताफक वे अब प्रदशडन न कि
सकें ।
14. एक एांकनेथ एक मोटी दीवाि वाली
तनस्ष्क्रय कोमशका है जो एक वनस्पतत
कोमशका के त्तवस्ताि से प्राप्त होती है।
यह एक जीत्तवत सांिचना के रूप में कायड
किता है। यह सायनोबैक्टीरिया की एक
आिाम कोमशका है।
अक्नीटेस बढ़ाई के नीचे दानेदाि ठदखने
वाले साइटोप्लाज्म के साथ मोटी दीवाि
वाले ठदखाई देते हैं।
Akinetes खाद्य भांडाि से भिे हुए हैं, औि
एक सामान्य सेल की दीवाि है जो 3 पित
कोट से तििा हुआ है।
वनस्पततक कोमशका से एांकटेट के त्तवकास
में शाममल हैं:
• आकाि में वृद्धध,
• गैस रिस्क्तका का धीिे-धीिे गायब हो
जाना,
• साइटोप्लास्ज्मक िनत्व में वृद्धध,
िाइबोसोम औि सायनोिाइमसन ग्रैन्यूल की
15.
16. प्रजनन
• अनाबायना का प्रजनन के वल वानस्पततक औि अलैंधगक तिीकों से होता है।
• यौन प्रजनन पूिी तिह से अनुपस्स्थत है।
• अनाबाएना तनम्नमलखखत तिीकों से वानस्पततक रूप से प्रजनन किता है-
• त्तवखांडन • पुिानी ठट्रचोम बहुत ब़ें ी औि अतनयममत हो जाती है स्जसके
कािर् यह छोटे टुक़ें ों में टूट जाती है।
• ट्राइकोम के ये छोटे टुक़ें े वनस्पतत कोमशकाओां को त्तवभास्जत किते हैं
औि नए ठट्रचोम में त्तवकमसत होते हैं।
• हॉिमोगोन • हॉिमोगोन ट्राइकोम के छोटे टुक़ें े होते हैं। त्तवषम क्षेत्र में
त्तवकमसत। • तब वे कु छ आांदोलन के कािर् वें बत्रचोम से बाहि आए।
"वे वनस्पतत कोमशकाओां को त्तवभास्जत किते हैं औि त्तवषमकोर् त्तवकमसत
किते हैं औि फिि से म्यान से तििे होते हैं। इस तिह नए ठट्रचोम का
तनमाडर् होता है।
17.
18. अफकनेट्स
• अकीनेट परिपक्व कालोतनयों में तनममडत होते हैं।
वे प्रततकू ल परिस्स्थततयों में बनते हैं।
• उन्हें आर्थ्रोस्पोि या आिाम किने वाली बीजार्ु भी कहा जाता
है।
वे शिीि को भेद िहे हैं।
• अनुकू ल परिस्स्थततयों में वे प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से नए
फिलामेंट को जन्म देते हैं।
• एांफकनेट की सामग्री अांकु िर् से पहले बबट्स में त्तवभास्जत
होती
• Heterocyst •
• Heterocyst cell transverly औि form (2-4) Celled
hormogones को त्तवभास्जत किता है।
• • ये हॉमोन्स हेटेिोमसस्ट की मोटी दीवाि को िो़ें कि बाहि
तनकलते हैं औि अांकु िर् होता है जो नई ट्राइकॉम को जन्म
देता है
19.
20. अनाबाने का महत्व
• • यह माना जाता है फक पृथ्वी पि सायनोबैक्टीरिया सबसे अधधक के मलए उत्पादक
के रूप में स्जम्मेदाि हैं, यठद सभी नहीां, तो वाताविर् में ऑक्सीजन।
• • पौधे भी ऑक्सीजन का उत्पादन किते हैं, हालाांफक, वे क्लोिोप्लास्ट पि तनभडि
किते हैं। माना जाता है फक ये पौधे ऑगेनेल मसयानोबैक्टीरिया से प्राप्त हुए हैं।
• • अनाबेना वेरिबबमलस स्ट्रेन का ब़ें े पैमाने पि अध्ययन फकया गया है क्योंफक यह
एक प्रफक्रया से भी गुजिता है जहाां यह सूयड के प्रकाश का उपयोग किके हाइिोजन
गैस का उत्पादन किता है। यह उत्पाद ऊजाड का पुन: प्रयोज्य स्रोत प्रदान कि
सकता है। आगे जीनोम का अध्ययन किने औि प्रफक्रया को समिने से हाइिोजन
गैस का ब़ें े पैमाने पि उत्पादन औि ईंधन या ऊजाड के रूप में उपयोग फकया जा
सकता है।
• अनाबाने की कु छ प्रजाततयों का उपयोग चावल, धान के खेतों पि फकया गया है।
वे प्राकृ ततक उवडिक के रूप में कायड किते हैं।
• • सायनोबैक्टीरिया से लगता है फक यह पृथ्वी के वायुमांडल को बदलने की नीांव है
क्योंफक यह पृथ्वी की प्रकाश सांश्लेषर् की आधी देखभाल किता है।
• • एक औि हामलया अध्ययन ने सांके त ठदया फक िे तनलएलतनन अमोतनया लाइसेज
(पाल), िे तनलके टोनुरिया नामक बीमािी का सांभात्तवत समाधान हो सकता है।
वतडमान शोध जानविों पि सांभात्तवत प्रभावों औि उन्हें मानव पि कै से ले जाएगा,
इस पि फकया जा िहा है
21.
22. आधथडक महत्व
• नाइट्रोजन तनधाडिर् • मृदा औि िसल की उपज में वृद्धध • सहजीवी सांि • नमकीन ममट्टी का
पुनग्रडहर् • पानी का खखलना • पशु की मृत्यु
• नाइट्रोजन तनधाडिर् Anabaena नाइट्रोजन तनधाडिर् में सफक्रय रूप से भाग लेता है, इसमलए ममट्टी
की उवडिता को बढ़ाता है
. ममट्टी औि िसल की उपज की उवडिता में वृद्धध Anabaena spp ममट्टी की उवडिता बढ़ाने के मलए
चावल के खेतों में उगाया जाता है औि चावल की िसलों की उपज को बढ़ावा देता है
• . सहजीवी सांि अनाबायना साइकै ड्स की ज़ें ों के साथ सहजीवी सांबांध बनाता है
• लवर्ीय ममट्टी का पुनभडिर् अनाबायना खािे ममट्टी में उगाया जाता है जहाँ वे ममट्टी की सतह
पि मोटी द्रव्यमान बनाते हैं औि ममट्टी के पीएच को कम किने में मदद किते हैं औि ममट्टी की
जल धािर् क्षमता को बढ़ाते हैं
• जल खखलता है अनाबाने पानी के जल में जल का प्रवाह बनाता है औि इसमें मौजूद काबडतनक
पदाथों की उपस्स्थतत के कािर् मानव उपभोग के मलए पानी के परिर्ामस्वरूप अत्तप्रय गांध उत्पन्न
होता है।
• जानविों की मौत Anabaena spp में जहि पैदा होता है स्जससे जानविों की मौतें होती हैं जैसे िो़ें े,
मवेशी, भे़ें आठद।