This is an overview of a cartographic mapping package developed at the Canberra College of Advanced Education. The package demonstrates educational and navigational applications and was produced for the semester unit Special Studies in Computing in the course for the award of Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies.
Dare to Change 1980Reflections of one of Australia's Military MapmakersRobert (Bob) Williams
1. In the late 1970s, the author was given the opportunity to study cartography and computing science integration at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra). There, he learned about developing digital mapping applications from his lecturer Waldemar Wassermann.
2. In 1980, the author wrote a discussion paper called "Defence Enquiry System" that proposed a geographic information system for defense applications like tracking personnel and equipment. He also worked on a mapping application called MAPPACK that demonstrated options for education and navigation uses.
3. MAPPACK allowed users to generate different map projections and manipulate continents to simulate plate tectonics. It also produced specialized maps for navigation including strip
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as software that can acquire, store, retrieve, and analyze spatial and non-spatial data describing physical objects on Earth. The document discusses the history of GIS, common software packages, data structures and management, and basic GIS operations such as data access, analysis through overlaying layers, and map production.
This document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) concepts and software. It outlines key learning objectives which are to understand what a GIS is and how it is applied, gain an understanding of basic GIS concepts and vocabulary, and get hands-on experience using GIS software to make basic maps and integrate data from different sources. The document then covers fundamental GIS topics like what GIS is, common questions it can help answer, its software components, vector and raster data models, coordinate systems, cartography principles for map design, and exercises for using GIS software to create maps.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
This document provides an overview of cartography and mapmaking. It discusses the cartographic process, which involves collecting and organizing data, designing maps, and reproducing maps. It also describes the uses and functions of maps, different map types and symbols, various map projections, and technological changes in the field. The document outlines advantages and limitations of maps and concludes that cartography involves the theory and practice of mapmaking to effectively communicate spatial information.
A Review Of Different Approaches Of Land Cover MappingJose Katab
This document reviews different approaches for land cover mapping, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic, supervised/unsupervised classification, and maximum likelihood. It discusses how each approach has been applied in previous studies for land cover classification using remote sensing data. The document also examines common problems in remote sensing image classification, such as mixed pixels, and different methods that have been proposed and used to address these issues, such as maximum likelihood classification and fuzzy classifiers. Overall, the review analyzes and compares algorithms for land cover classification and evaluates methods for overcoming problems encountered during the classification process.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dare to Change 1980Reflections of one of Australia's Military MapmakersRobert (Bob) Williams
1. In the late 1970s, the author was given the opportunity to study cartography and computing science integration at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra). There, he learned about developing digital mapping applications from his lecturer Waldemar Wassermann.
2. In 1980, the author wrote a discussion paper called "Defence Enquiry System" that proposed a geographic information system for defense applications like tracking personnel and equipment. He also worked on a mapping application called MAPPACK that demonstrated options for education and navigation uses.
3. MAPPACK allowed users to generate different map projections and manipulate continents to simulate plate tectonics. It also produced specialized maps for navigation including strip
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as software that can acquire, store, retrieve, and analyze spatial and non-spatial data describing physical objects on Earth. The document discusses the history of GIS, common software packages, data structures and management, and basic GIS operations such as data access, analysis through overlaying layers, and map production.
This document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) concepts and software. It outlines key learning objectives which are to understand what a GIS is and how it is applied, gain an understanding of basic GIS concepts and vocabulary, and get hands-on experience using GIS software to make basic maps and integrate data from different sources. The document then covers fundamental GIS topics like what GIS is, common questions it can help answer, its software components, vector and raster data models, coordinate systems, cartography principles for map design, and exercises for using GIS software to create maps.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
This document provides an overview of cartography and mapmaking. It discusses the cartographic process, which involves collecting and organizing data, designing maps, and reproducing maps. It also describes the uses and functions of maps, different map types and symbols, various map projections, and technological changes in the field. The document outlines advantages and limitations of maps and concludes that cartography involves the theory and practice of mapmaking to effectively communicate spatial information.
A Review Of Different Approaches Of Land Cover MappingJose Katab
This document reviews different approaches for land cover mapping, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic, supervised/unsupervised classification, and maximum likelihood. It discusses how each approach has been applied in previous studies for land cover classification using remote sensing data. The document also examines common problems in remote sensing image classification, such as mixed pixels, and different methods that have been proposed and used to address these issues, such as maximum likelihood classification and fuzzy classifiers. Overall, the review analyzes and compares algorithms for land cover classification and evaluates methods for overcoming problems encountered during the classification process.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of sub classes on the accuracy of the classified imageiaemedu
This document discusses image classification techniques in remote sensing. It begins with an overview of the need for geometric corrections and rectification of satellite images to account for distortions. It then describes supervised and unsupervised classification methods for extracting land cover information from images. Supervised classification involves using training data to classify pixels, while unsupervised classification groups pixels into spectral classes based on natural clusters. The maximum likelihood algorithm assumes normal distributions and assigns pixels to the most probable class. Classification accuracy is assessed using an error matrix to evaluate omission and commission errors between the classified and reference maps. Increasing the number of classes in a classified image can reduce accuracy by making spectral distinctions between classes less clear.
How to choose a map projection guide.pdfAndrew Scholl
This document discusses how to choose an appropriate map projection for a given mapping task or area of interest. There are a few key factors to consider:
First, the purpose of the map - whether it needs to preserve properties like shape, area, or scale. Second, the characteristics of the area being mapped, such as its latitude or shape. Third, the type of distortion minimized by different projection classes and matching that to the area. While rules of thumb based on latitude or shape can help, software makes customizing projections more feasible. Overall the document provides guidance on analyzing mapping needs and area characteristics to select a projection balancing accuracy and usefulness.
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
Need for Pan India Compatibility of Geospatial Databases in Terms of Map Proj...Mallikarjun Mishra
The present study is taken up to record variations in the extent of area of two polygons–(i)a ground measured area of a university campus, (ii)enclosing the Ganga basin and a polygon covering (iii)India to examine the changes in both shape and area–under different map projections with various parameters. The exercise brought forth interesting results. Depending on final ranks worked out based on minimum differences in extent of areas and shape distortion in the case of India, it is suggested to adopt either (i)LCC projection with Everest India-Nepal datum, First Standard Parallel (FSP) 24.50, Second Standard Parallel (SSP) 28.50, Latitude of Origin (LO) 16.253259, Central Meridian (CM) 80.8749 or (ii)LCC projection with WGS 84 datum, FSP 24.50, SSP 28.50, LO 16.253259, CM 80.8749 or (iii)Polyconic with Everest India-Nepal datum, CM 84.50, LO 13.00, for mapping both smaller areas on larger scales and larger areas on smaller scales.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
This document provides an overview of geospatial technology and geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses how GIS integrates data from GPS and remote sensing to store, analyze and manage spatial data referenced to locations on Earth. The key aspects covered include GIS data models using vector and raster formats, representing terrain as digital terrain models (DTMs), performing analysis like overlay operations and neighborhood functions, and calculating slopes and aspects from elevation data. GIS is presented as a versatile system for solving real-world problems by linking thematic data layers based on their geographic coordinates.
This document discusses the history and applications of geographic information systems (GIS) with a focus on its use in public health. It provides background on GIS, describing it as a set of tools for collecting, storing, manipulating, and displaying spatial data. The document outlines the history of GIS from early maps in the 1850s to the development of computer-based systems in the 1960s-1980s. It then discusses various uses of GIS in public health including disease mapping and surveillance, environmental health analysis, and health resource planning and accessibility analysis. Specific examples of GIS applications in Nepal are also mentioned.
1. Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object or area through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has four basic components: an energy source, transmission path, target, and sensor.
2. The remote sensing process has seven elements: energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission, interpretation, and application. Different sensors and techniques are used for passive and active remote sensing.
3. Remote sensing data can be used with GIS for applications like land use mapping, change detection, natural resource management, and hazard assessment. When combined with geospatial analysis and modeling capabilities, remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools for studying the coastal zone.
Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program...YogeshIJTSRD
The main goal is to use modern GAT technologies to determine the absolute height of the ground using the Global Mapper program and to create a relief of eroded lands on the basis of an automated system and to create and apply maps that will increase a number of economic savings based on regional data. Shoxrux Fayziev | Zulfizar Esanova | Nuriddin Abdiraxmatovich Abdiraxmatov "Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program and Creating the Relief of Eroded Lands on the Basis of an Automated System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38723.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38723/determining-the-absolute-height-of-the-ground-using-the-global-mapper-program-and-creating-the-relief-of-eroded-lands-on-the-basis-of-an-automated-system/shoxrux-fayziev
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS and describes its key components, including hardware, software, spatial data, and trained personnel. It explains the types of maps used in GIS like topographic maps and thematic maps. It also outlines common uses of GIS for applications in fields like forestry, wildlife tracking, waste management, agriculture, and more. Finally, it compares GIS to traditional maps and highlights advantages of GIS for data storage, indexing, analysis, and display.
The document discusses various modules in Drupal that enable web mapping capabilities. It describes the Geofield module, which stores and displays geospatial data as fields that can then be used in Views to show the data on a map. It also covers the Leaflet and OpenLayers modules, with Leaflet being newer and lighter than OpenLayers. The OpenLayers module allows for more customizations but requires two Views to implement - one for the data and one for the map. The document provides an overview of how these modules can be used to build web maps with Drupal.
THE NATURE AND SOURCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DATANadia Aziz
The document discusses various topics related to geographic data, including data formats, data capture, and data management. It describes the differences between raster and vector data formats and when each is generally used. It outlines methods for primary and secondary geographic data capture, including remote sensing, surveying, scanning, and digitizing. It also covers managing data capture projects, data editing, data conversion between formats, and linking geographic data.
1) Researchers produced a digital land use map of Samawah City, Iraq from satellite imagery using GIS software.
2) They divided the city into sectors and zones, surveyed the area, and overlaid map features onto satellite images to create vector data layers.
3) The final map consisted of 17 thematic layers such as housing, industry, recreation, and transportation. It provided an updated and more accurate representation of land use than previous paper maps.
1) Researchers in Iraq produced a digital land use map of Samawah City from a 2007 satellite image using GIS software.
2) They divided the city into sectors and zones, surveyed the areas, and overlaid the maps on the satellite image to create shapefiles for different land use types.
3) The final map classified land use into categories like housing, industry, recreation, and included supporting maps showing individual types like schools and parks. Accuracy was higher than paper maps due to use of satellite data in GIS.
SRTM is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale using radar. SRTM data is available in different formats from various sources and can be used for mapping geomorphology, structures, and revealing subsurface geological patterns when combined with Landsat data. SRTM imagery and derived hillshades can identify drainage patterns and be compared to paleochannels from aeromagnetic data to study geological processes over time.
This document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system designed to store, manipulate, analyze and display spatially referenced data. The key components of a GIS are hardware, software and data. Common GIS software includes desktop programs like ArcGIS and open-source options like QGIS. GIS can incorporate different types of spatial data like raster, vector and remote sensing data along with associated attribute tables. Example applications discussed are in hydrology, including watershed analysis and flood modeling.
Geographic information system(GIS) and its applications in agricultureKiranmai nalla
This document presents a seminar on geographic information systems (GIS) given by Nalla Anthony Kiranmai. The seminar discusses the principles, components, functions, applications and advantages of GIS. It covers topics such as the linkage between remote sensing and GIS, vector vs raster data representation, spatial data analysis functions including overlays and buffers, and applications of GIS in fields like agriculture, land suitability analysis, and groundwater assessment. The seminar aims to provide an introduction to GIS concepts and demonstrate how GIS can be used as an integrated technology for spatial analysis and decision support.
It was 20 years ago!
Dare to Change - Geographic Intelligence – The Key to Information Superiority
Request for assistance:
“I’ve lined up CDF (Chief of the Defence Force) to give a luncheon talk to the members of ASIBA (Australasia Spatial Information Business Association) on Thursday 10 October. Naturally I will have to write his speech! If you have any particular thoughts on what I might include, I would be grateful. The aim will be to give the spatial industry lobby a feeling that Defence recognises, values and needs quality geo information in many areas.
As well, I’ve agreed to speak to AURISA (Australasian Urban and Regional Information Association) on November 27 – guest / keynote speaker I think. Again any ideas you might want to proffer would be welcome”.
[Director, DIGO]
Geospatial Intelligence in Support of the Australian Approach to WarfareRobert (Bob) Williams
This paper (written in 2003) introduces the term geospatial intelligence to the lexicon of Australia’s national security. The paper describes a framework of concepts as they apply to imagery, imagery intelligence, and geographic, infrastructure and environmental information, referred to collectively as Geospatial Intelligence. The paper also describes the means of acquiring, processing and disseminating the range of products and services to the Defence community, referred to as Geospatial Information Infrastructure.
Effect of sub classes on the accuracy of the classified imageiaemedu
This document discusses image classification techniques in remote sensing. It begins with an overview of the need for geometric corrections and rectification of satellite images to account for distortions. It then describes supervised and unsupervised classification methods for extracting land cover information from images. Supervised classification involves using training data to classify pixels, while unsupervised classification groups pixels into spectral classes based on natural clusters. The maximum likelihood algorithm assumes normal distributions and assigns pixels to the most probable class. Classification accuracy is assessed using an error matrix to evaluate omission and commission errors between the classified and reference maps. Increasing the number of classes in a classified image can reduce accuracy by making spectral distinctions between classes less clear.
How to choose a map projection guide.pdfAndrew Scholl
This document discusses how to choose an appropriate map projection for a given mapping task or area of interest. There are a few key factors to consider:
First, the purpose of the map - whether it needs to preserve properties like shape, area, or scale. Second, the characteristics of the area being mapped, such as its latitude or shape. Third, the type of distortion minimized by different projection classes and matching that to the area. While rules of thumb based on latitude or shape can help, software makes customizing projections more feasible. Overall the document provides guidance on analyzing mapping needs and area characteristics to select a projection balancing accuracy and usefulness.
This document defines and describes Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). It discusses that DEMs are 3D representations of land surface elevation from various data sources. There are two main types of DEMs - raster and vector (TIN). Data can be captured through remote sensing, photogrammetry, or land surveys. Free global DEMs are available from sources like SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS. DEMs have many applications including terrain analysis, hydrology, mapping, and more.
Need for Pan India Compatibility of Geospatial Databases in Terms of Map Proj...Mallikarjun Mishra
The present study is taken up to record variations in the extent of area of two polygons–(i)a ground measured area of a university campus, (ii)enclosing the Ganga basin and a polygon covering (iii)India to examine the changes in both shape and area–under different map projections with various parameters. The exercise brought forth interesting results. Depending on final ranks worked out based on minimum differences in extent of areas and shape distortion in the case of India, it is suggested to adopt either (i)LCC projection with Everest India-Nepal datum, First Standard Parallel (FSP) 24.50, Second Standard Parallel (SSP) 28.50, Latitude of Origin (LO) 16.253259, Central Meridian (CM) 80.8749 or (ii)LCC projection with WGS 84 datum, FSP 24.50, SSP 28.50, LO 16.253259, CM 80.8749 or (iii)Polyconic with Everest India-Nepal datum, CM 84.50, LO 13.00, for mapping both smaller areas on larger scales and larger areas on smaller scales.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
This document provides an overview of geospatial technology and geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses how GIS integrates data from GPS and remote sensing to store, analyze and manage spatial data referenced to locations on Earth. The key aspects covered include GIS data models using vector and raster formats, representing terrain as digital terrain models (DTMs), performing analysis like overlay operations and neighborhood functions, and calculating slopes and aspects from elevation data. GIS is presented as a versatile system for solving real-world problems by linking thematic data layers based on their geographic coordinates.
This document discusses the history and applications of geographic information systems (GIS) with a focus on its use in public health. It provides background on GIS, describing it as a set of tools for collecting, storing, manipulating, and displaying spatial data. The document outlines the history of GIS from early maps in the 1850s to the development of computer-based systems in the 1960s-1980s. It then discusses various uses of GIS in public health including disease mapping and surveillance, environmental health analysis, and health resource planning and accessibility analysis. Specific examples of GIS applications in Nepal are also mentioned.
1. Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object or area through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has four basic components: an energy source, transmission path, target, and sensor.
2. The remote sensing process has seven elements: energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission, interpretation, and application. Different sensors and techniques are used for passive and active remote sensing.
3. Remote sensing data can be used with GIS for applications like land use mapping, change detection, natural resource management, and hazard assessment. When combined with geospatial analysis and modeling capabilities, remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools for studying the coastal zone.
Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program...YogeshIJTSRD
The main goal is to use modern GAT technologies to determine the absolute height of the ground using the Global Mapper program and to create a relief of eroded lands on the basis of an automated system and to create and apply maps that will increase a number of economic savings based on regional data. Shoxrux Fayziev | Zulfizar Esanova | Nuriddin Abdiraxmatovich Abdiraxmatov "Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program and Creating the Relief of Eroded Lands on the Basis of an Automated System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38723.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38723/determining-the-absolute-height-of-the-ground-using-the-global-mapper-program-and-creating-the-relief-of-eroded-lands-on-the-basis-of-an-automated-system/shoxrux-fayziev
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS and describes its key components, including hardware, software, spatial data, and trained personnel. It explains the types of maps used in GIS like topographic maps and thematic maps. It also outlines common uses of GIS for applications in fields like forestry, wildlife tracking, waste management, agriculture, and more. Finally, it compares GIS to traditional maps and highlights advantages of GIS for data storage, indexing, analysis, and display.
The document discusses various modules in Drupal that enable web mapping capabilities. It describes the Geofield module, which stores and displays geospatial data as fields that can then be used in Views to show the data on a map. It also covers the Leaflet and OpenLayers modules, with Leaflet being newer and lighter than OpenLayers. The OpenLayers module allows for more customizations but requires two Views to implement - one for the data and one for the map. The document provides an overview of how these modules can be used to build web maps with Drupal.
THE NATURE AND SOURCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DATANadia Aziz
The document discusses various topics related to geographic data, including data formats, data capture, and data management. It describes the differences between raster and vector data formats and when each is generally used. It outlines methods for primary and secondary geographic data capture, including remote sensing, surveying, scanning, and digitizing. It also covers managing data capture projects, data editing, data conversion between formats, and linking geographic data.
1) Researchers produced a digital land use map of Samawah City, Iraq from satellite imagery using GIS software.
2) They divided the city into sectors and zones, surveyed the area, and overlaid map features onto satellite images to create vector data layers.
3) The final map consisted of 17 thematic layers such as housing, industry, recreation, and transportation. It provided an updated and more accurate representation of land use than previous paper maps.
1) Researchers in Iraq produced a digital land use map of Samawah City from a 2007 satellite image using GIS software.
2) They divided the city into sectors and zones, surveyed the areas, and overlaid the maps on the satellite image to create shapefiles for different land use types.
3) The final map classified land use into categories like housing, industry, recreation, and included supporting maps showing individual types like schools and parks. Accuracy was higher than paper maps due to use of satellite data in GIS.
SRTM is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale using radar. SRTM data is available in different formats from various sources and can be used for mapping geomorphology, structures, and revealing subsurface geological patterns when combined with Landsat data. SRTM imagery and derived hillshades can identify drainage patterns and be compared to paleochannels from aeromagnetic data to study geological processes over time.
This document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system designed to store, manipulate, analyze and display spatially referenced data. The key components of a GIS are hardware, software and data. Common GIS software includes desktop programs like ArcGIS and open-source options like QGIS. GIS can incorporate different types of spatial data like raster, vector and remote sensing data along with associated attribute tables. Example applications discussed are in hydrology, including watershed analysis and flood modeling.
Geographic information system(GIS) and its applications in agricultureKiranmai nalla
This document presents a seminar on geographic information systems (GIS) given by Nalla Anthony Kiranmai. The seminar discusses the principles, components, functions, applications and advantages of GIS. It covers topics such as the linkage between remote sensing and GIS, vector vs raster data representation, spatial data analysis functions including overlays and buffers, and applications of GIS in fields like agriculture, land suitability analysis, and groundwater assessment. The seminar aims to provide an introduction to GIS concepts and demonstrate how GIS can be used as an integrated technology for spatial analysis and decision support.
It was 20 years ago!
Dare to Change - Geographic Intelligence – The Key to Information Superiority
Request for assistance:
“I’ve lined up CDF (Chief of the Defence Force) to give a luncheon talk to the members of ASIBA (Australasia Spatial Information Business Association) on Thursday 10 October. Naturally I will have to write his speech! If you have any particular thoughts on what I might include, I would be grateful. The aim will be to give the spatial industry lobby a feeling that Defence recognises, values and needs quality geo information in many areas.
As well, I’ve agreed to speak to AURISA (Australasian Urban and Regional Information Association) on November 27 – guest / keynote speaker I think. Again any ideas you might want to proffer would be welcome”.
[Director, DIGO]
Geospatial Intelligence in Support of the Australian Approach to WarfareRobert (Bob) Williams
This paper (written in 2003) introduces the term geospatial intelligence to the lexicon of Australia’s national security. The paper describes a framework of concepts as they apply to imagery, imagery intelligence, and geographic, infrastructure and environmental information, referred to collectively as Geospatial Intelligence. The paper also describes the means of acquiring, processing and disseminating the range of products and services to the Defence community, referred to as Geospatial Information Infrastructure.
The article linked to (below) is somewhat of an odyssey. It commences with discussion on, possibly, the first land information system in Australia and my association with it - Eurobodalla.
It then briefly describes follow on applications including a military terrain-mapping product. Subsequent products cover the littoral zone for beach landings. So, it could be described as terrain intelligence.
This idea stemmed from the D-Day invasion maps (Benson and Bigot).
And, so, follows the Benson and Bigot story – an amazing cartographic accomplishment. To view a video of this stunning activity view the link at the end of the article
The article linked to (below) is somewhat of an odyssey. It commences with discussion on, possibly, the first land information system in Australia and my association with it - Eurobodalla.
It then briefly describes follow on applications including a military terrain-mapping product. Subsequent products cover the littoral zone for beach landings. So, it could be described as terrain intelligence.
This idea stemmed from the D-Day invasion maps (Benson and Bigot).
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An Overview of a Cartographic Package
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R.J.Williams
Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies
(CCAE)
AMAIC
CARTOGRAPHY
Volume 11 No.3 March 1980
This is an overview of a cartographic mapping package developed at the
Canberra College of Advanced Education. The package demonstrates
educational and navigational applications and was produced for the semester
unit Special Studies in Computing in the course for the award of Bachelor of
Arts in Computing Studies.
The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author.
1
The text and illustrations in this paper have not been edited at all from the original journal article.
1
2. Until the Age of Automation, thematic cartographers were posed with the problem of whether
to use currently available maps as bases for their particular purposes or whether to embark
on what might be a lengthy and involved task to produce their desired map bases. The
available maps might be restricted by the area covered, by the types of projection required, by
limited ranges of scale, or by inadequacies of detail for conveying the objectives (Anderson,
1978).
The Age of Automation has made the second alternative now more feasible. Any geographic
feature digitally represented in a data base is now accessible and may be rotated,
transformed and scaled to produce the desired output.
A cartographic mapping package developed at the Canberra College of Advanced Education
as an undergraduate topic in the unit Special Studies in Computing attempts to demonstrate
these characteristics.
The Cartographic Mapping Package
The programs within the package can be divided into two groups:
1. Data base creation programs; and
2. Applications program and support programs.
The data base creation programs have the primary function of creating a hierarchical data
base for the applications program.
Programs within the College’s Geographic Information Processing System (GIPS) are used to
display/plot the output of the applications program (MAPPACK) on a number of devices
(Figure 1). MAPPACK is the major program within the cartographic mapping package and is
designed to demonstrate ideas from which production systems might evolve. Two field
applicable to these ideas are:
1. Education; and
2. Navigation.
Figure 1: MAPPACK
2
3. Education
The ‘Atlas’ mapping option and the ‘Pre-History’ mapping option could be used to
demonstrate geographical areas in studying applied geography, cartography, and ‘pre-history’
type subjects.
Atlas. Currently MAPPACK has available ten map projections. This can easily be extended to
any desired number. Each projection may be displayed in a normal aspect or oblique to any
point requested by the program user.
The projections currently available are:
1. Orthographic;
2. Stereographic;
3. Gnomonic;
4. Postel ( Azimuthal Equidistant);
5. Perspective;
6. Mercator;
7. Lambert’s Cylindrical Equivalent;
8. Bonne;
9. Sanson Flamsteed; and
10. Mollweide.
The primary aim of a logical choice of a suitable map projection is to select a projection in
which the extreme distortions are smaller than would occur in any other projection used to
map the same area. The amount of distortion which is likely to be encountered depends on
the location, size and shape of area to be mapped (Maling, 1973).
The following three rules aid in the selection of a suitable projection:
i. If the country to be mapped lies in the tropics a cylindrical projection, e.g. Mercator,
should be used;
ii. If the country to be mapped lies in temperate latitudes, a conical projection, e.g.
Bonne, should be used. (The Bonne Projection is technically a pseudo- or modified
conical projection with the special property of equivalence and with correct scale
along the parallels of latitude and central meridian).
The choice of special property is largely determined by the intended purpose of the map
(Maling, 1973). These are the properties of:
i. Conformality. A conformal map projection, e.g. Mercator, has no angular
deformation. This property is useful for topographic maps and navigation charts;
ii. Equivalence. The equal-area map projections, e.g. Sanson Flamsteed, are most
important in the field of distribution mapping of statistical variables;
iii. Equidistance. Equidistant maps are often used in atlas maps, strategic planning
maps and similar representations of large parts of the earth’s surface.
MAPPACK also has the option of ‘windowing’ out a geographical area (Figure 2).
Pre-History. This option is a fairly simple approach to mapping continental movement.
Continents may be shifted and totated irrespective of the map graticule, however no real
deformation of shape occurs. This displays an interesting aspect of computer mapping and
could feasibly be expanded to show more realistic effects.
3
4. Figure 2: Malaya - Sumatra
Navigation
The navigational application provides a powerful mapping tool by producing highly specialized
maps of specific areas of interest. Options include the following:
1. Strip map. For great circle route mapping the user requests the STRIP map option
and enters the required region, e.g. LONDON TO SYDNEY. Up to five intermediate
places may be requested. The user is required to specify the direction, i.e. west to
east or east to west, and the map scale which may be a specific scale or a particular
page size format, e.g. A4. The result is a strip map, or maps, between the places
selected and having the same scale (Figure 3).
2. Bearing and Distance Maps. This option is accessed via the ATLAS style map
selection. This map may be centred on any point on the Earth’s surface and is
available on a global basis or to a specific radial distance (Figure 4). Bearing and
distance is true from the centre of the map.
3. Distance to Coastline. This option calculates the bearing and great circle distance to
the nearest point on a coastline of a major land feature.
4
5. Figure 3: London to Sydney via Singapore
MAPPACK Communication
MAPPACK permits either interactive communication to obtain parameters or batch entry of
parameters.
Interactive Communication
MAPPACK’s communication module uses an English-style question and answer interaction
with the user to determine the user’s requirements. The module is designed to ask the
5
6. Figure 4: Darwin to 5000 KM
minimum number of questions to produce the desired map (Appendices 1 & 2), the user being
relieved of the following operations:
i. Place name coordinates. The program currently has knowledge of eighty major cities
and places. However, in the case of a place not being known to the system, the
program will request the geographical coordinates.
6
7. ii. Map scale selection (if the user wishes). The program is capable of determining the
scale of the map required to fit:
a. An A4 size page;
b. A computer printout size page;
c. The maximum area available on the College’s output devices; these being an
EAI 430 plotter, a TEKTRONIX 4013 display screen and a HP7200A plotter;
iii. Map scale adjustment if a radial area or ‘windowed’ area is requested;
iv. Origin shifts due to formula calculations;
v. False north pole calculations for oblique aspect tasks.
Batch Entry
The batch entry module is less sophisticated than the interactive module and is, generally,
intended for use when the input is via magnetic tape files. No automatic scale selection, scale
adjustment, or false pole calculation is performed. The user is required to enter these
parameters.
This module accepts parameters to enable the program to handle multi-file tapes and multi-
tape files.
Geographic Data Base
MAPPACK utilizes a hierarchical data base structure. For example, if the user selects a
region in the vicinity of Australia, Indonesia or the South Pacific then a slightly more detailed
file is accessed than if he chose a region elsewhere or chose a global map area. Another user
option is to access the original data base and nominate his own feature requirement and point
density (Figure 5).
The geographic data base for the cartographic mapping package is World Data Bank 2
(WDB2). The data base creation programs within the package are used to create this data
base structure. WDB2 is a cartographic data base developed in the United States of America
and contains approximately 6,000,000 coordinate pairs in approximately 30,000 line
segments. These coordinates outlining natural and man-made features of the world are
contained in five distinct storage areas:
1. North America;
2. South America and Antarctica;
3. Europe;
4. Africa and
5. Asia.
Each storage is further divided into separate files for:
a. Coastlines, islands and lakes (CIL);
b. Rivers (RIV);
c. International boundaries (BDY); and
d. In the case of North America a fourth file (PDY) further delineates the states
of the USA and the provinces of Canada (Anderson, 1978).
WDB2 has a classification/ranking system to denote hierarchy among features within the
individual files. These features and subordinate classifications/ranks as coded in WDB2 are
as follows:
7
8. Figure 5: geographic data base
I. Coastlines, Islands and Lakes (CIL)
1. Coastlines, islands and lakes that appear on all maps
2. Additional major islands and lakes
3. Intermediate islands and lakes
4. Minor islands and lakes
5. Intermittent major lakes
6. Intermittent rivers – additional
7. Reefs
8. Salt pans – major
9. Salt pans – minor
10. Ice shelves – major
11. Ice shelves – minor
12. Glaciers
II. Rivers (RIV)
1. Permanent major rivers
2. Additional major rivers
3. Additional rivers
4. Minor rivers
5. Double-lines rivers
6. Intermittent rivers – major
8
9. 7. Intermittent rivers – additional
8. Intermittent rivers – minor
9. Major canals
10. Canals of lesser importance
11. Canals – irrigation type
III. International Boundaries of Limits of Sovereignty (BDY)
1. Demarcated or delimited
2. Indefinite or in dispute
3. Other line of separation or sovereignty on land
IV. International Boundaries (PDY)
1. First order admin
Conclusion
The cartographic mapping package utilizes a number of concepts. Firstly, the creation of a
hierarchical data base enables a number of relatively small direct access disk files to be used
for planning and initial assessment mapping purposes while the detailed data base (tape file)
is only used when more detail is actually required. Secondly, the use of a communication
module which requests only the minimum number of parameters for a particular task provides
the user with an easy and simple way of inputing his requirements. Thirdly, the use of
automatic scaling, positioning, rotation and point selection permits users with little technical
knowledge to still package the College’s Geographic Information Processing System (GIPS)
for output to various devices means that only GIPS needs to be amended if a new output
terminal is acquired instead of the applications being modified.
Acknowledgement
Thanks are due to Mr W. Wassermann for assistance with problems of a cartographic nature
and to Mr D. Child and the staff of the CCAE Computer Centre for providing the extra
computer time and resources required by the project.
References
Anderson, D.E., Angel, J.L. and Gorny, A.J. (1978). World Data Bank II: Content, structure
and application in Dutton, G. (ed.), Harvard papers on geographic information systems:
Proceedings, First International Advanced Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures
for Geographic Information Systems, Volume 2.
Maling, D.H. (1973). Coordinate systems and map projections, George Philip, London.
9
10. MAPPACK Communications – Appendix 1
RUN MAPPACK; MAXPROCTIME = 30;
MAXIOTIME = 20
#Collect any printout from Print 6
#Running
#?
*Mappack*
Cartographic Mapping Package
Types of maps available include ….
Atlas
Strip map
Pre-history mapping
Distance to coastline
Which would you prefer?
ATLAS
Enter region
- If World type WORLD
- - Strip map of type A TO B
DARWIN
Enter projection number
0 … Orthographic
1 … Stereographic
2 … Gnomonic
3 … Postel (Azimuthal Equidistant)
4 … Perspective
5 … Mercator
6 … Lambert (Cylindrical Equal Area)
7 … Bonne
8 … Sanson-Flamsteed
9 … Mollweide
3
The following scale options are available.
You may nominate your
Own scale
Computer printout size
A4 size
Maximum available size
Which would you like?
A4
Map scale is 20,000,000
Is oblique aspect required?
YES
Place centred on?
DARWIN
Postel Equidistant Projection
Enter radial distance in 1000KM (max 20)
5
Map scale is now 1:75,000,000
Are distance range rings required?
YES
The following options are available
Enter YES if required …
Geographic data …
YES
Geographic graticule …
YES
Nomenclature …
NO
Legend …
YES
***MAPPACK running***
MAPPACK Communications – Appendix 2
RUN MAPPACK; MAXPROCTIME = 40;
MAXIOTIME = 25
#Collect any printout from Print 7
#Running
#?
*Mappack*
Cartographic Mapping Package
Types of maps available include ….
Atlas
Strip map
Pre-history mapping
Distance to coastline
Which would you prefer?
STRIP MAP
Enter region
- If World type WORLD
- - Strip map of type A TO B
LONDON TO SYDNEY
Strip map option
Point of departure is …
LONDON
Point of arrival is …
SYDNEY
Enter number of intermediate points
If none then enter 0 …
1
Enter intermediate place name
SINGAPORE
Stage 1 of strip map …
Leg LONDON to SYDNEY
Is direction West to East?
YES
If you wish to nominate a map scale other than the
maximum available enter one of the following
A4 size
Computer printout size
Own scale
Nil change
A4
Stage 2 of strip map …
Leg SINGAPORE to SYDNEY
Is direction West to East?
YES
The following options are available
Enter YES if required …
Geographic data …
YES
Geographic graticule …
YES
Nomenclature …
NO
Legend …
YES
***MAPPACK running***
10