Phytochmistry M. Pharmacy first semester

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SUBJECT NAME- PHYTOCHEMISTRY
COURSE CODE –MPG103T SUBJECT INCHARGE-
ASSIGNMENT NAME – IMPORTANCE IN HERBAL INDUSTRIES OF
FOLLOWING PHYTO-PHARMACETICALS CONTAINING DRUGS- ALKALOIDS
AND GLYCOSIDE
NAME OF STUDENT- GAVADE GANU CHANDRAKANT (m.pharmacy 1st sem)

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INTRODUCTION-
1. IMPORTANCE IN HERBAL INDUSTRIES OF FOLLOWING PHYTO-
PHARMACETICALS CONTAINING DRUGS:
 Alkaloids
 Glycosides
 Steroids
 Coumarin
 Terpenoids
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic substances, predominantly found in plant sources
including marine algae and rarely in animals (e.g. in the toxic secretions of fire ants, lady bugs
and toads).
They occur mostly in seed-bearing plants mainly in berries, bark, fruits, roots and leaves.
Alkaloids often contain at least one nitrogen atom in heterocyclic ring. These are basic in nature
and so referred the term alkaloid (alkali-like).
Many drugs used by man for both medical and non medical purposes are produced in nature in
the form of alkaloids e.g. atropine, strychnine, caffeine, nicotine, morphine, codeine, cocaine etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOIDS:
1. Taxonomical classification: This classification is based on the distribution of alkaloids in
various plant families, like solanaceous or papilionaceous alkaloids. Sometimes they are grouped
as per the name of grouped genus in which they occur, e.g. ephedra, cinchona, etc.
2. Biosynthetic classification: This method gives significance to the precursor from which the
alkaloids are biosynthesized in the plant. Hence the variety of alkaloids with different taxonomic
distribution and physiological activities can be brought under same group, if they are derived
from same precursor, e.g. all indole alkaloids from tryptophan are grouped together. Alkaloids
derived from amino acid precursor are grouped in same class such as ornithine, lysine, tyrosine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan, etc.
3. Pharmacological classification: This classification is based on the physiological action or
biological activity of alkaloids on animals like CNS stimulants or depressants,
sympathomimetics, analgesics, purgatives, etc. This method does not take account of chemical
nature of alkaloids. Within the same chemical structure the alkaloids can exhibits more than one
physiological action e.g. morphine is narcotic-analgesic, while quinidine is cardiac depressant.

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4. Chemical classification: this classification is most accepted way to specify the alkaloids.
The alkaloids are categorized into three divisions-
a. True alkaloids: These have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and derived from amino acids.
b. Proto alkaloids: These does not have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and derive from amino
acids, e.g. colchicines.
c. Pseudo alkaloids: These have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and derived from terpenoids or
purines but not derived from amino acids.
CHEMICAL TEST FOR ALKALOIDS -
The chemical test used for alkaloids depend on their character to precipitate with organic acids in
the form of there salts.
These are also precipited by the reaction of compounds of heavy metal like mercury, gold,
platinum etc
Caffeine and some other alkaloids which are highly water soluble, do not give the tests with
usual reagents.
Some common reagents, used to the detection of alkaloids are summarized in table-

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NAME OF REAGENT CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
COLOUR
OBTAINED
EXAMPLE
MAYERS REAGENT POTASSIUM
MERCURIC IODIDE
SOLUTION
CREAM COMMON
WAGNERS
REAGENT
SOLUTION OF IODINE
IN POTASSIUM
IODIDE
REDDISH
-BROWN
COMMON
DRAGENDORFFS
REAGENTS
POTASSIUM
BISMUTH IODIDE
SOLUTION
REDDISH –BROWN COMMON
HAGERS REAGENTS SATURATED
SOLUTION OF PICRIC
ACID
YELLOW COMMON
MUREXIDE TEST POTTASIUM
CHLORATE+HCL+NH3
PURPLE CAFFEINE
NITRIC ACID DILUTE NITRIC ACID ORANGE –RED MORPHINE
IMPORTANCE IN HERBAL INDUSTRIES OF FOLLOWING PHYTO-
PHARMACETICAL -
Anti-inflammatory Properties: Uncaria tomentosa, commonly known as cat's claw, contains
compounds with anti-inflammatory effects, making it valuable in herbal formulations for
conditions involving inflammation.
Immune System Support: Uncolite's immunomodulatory properties can contribute to supporting
the immune system, making it a key ingredient in herbal supplements aimed at enhancing overall
immune function.
Antioxidant Benefits: The presence of antioxidants in uncolite helps combat oxidative stress,
potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases and supporting overall health.

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Joint Health: Herbal formulations containing uncolite may be used to address joint-related issues
due to its anti-inflammatory properties, potentially alleviating symptoms associated with
conditions like arthritis.
Adaptogenic Effects: Uncolite exhibits adaptogenic properties, helping the body adapt to
stressors. This makes it a valuable component in herbal blends aimed at supporting stress
management and overall well-being.
Antiviral Potential: Some studies suggest that uncolite may possess antiviral properties,
contributing to its use in herbal products designed to combat viral infections.
Neuroprotective Effects: Preliminary research indicates potential neuroprotective properties of
uncolite, suggesting its inclusion in herbal formulations targeting cognitive health.
Antibacterial Activity: Certain compounds found in uncolite may exhibit antibacterial effects,
which could be advantageous in herbal preparations aimed at addressing bacterial infections.
Wound Healing: Uncolite's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may contribute to its
potential role in promoting wound healing, making it a valuable ingredient in herbal products
designed for topical applications tract.
Digestive Health: Uncolite's anti-inflammatory effects may extend to the digestive system,
making it beneficial for individuals with conditions related to inflammation in the
gastrointestinal
Glycosides
DEFINATION-Glycosides are organic compounds consisting of a glycone (a sugar) and an
aglycone (a non-sugar molecule). They are formed through the linkage of the sugar to the
aglycone by a glycosidic bond.
Classification
Based on Aglycone:
Flavonoid Glycosides: Derived from flavonoids, these include compounds like quercetin
glycosides and kaempferol glycosides.
Terpenoid Glycosides: Derived from terpenoids, such as ginsenosides found in ginseng.
Alcohol Glycosides: Contain an alcohol as the aglycone, for example, salicin found in willow
bark
Based on Sugar Component:
Glucosides: Sugar component is glucose.

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Lactosides: Sugar component is lactose.
Fructosides: Sugar component is fructose.
Based on Hydrolysis Products:
Simple Glycosides: Hydrolyze to give only one type of sugar and one type of aglycone.
Complex Glycosides: Hydrolyze to give more than one type of sugar or aglycone.
Importance:
Medicinal Properties: Many glycosides have medicinal properties and are utilized in traditional
and modern medicine. For example, cardiac glycosides like digoxin are used to treat heart
conditions.
Flavor and Aroma: Some glycosides contribute to the flavor and aroma of plants and fruits. For
instance, the bitterness in coffee is partly attributed to glycosides.
Antimicrobial Activity: Certain glycosides exhibit antimicrobial properties, contributing to the
plant's defense mechanism against pathogens.
Nutritional Components: Glycosides can be found in various foods, providing nutritional
benefits. For example, saponins in legumes have glycosidic structures.
Color Pigments: Anthocyanin glycosides contribute to the vibrant colors in many fruits and
flowers.
Pesticidal Effects: Some glycosides act as natural pesticides, protecting plants from herbivores.