The document discusses the field of forensic linguistics, providing definitions and examples. It defines forensic linguistics as the application of linguistic analysis to legal issues and problems. Some key areas that forensic linguistics can be applied to are discussed in more detail, including trademark infringement, product liability, speaker identification, and authorship analysis of written documents. Examples are given for each area to illustrate how linguistic analysis can be used, such as comparing trademark names, analyzing warning labels, comparing voices in recordings, and profiling authors based on linguistic patterns in written texts.
The document discusses the field of forensic linguistics and provides two case studies as examples. In the first study, computational stylistic analysis was used to determine the authenticity of purported classified documents about a secret government group. Only one of seventeen documents showed strong likelihood of being authored by the person it was attributed to. The second study analyzed 50 Iranian court cases linguistically to identify crimes like perjury and threats when clear evidence was lacking. Morphological analysis of brand names was given as one example of linguistic evidence that can help legal cases.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics. It defines forensic linguistics as the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to legal contexts such as law, crime investigation, and judicial procedures. Some key points:
- Forensic linguistics involves the analysis of language used in legal settings and documents, including legislation, court proceedings, interviews, and witness statements.
- Areas of study within forensic linguistics include understanding the language of legal texts and processes, and providing linguistic evidence in areas like author identification, trademark disputes, and voice analysis.
- Linguistic analysis can be applied at different stages of legal cases and proceedings, from initial investigations to trials and appeals. Forensic linguists may interpret meanings,
Forensic linguistics applies linguistic analysis to legal contexts. It examines language evidence in investigations, trials, and legal procedures. There are three main areas of application: understanding written law, language use in legal processes, and providing linguistic evidence. Forensic linguists analyze both written documents and spoken language to determine authorship, detect plagiarism, and help solve crimes. Their analyses consider syntax, style, spelling, punctuation, and other linguistic features.
Forensic linguistics involves three overlapping areas: 1) investigative linguistics such as authorship analysis, 2) study of written legal language including readability and interpretation, and 3) communication in legal processes like interviews and courtrooms. Investigative linguistics analyzes disputed texts using both quantitative and qualitative methods to identify idiosyncratic linguistic features and determine authorship. The study of written legal language focuses on improving comprehension through plain language reforms. Communication in legal processes examines discourse in settings like police questioning and trials.
1) Computational linguistics involves using computer science techniques to analyze and process human language both in written and spoken form. The field aims to develop systems that can understand, produce, and have conversations in natural language.
2) Early work in computational linguistics focused on machine translation, but the field grew to include modeling other aspects of language like syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This allowed for developing systems that go beyond translation to process language more like humans.
3) A famous early program was ELIZA from 1966, which was designed to have natural conversations but actually just followed pattern matching routines to generate responses based on keywords. This demonstrated both promise and limitations of early conversational agents.
The Prague School was an influential linguistic circle established in 1926 in Prague that made several important contributions to structuralist linguistics. It emphasized language as a system of functionally related units and studied it synchronically. The Prague School developed the concept of distinctive features in phonology and the notion of markedness. It also distinguished between the theme and rheme in sentences, with the theme being given information and the rheme being new information. The general approach of the Prague School can be described as a combination of functionalism and structuralism.
Forensic linguistics involves applying linguistic analysis to legal cases and proceedings. It operates at the interface between language, law enforcement, and the legal system. A forensic linguist may be asked to analyze texts, interviews, or other language evidence at the investigative stage of a case to help develop interrogation strategies. During a trial, they could analyze questions of authorship, meaning, interpretation, or the provenance of a text in a civil or criminal matter. An analysis may also be requested during the appeal stage of a legal case to challenge a conviction. The primary duty of a forensic linguist is to the court, not any particular client.
The document discusses the field of forensic linguistics and provides two case studies as examples. In the first study, computational stylistic analysis was used to determine the authenticity of purported classified documents about a secret government group. Only one of seventeen documents showed strong likelihood of being authored by the person it was attributed to. The second study analyzed 50 Iranian court cases linguistically to identify crimes like perjury and threats when clear evidence was lacking. Morphological analysis of brand names was given as one example of linguistic evidence that can help legal cases.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics. It defines forensic linguistics as the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to legal contexts such as law, crime investigation, and judicial procedures. Some key points:
- Forensic linguistics involves the analysis of language used in legal settings and documents, including legislation, court proceedings, interviews, and witness statements.
- Areas of study within forensic linguistics include understanding the language of legal texts and processes, and providing linguistic evidence in areas like author identification, trademark disputes, and voice analysis.
- Linguistic analysis can be applied at different stages of legal cases and proceedings, from initial investigations to trials and appeals. Forensic linguists may interpret meanings,
Forensic linguistics applies linguistic analysis to legal contexts. It examines language evidence in investigations, trials, and legal procedures. There are three main areas of application: understanding written law, language use in legal processes, and providing linguistic evidence. Forensic linguists analyze both written documents and spoken language to determine authorship, detect plagiarism, and help solve crimes. Their analyses consider syntax, style, spelling, punctuation, and other linguistic features.
Forensic linguistics involves three overlapping areas: 1) investigative linguistics such as authorship analysis, 2) study of written legal language including readability and interpretation, and 3) communication in legal processes like interviews and courtrooms. Investigative linguistics analyzes disputed texts using both quantitative and qualitative methods to identify idiosyncratic linguistic features and determine authorship. The study of written legal language focuses on improving comprehension through plain language reforms. Communication in legal processes examines discourse in settings like police questioning and trials.
1) Computational linguistics involves using computer science techniques to analyze and process human language both in written and spoken form. The field aims to develop systems that can understand, produce, and have conversations in natural language.
2) Early work in computational linguistics focused on machine translation, but the field grew to include modeling other aspects of language like syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This allowed for developing systems that go beyond translation to process language more like humans.
3) A famous early program was ELIZA from 1966, which was designed to have natural conversations but actually just followed pattern matching routines to generate responses based on keywords. This demonstrated both promise and limitations of early conversational agents.
The Prague School was an influential linguistic circle established in 1926 in Prague that made several important contributions to structuralist linguistics. It emphasized language as a system of functionally related units and studied it synchronically. The Prague School developed the concept of distinctive features in phonology and the notion of markedness. It also distinguished between the theme and rheme in sentences, with the theme being given information and the rheme being new information. The general approach of the Prague School can be described as a combination of functionalism and structuralism.
Forensic linguistics involves applying linguistic analysis to legal cases and proceedings. It operates at the interface between language, law enforcement, and the legal system. A forensic linguist may be asked to analyze texts, interviews, or other language evidence at the investigative stage of a case to help develop interrogation strategies. During a trial, they could analyze questions of authorship, meaning, interpretation, or the provenance of a text in a civil or criminal matter. An analysis may also be requested during the appeal stage of a legal case to challenge a conviction. The primary duty of a forensic linguist is to the court, not any particular client.
Roshna presented on the topic of forensic linguistics to Farkhanda. The presentation introduced forensic linguistics as the analysis of written and spoken language for legal purposes. It discussed how forensic linguists study language used in legal settings and investigations. The presentation also outlined some key applications of forensic linguistics like authorship identification, linguistic analysis of text evidence, and speaker analysis, as well as related areas like document examination and plagiarism detection.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that identifies and solves real-world language problems. It applies the knowledge of linguistics to improve practical tasks involving language. Some related fields are education, psychology, communication research, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics investigates language learning and teaching problems, the role of language in culture and society, and finds solutions to language issues linguistics cannot solve alone. It covers domains like computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and others.
J.R (John Rupert) Firth was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England on June 17, 1890. He attended the local grammar school.
After which he studied at Leeds University, obtaining his BA and MA in history. He also briefly taught history at a Leeds teacher training college.
He was influenced by many great linguists for their great ideas and theories. Therefore, he decided to take part in the field of linguistics for the sake of improvements in his ideas related to language.
He was an English linguist, the first professor of general linguistics in Great Britain. He is famous for his ideas on phonology and the study of meanings.
Psycholinguistics is the study of language processing mechanisms in the mind. It examines how meaning is computed and represented at the word, sentence, and discourse levels. Psycholinguistics uses experimental methods like reaction time tasks and eye tracking to understand language comprehension and production. The field also investigates how language is localized in the brain through studies of brain damaged patients and functional brain imaging.
The document discusses applied linguistics and interdisciplines. It defines applied linguistics as using linguistic theories and methods to solve language problems in other fields. The history of applied linguistics is discussed, along with its aims to study language learning and teaching and solve related problems. Interdisciplines that applied linguistics interacts with are sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and various applied areas like education, speech therapy, computing, and international relations.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including analysis of language form, meaning, and context, as well as social, cultural, and political factors that influence language. Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition is innate and proposed the existence of a language acquisition device in the brain. His theory of generative grammar and universal grammar posited that humans are biologically programmed with innate principles and parameters that facilitate language learning.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. It investigates the three primary processes of language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition. Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science that draws from fields like psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and computer science to understand how humans perceive, learn, and produce language.
Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics that studies style in texts, especially literary works. It examines language use at the individual and social level. Stylistics has many branches including cognitive, corpus, critical, emotion, feminist, film, formalist, functionalist, historical, multimodal, pedagogical, and pragmatic stylistics that each analyze language through different approaches and contexts.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that it has two main purposes: to study the nature of language and establish linguistic theories, and to examine how language is organized and the functions it serves. The document distinguishes linguistics from traditional grammar, noting that linguistics descriptively studies actual language use rather than prescribing rules. It also outlines the micro and macro areas of linguistics study, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and others. Finally, it discusses how the study of linguistics benefits students of language, teachers of foreign language, and researchers
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
The document discusses the nature and purpose of error analysis in second language acquisition. It defines an error as a breach of the target language code. Error analysis aims to systematically study deviations from target language norms in a learner's developing language system. Errors are classified according to their type, location, form, and cause. The main causes of errors identified include language transfer, overgeneralization of target language rules, strategies of second language learning, and faulty hypotheses formed by learners about the target language system. Error analysis provides insights into a learner's developing language system and can help teachers identify areas of difficulty and guide correction.
The London School of Linguistics studies language descriptively, distinguishing structural and systemic concepts. It focuses on semantics and contributed the situational theory of meaning and prosodic analysis in phonology. The school considers the distinctive function the primary phoneme function and rejects concepts like the speech collective. Its main representatives were Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and J.R. Firth. Firth established the London School tradition and questioned dividing speech into segments, focusing on larger phonetic elements. He developed a contextual theory of meaning influenced by Malinowski and emphasized use in context. Firth's ideas were developed by students like M.A.K. Halliday into systemic functional grammar.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
Applied linguistics is the scientific study of language in real world contexts. It involves applying theories of linguistics to understand and solve language-related problems. Applied linguistics draws from fields like linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. It focuses on areas such as second language teaching and language testing. Applied linguistics aims to investigate language learning and teaching issues and find practical solutions. It has played an important role in addressing language problems faced by people around the world.
Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
Women and men use language differently. Women tend to use hedges, tag questions, intensifiers and polite forms more, while men swear more and are more direct. There are also differences in conversational styles, with women using more rapport talk and men using more problem-solving talk. Perceptions of language can also differ by gender, with terms like "chairman" and "fireman" seen as male-oriented. In mixed-gender classrooms, teachers may interact more with boys, who can dominate discussions, while girls receive more academically useful attention. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also suggests that the language we use shapes our thoughts in particular ways. In conclusion, while generalizations about gender differences in
The document discusses different types of meaning in language as classified by linguist G. Leech. It describes conceptual meaning as the essential, logical meaning of language. Associative meaning includes connotative meaning, which is the additional implied meaning beyond conceptual content, as well as social, affective, reflective, collocative, and thematic meanings. Connotative meaning can vary between cultures and individuals and is more unstable than conceptual meaning. Social meaning conveys information about language usage contexts. Affective meaning shows attitude and evaluation. Reflective meaning arises from multiple conceptual meanings. Collocative meaning comes from words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning is based on how the speaker organizes their message.
This document provides an overview of applied linguistics and how knowledge of linguistics can help teachers support English learners. It defines applied linguistics as investigating and addressing language-related problems in both first and second language acquisition. The document outlines key aspects of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It explains that while teachers do not need the same depth of knowledge as applied linguistics experts, they should understand language acquisition theories and how knowledge of linguistics can help them teach English, support communication skills, evaluate students appropriately considering their backgrounds, and socialize students into the school culture.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics, including:
- Forensic linguistics uses linguistic theory to interpret law, analyze legal interactions, and compile expert linguistic evidence.
- A study analyzed over 5,000 text messages and found that texts from the same author were more similar than texts between different authors, allowing analysis of disputed texts.
- The document discusses analyzing disputed texts and idiolects, the unique linguistic characteristics of an individual, to help determine authorship in legal cases.
Authorship analysis using function words forensic linguisticsVlad Mackevic
This document summarizes a research paper on using statistical analysis of function words to analyze authorship in forensic linguistics. It discusses using t-tests to cluster texts by the same author and discriminate between authors based on frequency of words like "as", "it", "that", and "there". The summary found that t-tests were better at discrimination than clustering and that analysis broke down with shorter texts. It concludes that function word analysis may be a useful forensic linguistics tool but has limitations like being better for longer texts and requiring further analysis for shorter texts.
Roshna presented on the topic of forensic linguistics to Farkhanda. The presentation introduced forensic linguistics as the analysis of written and spoken language for legal purposes. It discussed how forensic linguists study language used in legal settings and investigations. The presentation also outlined some key applications of forensic linguistics like authorship identification, linguistic analysis of text evidence, and speaker analysis, as well as related areas like document examination and plagiarism detection.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that identifies and solves real-world language problems. It applies the knowledge of linguistics to improve practical tasks involving language. Some related fields are education, psychology, communication research, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics investigates language learning and teaching problems, the role of language in culture and society, and finds solutions to language issues linguistics cannot solve alone. It covers domains like computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and others.
J.R (John Rupert) Firth was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England on June 17, 1890. He attended the local grammar school.
After which he studied at Leeds University, obtaining his BA and MA in history. He also briefly taught history at a Leeds teacher training college.
He was influenced by many great linguists for their great ideas and theories. Therefore, he decided to take part in the field of linguistics for the sake of improvements in his ideas related to language.
He was an English linguist, the first professor of general linguistics in Great Britain. He is famous for his ideas on phonology and the study of meanings.
Psycholinguistics is the study of language processing mechanisms in the mind. It examines how meaning is computed and represented at the word, sentence, and discourse levels. Psycholinguistics uses experimental methods like reaction time tasks and eye tracking to understand language comprehension and production. The field also investigates how language is localized in the brain through studies of brain damaged patients and functional brain imaging.
The document discusses applied linguistics and interdisciplines. It defines applied linguistics as using linguistic theories and methods to solve language problems in other fields. The history of applied linguistics is discussed, along with its aims to study language learning and teaching and solve related problems. Interdisciplines that applied linguistics interacts with are sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and various applied areas like education, speech therapy, computing, and international relations.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including analysis of language form, meaning, and context, as well as social, cultural, and political factors that influence language. Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition is innate and proposed the existence of a language acquisition device in the brain. His theory of generative grammar and universal grammar posited that humans are biologically programmed with innate principles and parameters that facilitate language learning.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. It investigates the three primary processes of language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition. Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science that draws from fields like psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and computer science to understand how humans perceive, learn, and produce language.
Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics that studies style in texts, especially literary works. It examines language use at the individual and social level. Stylistics has many branches including cognitive, corpus, critical, emotion, feminist, film, formalist, functionalist, historical, multimodal, pedagogical, and pragmatic stylistics that each analyze language through different approaches and contexts.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that it has two main purposes: to study the nature of language and establish linguistic theories, and to examine how language is organized and the functions it serves. The document distinguishes linguistics from traditional grammar, noting that linguistics descriptively studies actual language use rather than prescribing rules. It also outlines the micro and macro areas of linguistics study, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and others. Finally, it discusses how the study of linguistics benefits students of language, teachers of foreign language, and researchers
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
The document discusses the nature and purpose of error analysis in second language acquisition. It defines an error as a breach of the target language code. Error analysis aims to systematically study deviations from target language norms in a learner's developing language system. Errors are classified according to their type, location, form, and cause. The main causes of errors identified include language transfer, overgeneralization of target language rules, strategies of second language learning, and faulty hypotheses formed by learners about the target language system. Error analysis provides insights into a learner's developing language system and can help teachers identify areas of difficulty and guide correction.
The London School of Linguistics studies language descriptively, distinguishing structural and systemic concepts. It focuses on semantics and contributed the situational theory of meaning and prosodic analysis in phonology. The school considers the distinctive function the primary phoneme function and rejects concepts like the speech collective. Its main representatives were Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and J.R. Firth. Firth established the London School tradition and questioned dividing speech into segments, focusing on larger phonetic elements. He developed a contextual theory of meaning influenced by Malinowski and emphasized use in context. Firth's ideas were developed by students like M.A.K. Halliday into systemic functional grammar.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
Applied linguistics is the scientific study of language in real world contexts. It involves applying theories of linguistics to understand and solve language-related problems. Applied linguistics draws from fields like linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. It focuses on areas such as second language teaching and language testing. Applied linguistics aims to investigate language learning and teaching issues and find practical solutions. It has played an important role in addressing language problems faced by people around the world.
Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
Women and men use language differently. Women tend to use hedges, tag questions, intensifiers and polite forms more, while men swear more and are more direct. There are also differences in conversational styles, with women using more rapport talk and men using more problem-solving talk. Perceptions of language can also differ by gender, with terms like "chairman" and "fireman" seen as male-oriented. In mixed-gender classrooms, teachers may interact more with boys, who can dominate discussions, while girls receive more academically useful attention. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also suggests that the language we use shapes our thoughts in particular ways. In conclusion, while generalizations about gender differences in
The document discusses different types of meaning in language as classified by linguist G. Leech. It describes conceptual meaning as the essential, logical meaning of language. Associative meaning includes connotative meaning, which is the additional implied meaning beyond conceptual content, as well as social, affective, reflective, collocative, and thematic meanings. Connotative meaning can vary between cultures and individuals and is more unstable than conceptual meaning. Social meaning conveys information about language usage contexts. Affective meaning shows attitude and evaluation. Reflective meaning arises from multiple conceptual meanings. Collocative meaning comes from words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning is based on how the speaker organizes their message.
This document provides an overview of applied linguistics and how knowledge of linguistics can help teachers support English learners. It defines applied linguistics as investigating and addressing language-related problems in both first and second language acquisition. The document outlines key aspects of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It explains that while teachers do not need the same depth of knowledge as applied linguistics experts, they should understand language acquisition theories and how knowledge of linguistics can help them teach English, support communication skills, evaluate students appropriately considering their backgrounds, and socialize students into the school culture.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics, including:
- Forensic linguistics uses linguistic theory to interpret law, analyze legal interactions, and compile expert linguistic evidence.
- A study analyzed over 5,000 text messages and found that texts from the same author were more similar than texts between different authors, allowing analysis of disputed texts.
- The document discusses analyzing disputed texts and idiolects, the unique linguistic characteristics of an individual, to help determine authorship in legal cases.
Authorship analysis using function words forensic linguisticsVlad Mackevic
This document summarizes a research paper on using statistical analysis of function words to analyze authorship in forensic linguistics. It discusses using t-tests to cluster texts by the same author and discriminate between authors based on frequency of words like "as", "it", "that", and "there". The summary found that t-tests were better at discrimination than clustering and that analysis broke down with shorter texts. It concludes that function word analysis may be a useful forensic linguistics tool but has limitations like being better for longer texts and requiring further analysis for shorter texts.
Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistics to legal contexts, such as analyzing language used in legal documents and proceedings, police interviews, and disputed written or spoken communications, in order to use linguistic evidence or provide expert opinion. It aims to study how language is used legally and how individuals' language can be unique, though as a young field, forensic linguistics continues to develop. Forensic linguists present opinions to explain linguistic evidence but do not prove conclusions, instead discovering patterns in language that may be relevant to legal cases.
This document is a term paper submitted for an M. Phil in Linguistics at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The paper examines linguistic factors that influenced changes in the English language in the 20th century after the 1920s. Specifically, it analyzes new linguistic approaches that emerged and replaced the traditional Latin-based model of language. The purpose is to explore how these approaches drove changes in language. The study also discusses how linguistic factors impact language teaching and how understanding these factors could help improve English language education standards in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a veteran training presentation on several topics:
- High rates of veterans in Oregon prisons and the relationship between combat exposure and criminal behavior.
- Studies showing the psychological impacts of deployment, including high rates of PTSD and changes in behavior post-deployment.
- The influence of military culture and training on traits like aggression, emotions, and moral reasoning.
- Techniques for law enforcement to effectively negotiate with veterans, focusing on understanding their experiences and perspective.
slideshow prepared on 7-day residential training programme conducted for community police officers (teachers) of Student Police Cadet project, February 2013 at Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram
This document discusses the effects of trauma and stress on law enforcement officers. It defines key terms like stress, trauma, PTSD, and suicide. Police face many stressors as part of their job like physical demands, verbal abuse, and criticism that can lead to chronic stress. They are also exposed to trauma through critical incidents on the job like shootings, violent crimes, and disasters. Chronic stress and trauma can negatively impact physical and mental health, potentially leading to PTSD or suicidal ideation. The document examines how police culture can discourage officers from seeking help and the need for better support systems and treatment options.
Authorship Attribution and Forensic Linguistics with Python/Scikit-Learn/Pand...PyData
This document discusses authorship attribution and forensic linguistics using machine learning techniques. It defines authorship attribution as identifying the author of an anonymous text. Feature extraction methods are described, including lexical, character, syntactic, and application-specific features. A classification problem approach is outlined involving defining classes, extracting features, training a machine learning classifier, and evaluating. Python libraries like Pandas and Scikit-learn are used for feature extraction, classification, and evaluating models on sample datasets with up to 96% accuracy.
The document provides an introduction to a study on the effect of job stress on police officers' job burnout, with generation as a potential mediator. It discusses:
1) Background on the topic, motivation for the study given previous research, characteristics of police work, and the research question on which generation may mediate the impact of job stress on burnout.
2) A literature review covering definitions of job stress, burnout, and generations, as well as hypotheses and a framework showing generation as a potential mediator between job stress and burnout.
3) The planned methodology, including participants from police bureaus in central Taiwan, use of validated survey instruments to measure job stress and burnout, and statistical analysis of
The document outlines an agenda for a workshop on communication and interpersonal relationships at the workplace. The workshop consists of 3 sessions that aim to explain the concepts of intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, important factors that influence intrapersonal skills like perspective and self-esteem, and components of effective interpersonal communication such as conversation skills, listening, body language, environment, and self-appearance. Participants will learn how to develop and apply these communication skills to improve relationships at work.
Criminal profiling involves analyzing evidence from crime scenes to develop a psychological profile of the unknown subject or criminal. Profilers look at clues like the organization of the crime scene, motives, signatures left by the criminal, and patterns in the crimes to understand characteristics of the offender like their age, background, stressors, and mental state. For example, the Mad Bomber from the 1950s was profiled as an unmarried, foreign-born man in his 50s with a grudge against Con Edison based on clues at the crime scenes and letters sent. Profiling aims to predict the next actions of the criminal to help identify and catch them.
The document discusses trait theories in criminology, which focus on linking biological and psychological traits to antisocial and criminal behavior. It describes several biosocial and psychological trait theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior, including theories related to biochemistry, neurology, genetics, evolution, psychodynamics, behaviorism, cognition, social learning, mental illness, and personality/intelligence. Trait theorists believe criminal behavior is influenced by both inherent traits and environmental factors interacting together. The document raises questions about the theories and notes limitations in the early research while also highlighting potential strengths of each approach.
This document discusses stress management for police staff. It notes that police work imposes a high degree of stress from various stressful situations that can impact officers' physical, mental, and interpersonal health. Specific stressors for Indian police include poor working conditions, heavy workloads, lack of recognition, risk of injury or death on duty, inadequate equipment, and job dissatisfaction. Negative outcomes of this stress include health problems, illnesses, decreased job performance, and mental health issues. The document provides suggestions for reducing stress such as finding support, changing one's attitude, setting realistic goals, getting organized, taking breaks, exercising, relaxing activities, and developing relaxation routines.
The routledge handbook of forensic linguistics routledge handbooks in applied...yosra Yassora
students interested in the field of forensic linguistics may need to have a look on the content of this book , it contains artcles about the interface between language and the law
The Design of a Campus for Police Training at Tasgaon,Maharashtra,India takes an holistic approach of Environmental and Cost Effective Design.
Designer in the said project has successfully met with occupants need for thermal and visual comfort at low level of energy and resource consumption.
The comfort conditions are optimised and energy savings are also done with the effective use of nature. The campus is environmentally responsible, profitable & healthy to live & work.
1. Management, Leadership And CommunicationAnurag Gangal
The document discusses trends in management, leadership, and communication in the Indian police system. It outlines existing hierarchical and stressful approaches, and proposes latest options that emphasize democratic decision-making, accessibility, continuous feedback, and viewing the police as a public service rather than a workforce. The latest options suggested aim to improve work culture, efficiency, and the public image of the police.
The document discusses semiotics and media language. It explains that language is constructed by people to produce meanings within their culture. Signs have three parts - the signifier, which is the physical form; the signified, which is the concept or idea; and the referent, which is the real thing. Films use signs and signifiers to communicate meanings and elicit emotional responses from audiences. Different elements in films like music, lighting, and mise-en-scene can take on intended or personal connotations. Effective analysis of media requires understanding how signs and signifiers are used to construct meanings.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing media texts through semiotics and identifying symbolic, written, and technical codes and meanings. It discusses key terms like denotation (surface meaning), connotation (deeper meanings and associations), signifier (the sign or image), and signified (what the signifier represents). The document outlines frameworks for analyzing movie posters and advertisements. It also discusses how signs can have different cultural meanings and provides examples of analyzing signifiers in images and ads.
This document provides information about criminal investigations and interviews. It discusses the purpose of interviews, which is to gather valid information about a crime. It identifies different types of witnesses and suspects. It also outlines characteristics of effective interviewers and different types of questions. The document discusses verbal and nonverbal cues that can indicate deception or truthfulness. It provides examples of deception techniques like hedging, qualifiers, and denial responses. Overall, the document offers guidance on conducting interviews to obtain accurate information in a criminal investigation.
Nonverbal Communication In A Police Interrogation OldversionClegane
The document discusses how law enforcement officers can use nonverbal communication cues to aid in interrogation and deception detection. It focuses on four key areas of nonverbal communication: facial expressions and gaze, kinesics or body movements, physical appearance, and vocalics or paralanguage. The document provides lists of potential deceptive tells or cues in each of these areas that officers can look for, such as increased blinking, fidgeting or hand movements, pitch and speech errors. It emphasizes that these cues are not completely reliable indicators of deception on their own.
An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics.pdf.pdfShannon Green
This document provides an introduction to the textbook "An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics" by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson. The textbook covers key topics in the field of forensic linguistics, including analyzing legal language and genres, collecting evidence from interviews and in court, and the roles of forensic linguists, phoneticians, and document examiners. It uses knowledge gained from legal experience to provide students with real examples and cases to illustrate linguistic analysis and the use of language evidence in law.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics. It defines forensic linguistics as the application of linguistic knowledge and methods to legal contexts like law, crime investigation, and judicial procedures. It discusses the main branches and focuses of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Forensic linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics. Forensic linguists analyze written and spoken documents and language to verify authenticity and provide linguistic evidence in criminal cases and legal disputes over issues like authorship identification, plagiarism, contract interpretation, and more.
This document provides an overview of forensic linguistics, including its history and key text types analyzed. It discusses how forensic linguistics emerged in the late 1960s with the analysis of disputed police statements. Several famous cases are described where linguistic analysis helped determine the authenticity of confessions. The document outlines the main areas of forensic linguistics application and describes the analysis of emergency calls, ransom notes, suicide letters, and death row statements.
Forensic linguistics involves the application of linguistic expertise to legal issues and criminal investigations. It includes analyzing language evidence such as confessions, ransom notes, and witness statements to determine authorship, detecting deception in interviews, and ensuring language rights and protections for vulnerable witnesses. Practitioners include academics who conduct research and testify as expert witnesses, police officers who use linguistic techniques in investigations, and private consultancy agencies that provide linguistic analysis services to law enforcement. Forensic linguistics helps improve practices like interviewing suspects and protecting witnesses in court.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of legal language. It notes that legal language originated from Norman French and Ecclesiastic Latin influencing the development of English common law. While French was initially used in courts, English became predominantly used in legal settings by the 16th century. Legal language contains specialized vocabulary and complex sentence structures. It also discusses how the Miranda warning informs defendants of their rights to remain silent in a way they can understand depending on English language competency. Research into the linguistic analysis of legal texts encompasses documents from acts of parliament to wills and judgments. One of the earliest scholarly works analyzing the language of law was published in 1963.
This document provides a detailed overview of forensic linguistics, including its history and applications. It discusses how forensic linguistics analyzes language evidence in legal cases and private disputes. The summary is as follows:
Forensic linguistics applies linguistic analysis to legal issues, examining language evidence in criminal and civil cases. It has developed since the 1950s to analyze statements, texts, recordings, and more. Forensic linguists assist at the investigative, trial, and appeal stages, and also address private disputes. The field continues to grow as linguists work more closely with legal professionals on international issues.
The document discusses the field of legal linguistics, which examines the development, characteristics, and usage of legal language. It notes that while legal linguistics is a relatively new discipline, legal language has interested scholars for thousands of years since law is inherently tied to language. Some key characteristics of legal language mentioned include its use of foreign words, archaisms, technical vocabulary, nominalization, and specialized usage of modal verbs. Challenges in legal language comprehension by non-experts are also addressed.
Giving able pupils a solid theoretical framework for analysing languageFrancis Gilbert
The transcript captures communications between US A-10 pilots and US Forward Air Controllers on the ground as the pilots engage what they believe to be enemy vehicles but turn out to be British armored vehicles, resulting in the killing of British soldiers. The pilots see vehicles with what they think are rocket launchers based on orange panels, but the Forward Air Controllers had not cleared the area of friendly forces. It becomes clear too late that the pilots had engaged British friendlies rather than enemy targets.
This document provides an overview of several influential linguists and their important contributions to the field of linguistics. It discusses the work of Ferdinand de Saussure and his theory of linguistic signs. It also describes Roman Jakobson's concept of distinctive features in phonology, Edward Sapir's hypothesis of linguistic relativity, and Paul Grice's cooperative principle in pragmatics. Additionally, the document outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of universal grammar and innate language acquisition, as well as Eve Clark's research on first language acquisition in children. The document concludes by mentioning Steven Pinker's efforts to popularize linguistics.
Forensic discourse analysis of legal and courtroom interaction dr arshad aliMehranMouzam
The primary objective of this study is to look into the complexities and complications of legal discourse and how they manifest themselves in the courtroom. The research looks at the dynamics in a courtroom and the jury room in the film 12 Angry Men. The study aims to show how language acts as a source of agency and power in a legal setting, as well as to look into how speakers cooperate in a legal setting. The researcher devised a framework based on Heffer's (2013) legal and forensic discourse model as well as Grice's (1975) Cooperative Principle and its maxims. The data for the study comes from the film 12 Angry Men, which is based on a true story. Forensic discourse analysis was used to analyse the data. This method analyses the utterances and other features present in the legal discourse, as well as its implications. The main findings of the study show that the judge's voice is projected in the court with a significant amount of dominance. Similarly, there is a lack of direct communication that affects the trial by making it difficult for the jury to fully comprehend the facts of the case. Furthermore, the agency is frequently removed from the jury, resulting in a misunderstanding of the case. The majority of the jury members are bored and sleepy, while others have an unhealthy fondness for the prosecution. The final finding concerns the jury members' power play in the jury trial, as evidenced by the jury members' failure to project their voices effectively, and their lack of cooperation. The forensic discourse analysis reveals that all of the maxims were repeatedly violated by the jury members. The most frequently flouted maxims, however, were those of quantity and relevance. This demonstrates how the desire for authority and the lack of agency can have far-reaching implications for the final decision.
Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides a historical overview of the development of linguistics as a field of study. It discusses early experiments on language acquisition in ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. It notes that linguistics developed independently in China and India before contact with Western traditions, with important early works in Sanskrit grammar, Tamil grammar, and Chinese dictionaries. The document then outlines key contributions from Greek, Roman, medieval Arabic and European scholars between the 1st century BC and 18th century AD. It concludes by noting the structuralist, formalist and behaviorist shifts in linguistics in the early 20th century.
Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document provides a comprehensive overview of the history of linguistics. It discusses how linguistics evolved from early studies of language dating back to ancient Sumeria and Egypt, through developments in ancient Greece, Rome, China, and India. It outlines some of the earliest known experiments on language acquisition in the 7th century BC. The document then discusses the growth of linguistic studies and key figures throughout the medieval period, Renaissance, 18th century, and 19th century, including important developments like the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European. It concludes by noting the major shift towards structuralism, formalism and behaviorism in linguistics in the early 20th century.
Where linguistics meets natural language processingMariana Capinel
This document discusses the intersection of linguistics and natural language processing. It provides a brief history of linguistics from ancient grammarians to modern theorists like de Saussure, Chomsky, and Halliday. Key concepts in linguistics like the sign, universal grammar, and language as a social semiotic system are outlined. The document also describes the five levels that languages are studied: phonetics/phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It concludes by explaining how modern NLP techniques like word2vec, speech recognition, and language models apply linguistic concepts.
This document provides an introduction to linguistics through definitions of language and its key features. It discusses how language is a systematic, symbolic, and arbitrary human-specific communication system based on sounds. Key aspects of language include its origins, families, and the study of linguistics. Linguistics is defined as the study of language as a human communication system. The document outlines some major theories and concepts in linguistics, including the differences between langue and parole, descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, and competence and performance.
Midterm Study guide- Spring 2016NB.Format of exam- there will be.docxARIV4
Midterm Study guide- Spring 2016
NB.Format of exam- there will be a number of short essays (10points), three essays -type questions (30 points) and 20 multiple-choice (10 points).
I. Short questions. Be sure to be able to define or explain the following terms / concepts and also illustrate your answers with some examples.
· Emic and Etic perspectives
· Linguistic Relativity
· Ethnocentrism/ Cultural Relativism
· The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
· Weak and strong forms of Whorf- hypothesis
· Rich point / Endgendered Languages
· Conversational styles of men and women
· Ritual oppositions and conversational rituals
II. In your preparation pay attention to the ff essay questions:
· How different is Linguistic anthropology from the study of Linguistics?
· What according to Franz Boas is the study of language so important for anthropologists, especially in the context of ethnographic research?
· What is communicative competence? How different is it from Linguistic competence?
· What is linguistic determinism?
· Explain Noam Chomsky’s notion of a universal grammar?
· What is Dell Hymes’s Ethnography of speaking model?
· How arbitrary is language?
· Pidgin Languages.
PAGE
1
Language as element of Human Evolution Tools Bipedalism Premature birth, and long dependency period of infants Language
What language is Humans have highly elaborate codes called language, made of words & rules that combine to make senseLanguage code could be sounds units, meaningful units, eg, words or phrases etc To decode a message is to react to a message in ways that reflect the way the sender intended
Two approaches to study language Theoretical Linguistics- concerned with the form& structure of language Linguistic anthropology- seeks to make sense of social and cultural context in which people speak
Goes beyond analysis of language structure & pattern of language to look at :
the contexts, and how we use words,
How do we use language to control or influence others?
What accounts for different accents,
does the different words we use affect our different experiences?
uniqueness of human languageDisplacement / Human language is open/digital
Duality of patterning ( sound and meaning)
The arbitrariness of language (no necessary relationship between sound & meaning)
Universal grammar (Chomskian theory of universal grammer).
Phonological /phonemic systems Phoneme- each distinct sound humans make
Phonemic analysis- When native speaker works out the different sounds in words, with different meanings Morpheme- smallest unit of word( walk/ walked
Two dimensions of language
Sound and Meaning Phonetics- All the sounds that humans make
bit/bite
Lit/light/lite
Hit/height
Bit/pit- differences in sound, differences in meaning
Minimal pairs
How to communicate To communicate, a receiver must detect the senders’ message Examples of sender’s messages: fear, hungar or sexual receptivity( internal state) or prese ...
This document discusses computational stylistics, which uses computers to analyze linguistic patterns and styles. It is a sub-discipline of computational linguistics that emerged in the 1960s. Researchers use corpora of literary works and analyze features like word choice, sentence structure, and other patterns. Computational stylistics can be used to determine an author's signature style and identify works. One example study analyzed Shakespeare's soliloquies versus dialogue using various corpus analysis tools to reveal linguistic differences between the text types and between his early and late works. The document outlines the scope, relevance to language research, and tools used in computational stylistic studies.
This document discusses the theoretical aspects of legal translation. It makes three main points:
1. Legal translation is complex due to the intimate relationship between language and law. Legal texts must be translated precisely while also accounting for cultural contexts that can create ambiguity.
2. The scope of legal translation depends on the nature of the materials being translated and whether they refer to positive law, legal doctrine, or general discussions of law. Translating between common law and civil law systems or between Western and non-Western systems can be especially challenging.
3. Legal translation is significant because it facilitates international communication and cooperation, allows the cross-pollination of legal ideas, and is important for fields like comparative law, international organizations
This document provides definitions and discussions of key concepts in linguistics from several experts and scholars. It discusses language as a systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, primarily vocal, and human-specific method of communication. Key features of language highlighted include that it is systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, vocal, human-specific, and used for communication. The document also covers the origin of language, language families, the field of linguistics, and important linguistic concepts such as langue and parole, prescriptive vs descriptive, synchronic vs diachronic, syntagmatic vs paradigmatic, competence vs performance, and form vs function.
The document provides instructions for submitting an assignment request to the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer. 4) The customer will receive the paper and approve payment after ensuring it meets expectations. 5) Customers can request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the website guarantees original, high-quality content with refunds for plagiarism.
Similar to An introduction to forensic linguistics (20)
Real time operating systems for safety-critical applicationsReza Ramezani
This document discusses and compares several real-time operating systems (RTOS) suitable for safety-critical applications. It outlines some key RTOS features like memory management, programming languages supported, certification standards compliance and example uses in avionics and automotive systems. Several RTOS are examined in more detail including Integrity/AdaMulti by Green Hills, VxWorks/Tornado II by WindRiver, QNX Neutrino and LynxOS, describing their architecture, development tools and safety certifications.
This document presents several fault-tolerant scheduling schemes and dynamic voltage scaling techniques for real-time embedded systems. It discusses:
1) Methods for fault tolerance including checkpointing, rollback recovery, and determining the optimal number of faults to tolerate.
2) Algorithms for offline application-level and task-level voltage scaling to minimize energy consumption while maintaining schedulability.
3) A technique for online reevaluation of voltage scaling policies using runtime slacks to further reduce energy.
4) Evaluation of the approaches using simulations on different processor architectures showing significant energy savings.
The document discusses various methods used in authorship attribution, which is the task of identifying the author of an anonymous text based on their writing style. It covers stylometric features like lexical, character, syntactic and semantic features that can be analyzed. Classification algorithms like vector space models, similarity-based models and profile-based approaches are also summarized. Specific methods like common n-grams, compression models and the unmasking method are explained in detail.
An improved to ak max sat (max-sat problem)Reza Ramezani
The document discusses algorithms for solving maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) problems. It presents the unit propagation (UP) algorithm, which can detect inconsistent subformulas. An example MaxSAT instance is given and solved step-by-step using UP. The document also discusses failed literal detection, variable selection strategies, and data structures that can improve the efficiency of MaxSAT solving. Variable ordering is described based on calculating weights using lengths, counts of binary, unit and total clauses.
This document discusses feature selection concepts and methods. It defines features as attributes that determine which class an instance belongs to. Feature selection aims to select a relevant subset of features by removing irrelevant, redundant and unnecessary data. This improves learning accuracy, model performance and interpretability. The document categorizes feature selection algorithms as filter, wrapper or embedded methods based on how they evaluate feature subsets. It also discusses concepts like feature relevance, search strategies, successor generation and evaluation measures used in feature selection algorithms.
Multi criteria decision support system on mobile phone selection with ahp and...Reza Ramezani
This document proposes using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches, specifically the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to help users select a mobile phone. It outlines the evaluation process, which involves identifying important mobile phone selection criteria, calculating criteria weights using AHP, and then using TOPSIS to rank mobile phone alternatives based on how close they are to an ideal solution and how far they are from a negative ideal solution. The document provides examples of building pairwise comparison matrices in AHP and calculating ideal and non-ideal solutions and alternative distances in TOPSIS to demonstrate the selection approach.
Deadlock detection in distributed systemsReza Ramezani
This document summarizes three distributed deadlock detection algorithms:
1) The Soojung Lee algorithm uses reduced wait-for graphs and distributed spanning trees to detect deadlocks using two message types: Probe and Reply.
2) The Monjurul Alom et al algorithm uses transaction wait-for graphs and linear/distributed transaction structures to detect deadlocks locally and globally using priority ids.
3) The Farajzadeh et al algorithm uses history-based edge chasing with probe, clean-up, and ok/deny messages to build the wait-for graph and resolve deadlocks.
Fault injection techniques, design pattern for fault injector systemReza Ramezani
This document discusses fault injection techniques and tools used to evaluate the reliability of electronic systems. It covers several topics related to fault injection including: common reliability attributes evaluated using fault injection like functionality, security, and maintainability; different types of faults, errors and failures; techniques for injecting faults like at the pin-level, using FPGAs, or in software; methods for detecting faults including time-based and event-based approaches; and various fault injection tools developed over the years like FERRARI, FTAPE, and DOCTOR. The document provides an overview of the field of fault injection for evaluating electronic system dependability.
The document discusses the evolution of the web from documents to data, and introduces linked data which publishes machine-readable data on the web that is explicitly defined and linked to other datasets. It then discusses question answering systems that take natural language questions and locate answers from document collections, including both closed-domain systems with restricted knowledge bases and open-domain systems that retrieve answers from the web. The document also presents the linked data technology stack and some examples of linked open data clouds from 2007 to 2011 to demonstrate the growth of linked data on the web.
Finding Association Rules in Linked DataReza Ramezani
This document discusses applying association rule mining techniques to semantic web data. It proposes an algorithm called SWApriori that adapts the Apriori algorithm to mine association rules from RDF dataset triples. The algorithm first discretizes object values in the triples, filters out infrequent triples, and converts the data to numerical values stored in NodeInfo instances. It then generates frequent itemsets and association rules, starting with 2-itemsets. The output includes all large frequent itemsets and the discovered association rules. Examples are provided of applying the algorithm to integrated datasets from DBpedia, Freebase and other semantic web sources.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
3. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Definition
• Wikipedia
– “Forensic linguistics is the name given to a number of sub-disciplines within
applied linguistics, and which relate to the interface between language, the law and
crime. The range of topics is diverse: from the analysis of confessions to the
language rights of ethnic minorities, from the assessment of threat in a ransom
demand, to determining the genuineness of a suicide note.”
• IAFL
– The study of the language of the law, including the language of legal documents
and the language of the courts, the police, and prisons;
• Better public understanding of the interaction between language and the law.
• The alleviation of language-based inequality and disadvantage in the legal system;
• Research into the practice and improvement, of expert testimony and the
presentation of linguistic evidence, as well as legal interpreting and translation;
• The interchange of ideas and information between the legal and linguistic
communities;
3
4. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
The Handbook of Linguistics
• Linguistic Topics
– Writing Systems
– Historical Linguistics
– Field Linguistics
– Linguistic Phonetics
– Phonology
– Morphology
– The Lexicon
– Syntax
– Generative Grammar
– Functional Linguistics
– Typology
– An Introduction to Formal Semantics
– Pragmatics: Language and Communication
– Discourse Analysis
– Linguistics and Literature
– First Language Acquisition
– Linguistics and Second Language
Acquisition
– Multilingualism
– Natural Sign Languages
– Sociolinguistics
– Neurolinguistics
– Computational Linguistics
– Applied Linguistics
– Educational Linguistics
– Linguistics and Reading
– Clinical Linguistics
– Forensic Linguistics
– Translation
– Language Planning
4
5. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Linguistic Fields
• Broad Divisions of Linguistic Fields
– Theoretical Linguistics
– Applied Linguistics
– Interdisciplinary Fields
5
8. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Applied Linguistics (Cont‟d)
• Graphology
– The study of the systems of symbols that have been devised to communicate
language in written form
– Orthography
– Stenography
– Cryptography
– Paedography
– Technography
• Forensic Linguistics
– The use of linguistic techniques to investigate crimes in which language data
constitute part of the evidence
– In 1950 Timothy Evans was hanged for a murder, but then granted a posthumous
pardon in 1966.
8
10. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Forensic Linguistic Area
• Linguistic
– We think of Language teaching / language learning
– But it extended its work to medical communication, advertising, and the
intersection of law and language and etc.
• Law Attentions
– Anthropologists
– Psychologists
– Sociologists
– Political scientists
10
11. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Forensic Linguistic Area (Cont‟d)
• Using linguistics for
– Voice identification (Speaker Profiling)
– Authorship of written documents
– Unclear jury instructions
– The asymmetry of power in courtroom exchanges
– Lawyer–client communication breakdown
– The nature of perjury problems in written legal discourse
– Defamation
– Trademark infringement
– Courtroom interpretation and translation difficulties
– The adequacy of warning labels
– The nature of tape recorded conversation used as evidence
That‟s Applied Linguistics Forensic Linguistics
11
12. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Example
Derek Bentley
1953 – hanged for his part in the
murder of a policeman.
1998 – Court of Appeal set aside
the conviction in part because of
Malcolm Coulthard’s evidence that
his statement was not “verbatim
record of spoken monologue” as
claimed at the original trial.
Timothy Evans
1950 - hanged for the murder of his
wife and child.
1968 - Jan Svartik analysed Evan’s
witness statement and suggested
the language was inconsistent.
A case for forensic linguistics.
12
13. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Derek Bentley statement
Bentley was hanged 28th January, 1953,
for his part in the murder of a policeman.
On 30th July, 1998 he was pardoned,
partly on the basis of the evidence of
Malcolm Coulthard who demonstrated
linguistic anomalies in his statement.
In the original trial it was claimed by the
prosecution that the statement was
produced by Bentley as a monologue and
in response to a simple request for his
account of events.
[…] The policeman then pushed me
down the stairs and I did not see any
more. I knew we were going to break
into the place, I did not know what we
were going to get - just anything that
was going. I did not have a gun and I did
not know Chris had one until he shot.
I now know that the policeman in
uniform is dead. I should have
mentioned that after the plainclothes
policeman got up the drainpipe and
arrested me, another policeman in
uniform followed and I heard someone
call him 'Mac'. He was with us when the
other policeman was killed.
Example
13
14. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Derek Bentley statement
‘then’ occurs
1 in 500 words in general language,
1 in every 930 words in undisputed
witness statements,
1 in every 78 words in police witness
statements and
1 in 57 words in this statement.
‘I then’ occurs
1 in 16500 words in general language,
1 in 5700 words in undisputed witness
statements,
1 in 100 words in police witness
statements
1 in every 190 words in this statement.
[…] My mother told me that they had
called and I then ran after them. […]
We all talked together and then
Norman Parsley and Frank Fasey left.
Chris Craig and I then caught a bus to
Croyden. […] There was a little iron
gate at the side. Chris then jumped
and over I followed. Chris then climbed
up the drainpipe to the roof and I
followed. Up to then Chris had not said
anything. We both got out on to the
flat roof at the top. Then someone in
the garden on the opposite side…
Example
14
15. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
A Brief History
• Rapidly Emerging Field of Linguistics
– The name Forensic Linguistics since 1980
• Since 1990s; it has own academic organization:
– The International Association of Forensic Linguistics (IAFL)
– Journal: Forensic Linguistics
– Growing number of books and articles
• Still in its Infant Stage: „Not a perfect science‟
– Application of the scientific study of language to law and criminal detection
purposes
15
16. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Aims of the IAFL
• Aims of the IAFL include
– Furthering the interests of linguists engaged in research on the development and
practice of forensic linguistics;
– Disseminating knowledge about language analysis, and its forensic applications,
among legal and other relevant professionals around the world;
– Drawing up a code of practice on matters such as giving evidence in court, writing
official reports etc.;
– Collecting a computer corpus of statements, confessions, suicide notes, police
language, etc., which could be used in comparative analysis of disputed texts.
16
17. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
1. Trademark Infringement
• Examples
– Avita versus Aveda
– McSleep versus McDonald
– Comset versus Comsat
– Bonamine versus Dramamine
– Listogen versus Listerine
– Latouraine versus Lorraine
– Snarnoff versus Simirnoff
– Citisen versus Citizen
– SEICO versus SEIKO
– Monilex versus Soulinex
– ExBier versus Beck‟s Beer
17
18. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
1. Trademark Infringement (Cont‟d)
• So what do forensic linguists do?
– A lawyer may have a law suit involving a trademark dispute.
– One company may feel that another company‟s trade name is too much like its
own.
• The more generic or descriptive the name the more likely such a name can be
used by other companies
• The more unique or fanciful the name the more likely such protection will be.
• It’s the names that fall between descriptive and fanciful that find their way to
litigation.: “arbitrary” or “suggestive”
– What‟s arbitrary / suggestive?
18
19. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
1. Trademark Infringement (Cont‟d)
• Arbitrary
– Arbitrary trade names are non-fanciful words in common use but, when used with
goods and services, neither suggest nor describe the ingredients, quality or
character of those goods or services.
• The trade names, V-8 (juice), Ivory (soap), and Royal (baking powder)
• Suggestive
– Suggestive trade names are also usually words in common use, non-descriptive of
the product‟s purpose or function, but suggesting some quality not indicated by
the name itself.
• The trade names, Camel (cigarettes), Shell (gasoline), and Arm and Hammer
(baking soda)
19
20. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
1. Trademark Infringement (Cont‟d)
• The burden of proof
– Offended party has to show that the other party‟s name
• Looks like
• Sounds like
• and Means
– the same as their own.
• To a linguist
– “Looks like” suggests graphology
– “Sounds like” obviously suggests phonology
– “Means the same” suggests semantics
20
21. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
2. Product Liability
• Linguistics and products that has caused injury to a consumer
– Suppose an attorney has a product liability law suit in which a person has suffered
physical harm alleged to have been caused by inadequate package instructions or
warning labels.
• Linguistic role
– A linguist is called upon to analyze the language of the warning label to determine:
• Whether or not the warnings follow the guidelines of the relevant regulatory agency
• Whether or not they are clear, unambiguous, and optimally effective.
• For example
– Drug utilization instructions
21
22. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
3. Speaker Identification
• Longer than in most other areas of legal dispute
• Example
– For example, suppose a caller leaves a threatening message on an answering
machine.
• Linguistic usage
– Using only the characteristics of that voice in comparison with tape recordings of
voices of various potential suspects.
• If the tapes are of sufficient quality, spectrographic analysis is possible.
• If not, the linguist may rely on training and skills in phonetics to make the
comparison
22
23. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
3. Speaker Identification (Cont‟d)
• Problems with such analysis:
– Spectrographic analysis is not allowed in some courts.
– It usually requires suspects to read the original phone message
• Reading voice is not the same as a talking voice.
– The readers, may try to alter their normal speech patterns.
– Juries tend to be impressed with analysis based on electronic equipment rather
than on an individual linguist‟s phonetic judgment.
• Linguistic
– Using both spectrographic and articulatory phonetic expertise.
23
24. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
4. Recording Voices
• Recording Voices
– Using advances in recording equipment
– Since the late 1970s, law enforcement agencies have used tape recorders to capture
criminal activity in progress.
• Suspects are either recorded with court authorized wire taps placed in such a way
that none of the speakers is aware of being taped,
• or by using undercover agents who wear body microphones and engage suspects in
conversation.
– Using Linguistics
• Determine whether or not the agents’ representations of illegality have been made
clearly and unambiguously
• And whether or not the target has clearly suggested or agreed to the illegal act.
– Recordings are often taped in restaurants, bars, automobiles, and under conditions
that do not promote easy hearing for later listeners.
24
25. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
Danielle Jones
• Last seen 18th June 2001.
• After her disappearance a series of text
messages were sent from her phone.
• Linguistic analysis showed that the later
messages were sent by her Uncle,
Stuart Campbell.
• Campbell was convicted of Danielle’s
murder 19th December 2002 in part
because of the linguistic evidence.
Jenny Nicholl
• Last seen 30th June 2005.
• After her disappearance a series of
text messages were sent from her
phone.
• Linguistic analysis showed that the
later messages were sent by her
classmate, David Hodgson.
Hodgson was convicted
of Jenny’s murder 19th
February 2008 in part
because of the linguistic
evidence.
5. Authorship of Written Documents
26
26. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
• Example: threats exist in written form
• Psychology
– Using expertise of psychologists to provide “psychological profile” of the person
who sent the message.
• Linguistics
– To call on linguists to add the dimension of linguistic profiling to their analyses
• Linguistics profiling has two parts:
– Language indicators
• Regional and social dialect
• Age
• Gender
• Education
• Occupation
26
5. Authorship of Written Documents (Cont‟d)
27. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
5. Authorship of Written Documents (Cont‟d)
• Linguistics profiling has two parts:
– Language indicators
– Stylistic analysis
• Comparing the document’s style with those of other documents written by possible
suspects.
• Stylistic analysis centers on a writer’s habitual language features over which the
writer has little or no conscious awareness
• Patterns of clause embedding
• Use of parallel structures
• Deletion of “that” in complementizer constructions
• Mechanical errors
• Punctuation
• Discourse features and organization
• And print features such as underlining, bolding, or italicizing.
27
28. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
5. Authorship of Written Documents (Cont‟d)
• Point out
– Linguistic profiling has been most effectively used to narrow down a suspect list
rather than to positively identify a suspect.
– This is not to say that such positive identification is impossible
• But, rather, the texts offered for comparison are sometimes dissimilar in genre,
register, and size.
• Example
– One set of threat notes recently analyzed linguistically contained expressions such
as:
• “She will finally the seriousness of the problem recognize,”
• “I will not give warning,”
• “You can be transferred to better position,”
• “If I address it her.”
28
29. Forensic Linguistics – Reza Ramezani
5. Authorship of Written Documents (Cont‟d)
• Analyze
– These and other expressions suggested the influence of Hindi-Urdu English
interference.
– Such a speaker might be expected to place the verb at the end of the English
sentence and omit articles and pronouns.
• Another Example
– Other language expressions, such as
• “I will take the proper course”
• “She was in hospital at the time,”
– Pointed to a person educated under the influence of British English.
29
Testimony=شهادت1- زبانشناسی قانونی، زیررشته ای از زبانشناسی کاربردیاز تجزیه و تحلیل اعترافات به حقوق زبان اقلیت های قومیاز ارزیابی از تهدید در تقاضای باج، تعیین اصالت یک یادداشت خودکشی
Phonetics=آواشناسیPhonology=واج و آوا شناسیMorphology=ساختار و فرم فرمت کلمات Lexicon=واژهگان، واژهنامهTypology=گونه، نماد شناسیPragmatic=عملی، واقع گرایانه Multilingualism=ارتباط با چندین زبان Sociolinguistics=زبانشناسی اجتماعیNeurolinguistics=زبانشناسی عصبی Language Planning=سیاست استفاده کی از زبان در سیاست کشورها
Phonology=واج و آوا شناسیMorphology=ساختار و فرم فرمت کلمات
Lexicology=واژه شناسیUtterance=قدرت و طرز بیان
Graphology=علم شناسایی خط Orthography=نوشتار استاندارد Stenography=سریع نویسی Cryptography=رمز و رازگونه نوشتنTechnography=شناخت تاریخی و جغرافی علم و هنر Paedography=سیستم آموزش خواندن به کودکان
Anthropological=مردم شناسیBiological=زیستشناسیEthnolinguistics=مردم و قوم شناسیPsycholinguistics=روانشناسی زبانTheolinguistics=زبانشناسی مذهبی Neurolinguistics: مطالعه مکانیزم عصبی در مغز انسان که فهم، تولید و بدست آوری زبان را کنترل میکند.
Defamation=افترا، تهمت infringement=تخطی، تجاوز به حقوق دیگران perjury=شهادت دروغ
Verbatim=کلمه به کلمه
Prosecution=شاکی monologue=سخن تنها توسط یک نفر
افزایش علاقه زبانشناسان به توسعه و کار روی زبانشناسی قانونیانتشار دانش در مورد آنالیز زبان و کاربردهای حقوقی آن در سراسر دنیاآموزش های عملی روی بحثهایی چون ارائه مدرک در دادگاه، نوشتن گزارشات رسمیجمع آوری نوشته های کامپیوتری از گفته ها، اعترافات، نوشته های خودکشی، زبان پلیس و ... که می تواند برای آنالیز متن های مورد بحث و منازعه استفاده شود.