Bluetooth is a short range, low power, low cost wireless communication technology designed to connect phones, laptops and PDAs. The greater availability of portable devices with Bluetooth connectivity imposes wireless connection between enabled devices. This paper considers the problems of Bluetooth communication and also proposes a new expanded network to overcome the basic limitation of Bluetooth devices that is the range constraint. This creates a network of devices that will include laptops, set top devices and also mobile phones. The main purpose of this proposal is to establish a network will enable the users to communicate outside the range without any range constraint.
This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transfer of data between devices via transmission mediums. It describes the basic components of communication including messages, senders, receivers, mediums, and protocols. The document also discusses network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. It categorizes networks into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it defines internetworks as two or more connected networks, with the largest example being the Internet.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
3) 4G is concluded to be well-suited to effectively construct social networking by integrating different networks and providing hardware, infrastructure, and services to social network members.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions of common network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols (TCP, IP), internet components, connection types, cabling technologies (coaxial, Ethernet, fiber optic), and wireless standards (Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi). It describes the basic needs for networking like sharing hardware/software and centralized administration. It also outlines common network topologies like star, bus, and ring configurations and the key characteristics of each.
What is computer network? What are different types of computer network? What are different topologies of network? What are different nodes in a network?
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses telecommunications, the internet, wireless technology, and their components. It covers analog and digital signals, wired and wireless transmission methods, network topologies like star, bus, and ring networks. It also discusses local and wide area networks, standards like TCP/IP and OSI models, internet service providers, the world wide web, electronic business technologies, firewalls, extranets, web content management systems, and challenges of new IT infrastructures.
Traffic Offloading Solutions: Femto, WiFi and Integrated Femto-WiFiShristi Pradhan
I provide a comprehensive overview on various traffic offloading solutions:
1. Femtocells, which provides the benefits of scalability, automatic configuration and self-optimization.
2. WiFi, widely available in homes and hotspots.
3. Integrating femto and WiFi together to reap the benefits of both femtocell and WiFi technology.
5G wireless networks aim to support connections for at least 100 billion devices with speeds up to 10 GB/s while providing extremely low latency. Key concepts of 5G include supporting simultaneous connections across multiple access technologies, using cognitive radio to transfer data over multiple paths concurrently, and realizing a true integrated network consisting of heterogeneous tiers. Challenges include addressing high data volumes through techniques like massive MIMO and resolving issues like pilot contamination. 5G is expected to enable technologies like device-to-device communication, software defined cellular networks, and machine-to-machine communication to realize a wireless world with unlimited connectivity.
This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transfer of data between devices via transmission mediums. It describes the basic components of communication including messages, senders, receivers, mediums, and protocols. The document also discusses network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. It categorizes networks into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it defines internetworks as two or more connected networks, with the largest example being the Internet.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
3) 4G is concluded to be well-suited to effectively construct social networking by integrating different networks and providing hardware, infrastructure, and services to social network members.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions of common network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols (TCP, IP), internet components, connection types, cabling technologies (coaxial, Ethernet, fiber optic), and wireless standards (Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi). It describes the basic needs for networking like sharing hardware/software and centralized administration. It also outlines common network topologies like star, bus, and ring configurations and the key characteristics of each.
What is computer network? What are different types of computer network? What are different topologies of network? What are different nodes in a network?
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses telecommunications, the internet, wireless technology, and their components. It covers analog and digital signals, wired and wireless transmission methods, network topologies like star, bus, and ring networks. It also discusses local and wide area networks, standards like TCP/IP and OSI models, internet service providers, the world wide web, electronic business technologies, firewalls, extranets, web content management systems, and challenges of new IT infrastructures.
Traffic Offloading Solutions: Femto, WiFi and Integrated Femto-WiFiShristi Pradhan
I provide a comprehensive overview on various traffic offloading solutions:
1. Femtocells, which provides the benefits of scalability, automatic configuration and self-optimization.
2. WiFi, widely available in homes and hotspots.
3. Integrating femto and WiFi together to reap the benefits of both femtocell and WiFi technology.
5G wireless networks aim to support connections for at least 100 billion devices with speeds up to 10 GB/s while providing extremely low latency. Key concepts of 5G include supporting simultaneous connections across multiple access technologies, using cognitive radio to transfer data over multiple paths concurrently, and realizing a true integrated network consisting of heterogeneous tiers. Challenges include addressing high data volumes through techniques like massive MIMO and resolving issues like pilot contamination. 5G is expected to enable technologies like device-to-device communication, software defined cellular networks, and machine-to-machine communication to realize a wireless world with unlimited connectivity.
Chapter 7 principles of data communicationN. A. Sutisna
This document discusses the fundamentals of data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It covers eight fundamentals of computer-to-computer communication including establishing a physical link, using the same data representation, interpreting data with the same reference level, coordinating software, controlling transmission rate, pre-defining receiving device handling, implementing handshaking to prevent data loss, and modeling conducting communication links which introduces distortion due to inductance and capacitance over the transmission line. Protocols are also discussed as a way to reliably transfer data and resolve conflicts through establishing a link, issuing and acknowledging commands, dissecting messages into packets, performing error detection and correction, and terminating transmission.
This document discusses communications, telecommunications, and computer networks. It defines key concepts such as analog and digital signals, different types of transmission media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and wireless transmission, and networking devices like modems, multiplexers, and front-end processors. It also covers network topologies, different types of computer networks, and client-server models.
The document discusses various types of telecommunication channels and transmission media. It describes simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex channels. It also explains different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables and broadband over power lines. Wireless media such as short range options of NFC, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and infrared as well as medium and wide area options are also outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses telecommunications hardware including modems, multiplexers and switches.
This document analyzes the performance of routing algorithms for an integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX heterogeneous network. It begins with an introduction describing the need for such integrated networks to provide uninterrupted wireless service. It then provides overviews of the Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies that would be integrated. Several routing algorithms are described, including Bellman-Ford, AODV, DYMO, OLSRv2, RIP, and OSPFv2. The document then discusses how to statistically analyze the performance of the integrated network using these various routing algorithms, focusing on metrics like throughput, packet loss probability, and distortion. The analysis will
Dr. John Sum introduces various concepts related to telecommunications and computer networks. He discusses different types of telecommunication media that can transmit electronic signals including twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite, cellular, and infrared transmission. He also describes network topologies like ring, bus, star, and hierarchical networks. The document covers protocols like TCP/IP and OSI 7-layer model, as well as applications of telecommunications including email, videoconferencing, electronic data interchange, and public network services.
This document discusses packet switching, layered models, and protocol suites used in computer networks. It describes the differences between circuit switching and packet switching. It explains how networking tasks are divided into layers, with each layer providing distinct functions. The document outlines the layers of the Internet protocol stack and OSI model, describing the responsibilities of each layer. It provides examples of common protocol suites like TCP/IP that ensure communication systems are complete and efficient.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
15EC44T unit 1 data communication and networkingshrinivasgnaik
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networks. It discusses data communication, representation, flow, and components. It also describes different categories of networks including LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), and WAN (Wide Area Network). LAN connects computers in a small area like a building. MAN interconnects different LANs to form a larger network covering a metropolitan area. WAN extends over a large geographic area like states or countries through connections like telephone lines or fiber optic cables.
Internship Presentation B.Tech Communication NetworksKalyan Acharjya
This presentation summarizes an internship at United Telecom Limited (UTL) in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. UTL provides telecom services and network integration across Jharkhand. During the internship, the presenter learned about data communication networks, configuring routers and switches, and IP addressing. They helped provide various online government services through UTL's network, gaining valuable hands-on experience. The internship enhanced the presenter's understanding of practical network implementation and the workflow in the telecom industry.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
The document discusses current trends in information technology. It identifies the most popular trends as cloud computing, mobile applications, big data, improved user interfaces, the internet of things, and analytics. Cloud computing allows users to access software and hardware over the internet. Mobile applications have grown significantly with the rise of smartphones and tablets. Big data refers to the analysis of extremely large and complex datasets. User interfaces have been revolutionized by touchscreens. The internet of things connects physical devices to exchange data. Analytics uses statistics, programming and operations research to discover patterns in data.
Data communications refers to the digital transmission of data between two or more connected computing devices. A computer network allows devices to exchange information by establishing physical or wireless connections. The Internet is the largest and best-known computer network, enabling global digital communication across vast distances.
Chapter 8 the role of networking in manufacturingN. A. Sutisna
This document discusses data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It covers local area network concepts like topologies, protocols, and addressing. The most common high-level network topologies for manufacturing are bus structures and star networks. Bus networks offer flexibility in cable utilization but contention is an issue. Ring and star networks are also discussed along with techniques for resolving contention like CSMA/CD and token passing.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Chapter 5 introduction to computer communication networksN. A. Sutisna
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It discusses protocols, layered communication models like the ISO model, and physical network technologies. It introduces the TCP/IP model and motivations for the Internet, including universal connectivity and independence from physical networks. Key topics covered include IP addressing, packet formats, routing between networks, and Ethernet communication.
This document summarizes a case study on using wireless networking for small businesses. It discusses how wireless networks provide flexibility and mobility compared to wired networks. The document then describes the two main types of wireless networks - ad-hoc peer-to-peer networks and infrastructure networks with access points. It also outlines several key benefits of wireless technology for small businesses, including increased productivity, universal access to corporate data, enhanced IT support, improved data availability, and improved data access for customers.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
A Novel Solution To The Short Range Bluetooth Communication pijans
Bluetooth is developed for short range communication. Bluetooth Devices are normally having low power
and low cost. This is a wireless communication technology designed to connect phones, laptops and PDAs.
The greater availability of portable devices with Bluetooth connectivity imposes wireless connection
between enabled devices. On an average the range of Bluetooth devices is about 10 meters.The basic
limitation of the Bluetooth communication is this range limitation. In this paper I have studied the
limitations of Bluetooth communication and consider range constraint as the major limitation. I propose a
new expanded Blue tooth network to overcome the range constraint of Bluetooth device. This creates a
network of Bluetooth enabled devices that will include laptops, set top devices and also mobile phones. The
main purpose of this proposal is to establish a network will enable the users to communicate outside the
range without any range constraint.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows many types of digital devices to connect easily and quickly without cables by creating small personal area networks. Bluetooth works using a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum that breaks up data being sent and transmits pieces of it on up to 79 bands from 2.4-2.4835 GHz. It defines protocols for devices to discover each other and establish connections to exchange data over the air. Bluetooth is gaining popularity and acceptance for enabling wireless connections between diverse devices from phones to laptops to peripherals. While offering advantages, it also raises some issues regarding interference, security, and reliability that require analysis.
Chapter 7 principles of data communicationN. A. Sutisna
This document discusses the fundamentals of data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It covers eight fundamentals of computer-to-computer communication including establishing a physical link, using the same data representation, interpreting data with the same reference level, coordinating software, controlling transmission rate, pre-defining receiving device handling, implementing handshaking to prevent data loss, and modeling conducting communication links which introduces distortion due to inductance and capacitance over the transmission line. Protocols are also discussed as a way to reliably transfer data and resolve conflicts through establishing a link, issuing and acknowledging commands, dissecting messages into packets, performing error detection and correction, and terminating transmission.
This document discusses communications, telecommunications, and computer networks. It defines key concepts such as analog and digital signals, different types of transmission media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and wireless transmission, and networking devices like modems, multiplexers, and front-end processors. It also covers network topologies, different types of computer networks, and client-server models.
The document discusses various types of telecommunication channels and transmission media. It describes simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex channels. It also explains different transmission media including guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables and broadband over power lines. Wireless media such as short range options of NFC, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and infrared as well as medium and wide area options are also outlined. Finally, it briefly discusses telecommunications hardware including modems, multiplexers and switches.
This document analyzes the performance of routing algorithms for an integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX heterogeneous network. It begins with an introduction describing the need for such integrated networks to provide uninterrupted wireless service. It then provides overviews of the Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies that would be integrated. Several routing algorithms are described, including Bellman-Ford, AODV, DYMO, OLSRv2, RIP, and OSPFv2. The document then discusses how to statistically analyze the performance of the integrated network using these various routing algorithms, focusing on metrics like throughput, packet loss probability, and distortion. The analysis will
Dr. John Sum introduces various concepts related to telecommunications and computer networks. He discusses different types of telecommunication media that can transmit electronic signals including twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite, cellular, and infrared transmission. He also describes network topologies like ring, bus, star, and hierarchical networks. The document covers protocols like TCP/IP and OSI 7-layer model, as well as applications of telecommunications including email, videoconferencing, electronic data interchange, and public network services.
This document discusses packet switching, layered models, and protocol suites used in computer networks. It describes the differences between circuit switching and packet switching. It explains how networking tasks are divided into layers, with each layer providing distinct functions. The document outlines the layers of the Internet protocol stack and OSI model, describing the responsibilities of each layer. It provides examples of common protocol suites like TCP/IP that ensure communication systems are complete and efficient.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
15EC44T unit 1 data communication and networkingshrinivasgnaik
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networks. It discusses data communication, representation, flow, and components. It also describes different categories of networks including LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), and WAN (Wide Area Network). LAN connects computers in a small area like a building. MAN interconnects different LANs to form a larger network covering a metropolitan area. WAN extends over a large geographic area like states or countries through connections like telephone lines or fiber optic cables.
Internship Presentation B.Tech Communication NetworksKalyan Acharjya
This presentation summarizes an internship at United Telecom Limited (UTL) in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. UTL provides telecom services and network integration across Jharkhand. During the internship, the presenter learned about data communication networks, configuring routers and switches, and IP addressing. They helped provide various online government services through UTL's network, gaining valuable hands-on experience. The internship enhanced the presenter's understanding of practical network implementation and the workflow in the telecom industry.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
The document discusses current trends in information technology. It identifies the most popular trends as cloud computing, mobile applications, big data, improved user interfaces, the internet of things, and analytics. Cloud computing allows users to access software and hardware over the internet. Mobile applications have grown significantly with the rise of smartphones and tablets. Big data refers to the analysis of extremely large and complex datasets. User interfaces have been revolutionized by touchscreens. The internet of things connects physical devices to exchange data. Analytics uses statistics, programming and operations research to discover patterns in data.
Data communications refers to the digital transmission of data between two or more connected computing devices. A computer network allows devices to exchange information by establishing physical or wireless connections. The Internet is the largest and best-known computer network, enabling global digital communication across vast distances.
Chapter 8 the role of networking in manufacturingN. A. Sutisna
This document discusses data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It covers local area network concepts like topologies, protocols, and addressing. The most common high-level network topologies for manufacturing are bus structures and star networks. Bus networks offer flexibility in cable utilization but contention is an issue. Ring and star networks are also discussed along with techniques for resolving contention like CSMA/CD and token passing.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Chapter 5 introduction to computer communication networksN. A. Sutisna
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It discusses protocols, layered communication models like the ISO model, and physical network technologies. It introduces the TCP/IP model and motivations for the Internet, including universal connectivity and independence from physical networks. Key topics covered include IP addressing, packet formats, routing between networks, and Ethernet communication.
This document summarizes a case study on using wireless networking for small businesses. It discusses how wireless networks provide flexibility and mobility compared to wired networks. The document then describes the two main types of wireless networks - ad-hoc peer-to-peer networks and infrastructure networks with access points. It also outlines several key benefits of wireless technology for small businesses, including increased productivity, universal access to corporate data, enhanced IT support, improved data availability, and improved data access for customers.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
A Novel Solution To The Short Range Bluetooth Communication pijans
Bluetooth is developed for short range communication. Bluetooth Devices are normally having low power
and low cost. This is a wireless communication technology designed to connect phones, laptops and PDAs.
The greater availability of portable devices with Bluetooth connectivity imposes wireless connection
between enabled devices. On an average the range of Bluetooth devices is about 10 meters.The basic
limitation of the Bluetooth communication is this range limitation. In this paper I have studied the
limitations of Bluetooth communication and consider range constraint as the major limitation. I propose a
new expanded Blue tooth network to overcome the range constraint of Bluetooth device. This creates a
network of Bluetooth enabled devices that will include laptops, set top devices and also mobile phones. The
main purpose of this proposal is to establish a network will enable the users to communicate outside the
range without any range constraint.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows many types of digital devices to connect easily and quickly without cables by creating small personal area networks. Bluetooth works using a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum that breaks up data being sent and transmits pieces of it on up to 79 bands from 2.4-2.4835 GHz. It defines protocols for devices to discover each other and establish connections to exchange data over the air. Bluetooth is gaining popularity and acceptance for enabling wireless connections between diverse devices from phones to laptops to peripherals. While offering advantages, it also raises some issues regarding interference, security, and reliability that require analysis.
A Modern Study of Bluetooth Wireless Technology ijcseit
A Bluetooth ad hoc network can be formed by interconnecting piconets into scatternets.
The constraints and properties of Bluetooth scatternets present special challenges in forming an ad hoc
network efficiently. This paper, the research contributions in this arena are brought together, to give an
overview of the state-of-the-art.
Simply stated, Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol. Since it's a communication protocol, you
can use Bluetooth to communicate to other Bluetooth-enabled devices. In this sense, Bluetooth is like any
other communication protocol that you use every day, such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, or IMAP. Bluetooth has
a client-server architecture; the one that initiates the connection is the client, and the one who receives the
connection is the server. Bluetooth is a great protocol for wireless communication because it's capable of
transmitting data at nearly 1MB/s, while consuming 1/100th of the power of Wi-Fi. We discuss criteria for
different types of scatternets and establish general models of scatternet topologies. Then we review the
state-of-the-art approaches with respect to Bluetooth scatternet formation and contrast them.
The document discusses Bluetooth technology. It provides an overview of Bluetooth, including its history and development. The key points are:
- Bluetooth was developed in 1994 as a wireless standard to replace wired cables and enable communication between nearby electronic devices.
- It uses short-range radio transmissions in the 2.4GHz spectrum for data transfer between devices within about 10 meters of each other.
- The Bluetooth standard defines protocols and procedures for device discovery, connection establishment, and data and voice transfer between paired devices.
- Common applications of Bluetooth include wireless headphones, medical devices, sports sensors, and connecting computers, phones and other consumer electronics without cables.
- The technology aims to provide secure, low
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows electronic devices to communicate without wires. It uses radio waves to transmit data within a short range of up to 10 meters. Some key aspects of Bluetooth include:
- It operates using a master-slave architecture called a piconet, where one device acts as the master and can communicate with up to 7 slave devices. Multiple piconets can be connected to form a scatternet.
- Bluetooth versions have increased data transfer speeds over time, from 721 kbps in version 1.1 to 24 mbps in version 3.0.
- It uses less power than infrared (IR) technology and has no line-of-sight requirements between devices.
This document discusses Bluetooth technology. It provides an introduction to Bluetooth and describes what Bluetooth is, the types of Bluetooth devices, and the importance of Bluetooth. It discusses advantages like eliminating wires and facilitating data transfer, and disadvantages like slow transfer speeds and security issues. Applications of Bluetooth technology are presented like Bluetooth headsets, printers, and GPS systems. The document concludes by discussing the future of Bluetooth, including improvements to data rates, power reduction, range, and using ultra wideband technology.
This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology. It discusses that Bluetooth allows for short-range wireless connectivity between devices to replace wired connections. The history of Bluetooth's invention in 1994 by Ericsson is outlined. Different types of Bluetooth devices are listed, along with advantages like mobility and eliminating wires, and disadvantages like slow data transfer rates and limited security. Applications and characteristics of Bluetooth are also summarized, and the future of Bluetooth technology is discussed.
The document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology, including its history, working, specifications, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes how Bluetooth was developed in the 1990s as a wireless alternative to cables that connects electronic devices like phones, laptops, and printers. The technology uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band to enable cable-free connectivity within short ranges. It has become a global standard and is widely used in mobile phones and wireless headphones.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for data transmission between devices like computers, phones, and other peripherals. Bluetooth operates using radio waves in the unlicensed 2.4GHz spectrum in a process called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. It establishes short-range radio links called piconets that allow for both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows short-range data transmission between electronic devices like phones, laptops, and other portable devices. It was invented in 1994 by Ericsson to eliminate cables and wires between devices. Bluetooth uses radio waves to transmit data over short distances at high speeds while consuming very little power. Common Bluetooth devices include headphones, car speakerphones, printers, and computer keyboards. The technology provides cable-free connectivity and mobility while also having some disadvantages like slow data transfer speeds and limited range. Future versions of Bluetooth aim to improve security, capabilities, data rates, power efficiency, and transmission range.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows electronic devices to communicate within short distances without wires or cables. It was invented in 1994 by Ericsson and uses radio waves to transfer data between devices like phones, laptops, and other portable devices. Common applications of Bluetooth include file transfers, connecting peripherals, wireless headphones, and connecting to cars or home stereos for hands-free calling.
This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology, including its history, core concepts, and advantages/disadvantages. Bluetooth was created in the 1990s as a wireless alternative to data cables that operates using short-range radio waves. It allows for connectivity between devices like phones, headphones, speakers within about 30 feet. While convenient for eliminating wires, Bluetooth has limitations like short range, slow speeds, and potential security issues. However, newer versions continue improving its capabilities to remain relevant as a wireless standard.
This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology. It begins with acknowledgements to sources that informed the content. It then discusses wireless networks in general and how Bluetooth fits within infrastructure-based and ad hoc wireless networks. The rest of the document details Bluetooth-specific topics like the architecture, standards, protocols, connection process, profiles, and improvements across Bluetooth versions.
Blue star seminar report dated 18 marchbhadreshagm
The document summarizes the proposed Bluestar architecture, which allows Bluetooth devices to access the Internet through existing wireless local area networks (WLANs). The architecture uses selected Bluetooth devices called Bluetooth Wireless Gateways (BWGs) that have both Bluetooth and WLAN interfaces. These BWGs act as ingress and egress points between Bluetooth piconets and the WLAN. The architecture forms a mesh-like scatternet connecting multiple Bluetooth piconets. It employs adaptive frequency hopping and Bluetooth carrier sensing to mitigate interference between Bluetooth and WLAN devices operating in the shared 2.4GHz spectrum.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows various digital devices to connect and exchange information over short distances without cables. It uses short-wavelength radio transmissions in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands to facilitate connections between devices like mobile phones, headphones, laptops and printers. Key benefits of Bluetooth include its global acceptance, ability to connect a wide range of devices easily, secure connections, and low power consumption. It works by creating personal area networks between devices within about 30 feet of each other.
The document summarizes Bluetooth technology. It discusses the demerits of wired connections that Bluetooth aims to address like tangled cables. It then describes key aspects of Bluetooth like its frequency range, data rates, security features, and the name Bluetooth which references a Scandinavian king. It defines terms like piconet and scatternet. It also outlines the Bluetooth protocol stack and various applications that Bluetooth enables like wireless keyboards, printers and file transfers.
Iaetsd bluetooth based smart sensor networksIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses Bluetooth-based smart sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and their components. It then provides background on Bluetooth, describing how it operates using frequency hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band. The document outlines Bluetooth network structures, including piconets and scatternets. It discusses implementing a smart sensor network with Bluetooth, including smart sensor node architecture and discovery of sensor nodes by the gateway. The document concludes that Bluetooth represents an opportunity for wireless sensor network architectures in industrial and home applications by reducing wiring costs and integrating environments.
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that allows data exchange between fixed and mobile devices over short distances. It uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates of up to 1 Mbps within a 10 meter range. Bluetooth devices can form piconets with one device acting as the master to multiple slaves, or scatternets by interconnecting multiple piconets. Common applications include wireless headsets, file transfers between devices, and connecting peripherals like keyboards and mice. Advantages are wireless connectivity, low power usage, and avoidance of interference through frequency hopping. Limitations include short range and lower security compared to other wireless standards. Future versions aim to improve speed, range, and support larger networks.
Presentation about Bluetooth and working principles.pptxMugabo4
This document summarizes a student group presentation on Bluetooth technology. It includes the group members, an overview of Bluetooth including its components and how it works using radio frequencies. It also describes the pairing process, requirements for a Bluetooth connection, different Bluetooth versions from 1.0 to 5.0, advantages of Bluetooth, types of Bluetooth including Classic, Low Energy, and Mesh, and Bluetooth audio profiles.
Similar to AN EXPANDED BLUETOOTH NETWORK-A SOLUTION TO THE SHORT RANGE BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION (20)
ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION GRADIENT BY DINSAR cscpconf
The progressive development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems diversify the exploitation of the generated images by these systems in different applications of geoscience. Detection and monitoring surface deformations, procreated by various phenomena had benefited from this evolution and had been realized by interferometry (InSAR) and differential interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Nevertheless, spatial and temporal decorrelations of the interferometric couples used, limit strongly the precision of analysis results by these techniques. In this context, we propose, in this work, a methodological approach of surface deformation detection and analysis by differential interferograms to show the limits of this technique according to noise quality and level. The detectability model is generated from the deformation signatures, by simulating a linear fault merged to the images couples of ERS1 / ERS2 sensors acquired in a region of the Algerian south.
4D AUTOMATIC LIP-READING FOR SPEAKER'S FACE IDENTIFCATIONcscpconf
A novel based a trajectory-guided, concatenating approach for synthesizing high-quality image real sample renders video is proposed . The lips reading automated is seeking for modeled the closest real image sample sequence preserve in the library under the data video to the HMM predicted trajectory. The object trajectory is modeled obtained by projecting the face patterns into an KDA feature space is estimated. The approach for speaker's face identification by using synthesise the identity surface of a subject face from a small sample of patterns which sparsely each the view sphere. An KDA algorithm use to the Lip-reading image is discrimination, after that work consisted of in the low dimensional for the fundamental lip features vector is reduced by using the 2D-DCT.The mouth of the set area dimensionality is ordered by a normally reduction base on the PCA to obtain the Eigen lips approach, their proposed approach by[33]. The subjective performance results of the cost function under the automatic lips reading modeled , which wasn’t illustrate the superior performance of the
method.
MOVING FROM WATERFALL TO AGILE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CAPSTONE PROJE...cscpconf
Universities offer software engineering capstone course to simulate a real world-working environment in which students can work in a team for a fixed period to deliver a quality product. The objective of the paper is to report on our experience in moving from Waterfall process to Agile process in conducting the software engineering capstone project. We present the capstone course designs for both Waterfall driven and Agile driven methodologies that highlight the structure, deliverables and assessment plans.To evaluate the improvement, we conducted a survey for two different sections taught by two different instructors to evaluate students’ experience in moving from traditional Waterfall model to Agile like process. Twentyeight students filled the survey. The survey consisted of eight multiple-choice questions and an open-ended question to collect feedback from students. The survey results show that students were able to attain hands one experience, which simulate a real world-working environment. The results also show that the Agile approach helped students to have overall better design and avoid mistakes they have made in the initial design completed in of the first phase of the capstone project. In addition, they were able to decide on their team capabilities, training needs and thus learn the required technologies earlier which is reflected on the final product quality
PROMOTING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT USING SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIEScscpconf
This document discusses using social media technologies to promote student engagement in a software project management course. It describes the course and objectives of enhancing communication. It discusses using Facebook for 4 years, then switching to WhatsApp based on student feedback, and finally introducing Slack to enable personalized team communication. Surveys found students engaged and satisfied with all three tools, though less familiar with Slack. The conclusion is that social media promotes engagement but familiarity with the tool also impacts satisfaction.
A SURVEY ON QUESTION ANSWERING SYSTEMS: THE ADVANCES OF FUZZY LOGICcscpconf
In real world computing environment with using a computer to answer questions has been a human dream since the beginning of the digital era, Question-answering systems are referred to as intelligent systems, that can be used to provide responses for the questions being asked by the user based on certain facts or rules stored in the knowledge base it can generate answers of questions asked in natural , and the first main idea of fuzzy logic was to working on the problem of computer understanding of natural language, so this survey paper provides an overview on what Question-Answering is and its system architecture and the possible relationship and
different with fuzzy logic, as well as the previous related research with respect to approaches that were followed. At the end, the survey provides an analytical discussion of the proposed QA models, along or combined with fuzzy logic and their main contributions and limitations.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT FOR SUBJECTIVE EXAMS cscpconf
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as Eexamination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
TWO DISCRETE BINARY VERSIONS OF AFRICAN BUFFALO OPTIMIZATION METAHEURISTICcscpconf
African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) is one of the most recent swarms intelligence based metaheuristics. ABO algorithm is inspired by the buffalo’s behavior and lifestyle. Unfortunately, the standard ABO algorithm is proposed only for continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the authors propose two discrete binary ABO algorithms to deal with binary optimization problems. In the first version (called SBABO) they use the sigmoid function and probability model to generate binary solutions. In the second version (called LBABO) they use some logical operator to operate the binary solutions. Computational results on two knapsack problems (KP and MKP) instances show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and their ability to achieve good and promising solutions.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The document proposes a blockchain-based digital currency and streaming platform called GoMAA to address issues of piracy in the online music streaming industry. Key points:
- GoMAA would use a digital token on the iMediaStreams blockchain to enable secure dissemination and tracking of streamed content. Content owners could control access and track consumption of released content.
- Original media files would be converted to a Secure Portable Streaming (SPS) format, embedding watermarks and smart contract data to indicate ownership and enable validation on the blockchain.
- A browser plugin would provide wallets for fans to collect GoMAA tokens as rewards for consuming content, incentivizing participation and addressing royalty discrepancies by recording
IMPORTANCE OF VERB SUFFIX MAPPING IN DISCOURSE TRANSLATION SYSTEMcscpconf
This document discusses the importance of verb suffix mapping in discourse translation from English to Telugu. It explains that after anaphora resolution, the verbs must be changed to agree with the gender, number, and person features of the subject or anaphoric pronoun. Verbs in Telugu inflect based on these features, while verbs in English only inflect based on number and person. Several examples are provided that demonstrate how the Telugu verb changes based on whether the subject or pronoun is masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural. Proper verb suffix mapping is essential for generating natural and coherent translations while preserving the context and meaning of the original discourse.
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF A FAMILY OF HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME FRACTIONAL KDV-T...cscpconf
In this paper, based on the definition of conformable fractional derivative, the functional
variable method (FVM) is proposed to seek the exact traveling wave solutions of two higherdimensional
space-time fractional KdV-type equations in mathematical physics, namely the
(3+1)-dimensional space–time fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and the (2+1)-
dimensional space–time fractional Generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony
(GZK-BBM) equation. Some new solutions are procured and depicted. These solutions, which
contain kink-shaped, singular kink, bell-shaped soliton, singular soliton and periodic wave
solutions, have many potential applications in mathematical physics and engineering. The
simplicity and reliability of the proposed method is verified.
AUTOMATED PENETRATION TESTING: AN OVERVIEWcscpconf
The document discusses automated penetration testing and provides an overview. It compares manual and automated penetration testing, noting that automated testing allows for faster, more standardized and repeatable tests but has limitations in developing new exploits. It also reviews some current automated penetration testing methodologies and tools, including those using HTTP/TCP/IP attacks, linking common scanning tools, a Python-based tool targeting databases, and one using POMDPs for multi-step penetration test planning under uncertainty. The document concludes that automated testing is more efficient than manual for known vulnerabilities but cannot replace manual testing for discovering new exploits.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
VALIDATION METHOD OF FUZZY ASSOCIATION RULES BASED ON FUZZY FORMAL CONCEPT AN...cscpconf
The document proposes a new validation method for fuzzy association rules based on three steps: (1) applying the EFAR-PN algorithm to extract a generic base of non-redundant fuzzy association rules using fuzzy formal concept analysis, (2) categorizing the extracted rules into groups, and (3) evaluating the relevance of the rules using structural equation modeling, specifically partial least squares. The method aims to address issues with existing fuzzy association rule extraction algorithms such as large numbers of extracted rules, redundancy, and difficulties with manual validation.
PROBABILITY BASED CLUSTER EXPANSION OVERSAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR IMBALANCED DATAcscpconf
In many applications of data mining, class imbalance is noticed when examples in one class are
overrepresented. Traditional classifiers result in poor accuracy of the minority class due to the
class imbalance. Further, the presence of within class imbalance where classes are composed of
multiple sub-concepts with different number of examples also affect the performance of
classifier. In this paper, we propose an oversampling technique that handles between class and
within class imbalance simultaneously and also takes into consideration the generalization
ability in data space. The proposed method is based on two steps- performing Model Based
Clustering with respect to classes to identify the sub-concepts; and then computing the
separating hyperplane based on equal posterior probability between the classes. The proposed
method is tested on 10 publicly available data sets and the result shows that the proposed
method is statistically superior to other existing oversampling methods.
CHARACTER AND IMAGE RECOGNITION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHcscpconf
Data collection is an essential, but manpower intensive procedure in ecological research. An
algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision
techniques to automate data cataloging for butterfly measurements. Optical Character
Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for imageprocessing.
Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy. Although
there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify
words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an advanced technique that can be utilized to
measure an image. Shapes and mathematical calculations are crucial in determining the precise
location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall,
92% accuracy were achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND EVENT DETECTION IN SMART CI...cscpconf
Smart cities utilize Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors to enhance the quality of the city
services including energy, transportation, health, and much more. They generate massive
volumes of structured and unstructured data on a daily basis. Also, social networks, such as
Twitter, Facebook, and Google+, are becoming a new source of real-time information in smart
cities. Social network users are acting as social sensors. These datasets so large and complex
are difficult to manage with conventional data management tools and methods. To become
valuable, this massive amount of data, known as 'big data,' needs to be processed and
comprehended to hold the promise of supporting a broad range of urban and smart cities
functions, including among others transportation, water, and energy consumption, pollution
surveillance, and smart city governance. In this work, we investigate how social media analytics
help to analyze smart city data collected from various social media sources, such as Twitter and
Facebook, to detect various events taking place in a smart city and identify the importance of
events and concerns of citizens regarding some events. A case scenario analyses the opinions of
users concerning the traffic in three largest cities in the UAE
SOCIAL NETWORK HATE SPEECH DETECTION FOR AMHARIC LANGUAGEcscpconf
The anonymity of social networks makes it attractive for hate speech to mask their criminal
activities online posing a challenge to the world and in particular Ethiopia. With this everincreasing
volume of social media data, hate speech identification becomes a challenge in
aggravating conflict between citizens of nations. The high rate of production, has become
difficult to collect, store and analyze such big data using traditional detection methods. This
paper proposed the application of apache spark in hate speech detection to reduce the
challenges. Authors developed an apache spark based model to classify Amharic Facebook
posts and comments into hate and not hate. Authors employed Random forest and Naïve Bayes
for learning and Word2Vec and TF-IDF for feature selection. Tested by 10-fold crossvalidation,
the model based on word2vec embedding performed best with 79.83%accuracy. The
proposed method achieve a promising result with unique feature of spark for big data.
GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK BASED POS TAGGING FOR NEPALI TEXTcscpconf
This article presents Part of Speech tagging for Nepali text using General Regression Neural
Network (GRNN). The corpus is divided into two parts viz. training and testing. The network is
trained and validated on both training and testing data. It is observed that 96.13% words are
correctly being tagged on training set whereas 74.38% words are tagged correctly on testing
data set using GRNN. The result is compared with the traditional Viterbi algorithm based on
Hidden Markov Model. Viterbi algorithm yields 97.2% and 40% classification accuracies on
training and testing data sets respectively. GRNN based POS Tagger is more consistent than the
traditional Viterbi decoding technique.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 19
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the overview of Bluetooth
technology. Section 3 describes the complexities involved in Bluetooth communication. A brief
description of the proposed protocol is given in section 4. Salient features of new protocol are
described in section in 5. The application and the area of significance are discussed in section 6
and conclusion is given in section 7.
2. BLUETOOTH ARCHITECTURE-AN OVERVIEW
Bluetooth is the term used to describe the protocol of a short range (10 meter) communication. It
places an important roll in wireless communication. The goal of Bluetooth specification is the
uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other. These
specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The
Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics. The data transfer rate of Bluetooth is 1Mbps. The Bluetooth
specification can support three synchronous voice channels at 64 Kbps each. Bluetooth devices
typically require 1mW of power to operate.
Bluetooth devices are organized as a network of two to eight devices called Pico nets. A
Bluetooth piconet consists of a single master device and one or more slave devices. Each node in
the Pico net uses the same frequency hopping technique. A slave or master in one Pico net can
communicate with the master or slave in other Pico net. This bridging structure is termed as
scatter net (Figure 1). In addition to seven slave nodes in the Pico net, there can be up to 255
nodes in the network. The Bluetooth model is working under the concept of Bluetooth protocol
stack. Bluetooth network is divided into different layers as shown in (Figure 2). It has many
protocols groups loosely into layers. This layering structure is different from any other reference
model. The radio layer is somewhat similar to the physical layer of internet model. By using
frequency hoping technique reduce the interferences. Base band layer is roughly equivalent to
Mac sub layer in internet. In this TDMA is used as the access method. Single slave and multiple
slave communication is possible in this layer. There are two links used for communication.
Synchronous connection oriented and asynchronous connection less. Next layer is the L2CAP
layer. Multiplexing, Segmentation and Reassembly, QOS and group management are the main
duties of the L2CAP layer.
Figure 1.Scatternet
3. 20 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Figure 2.Bluetooth Layers
Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on an
International agreed frequency (ISM) of 2.45 gigahertz. A Time Division Multiplexing (TDD)
technique is used in this communication. This divides the channel into 625p slots and, with a 1
MBPS symbol rate, a slot can carry up to 625 bits. Transmission occurs in packets and each
packet is transmitted on a different hop frequency with a maximum frequency hopping rate of
1600 hops/s. Based on output power rating Bluetooth devices are divided into three classes. Most
powerful devices are in class 1 category. These can have up to 100 mW of power, and a range of
about 40 m - 100 m (130 - 330 ft). Class 2 devices are lower power, with up to 2.5 mW of power
and a range of about 15 m - 30 m (50 - 100 ft). Third category is class 3. This uses less power up
to 1 mW and a range of about 5 m - 10 m (16 - 33 ft). Most of the Bluetooth devices will fall
under class 2 or class 3.
3. DRAWBACK AND CHALLENGES IN BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION
The present scenario using Bluetooth has many drawbacks. Data can be transmitted only over
short distances, network overloading may occur, if one path is busy then we have to wait till the
path is cleared, data transmission rate will be slow if network is busy etc are some of the
obscurity in Bluetooth network. The devices in the network have low power. So this low power
limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters (32 feet paper). Even with the low
power, Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight between communicating devices. The nodes in Pico
net are classified into four categories according to their states. These are active, idle, parked and
sniffing. Data exchange takes place only between active nodes but the nodes periodically change
its states. This imposes a greater challenge in Bluetooth design. Which node is selected as a
master, and how many nodes that can be used to connect to other Pico net are the challenging
areas.
Bluetooth is primarily intended to facilitate short range data transfer using low power. The main
disadvantage of this technology is the nodes involve in the data transfer have to be very near each
other. Because of this range constraint most of the time the greater number of Bluetooth enabled
devices are inactive. So the communication throughput is decreased. In this paper we are
concentrating on the range limitation of Bluetooth communication and we are trying to expand
the range by using the enabled intermediate devices.
4. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 21
4. EXPANDING THE RANGE-A NEW SOLUTION
The main goal of this paper is to overcome the basic limitation of Bluetooth devices. The range of
Bluetooth devices are usually of 10 meters. This range restriction is overcome by allowing a
device to another device outside its range through an intermediary device, which has access to
both the devices (figure 3).
First step of expansion is to establish a network. To set up the network each device broadcast a
list of accessible devices within its range. Each device updates their table of accessible devices
according to this list. Each device prepared a list of other devices that can be accessed directly or
indirectly. If a device wishes to send a message to another device in this list, a path is found
through intermediary device through which the destination can be reached and forwards the
message to the first device in the path. But the intermediate devices dynamically choose the path
through which the message is forwarded depending upon the traffic and availability of devices.
Figure 3.Expanding range using intermediate device
5. SALIENT FEATURES OF NEW SOFTWARE
This paper tries to expand the range of Bluetooth data transfer by involving intermediate devices
between the sender and receiver. A message from the source goes to one or more intermediate
device finally ends up at destination. This is typically considers as a client server architecture.
The device which sends the data is the client and receives the data is the server. The client node
expands its network by searching for the Bluetooth enabled device in its range. All devices
continue this searching for devices within the range until the destination is reached. A model of
the proposed system is in the figure 4.
Figure 4.Model for the proposed system
5. 22 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
This network consists of devices of smaller speed and relatively smaller network. The routing
algorithm I have chosen is distance vector routing algorithm. The operation of the algorithm is as
follows. When a node starts it can directly access its immediate neighbours. Each node creates a
list of nodes that can be accessible. Each node, on a regular basis, sends to each neighbour its own
current idea of the total cost to get to all the destinations it knows of. Cost is determined by the
number of nodes in the path. The neighbouring nodes examine this information and update their
routing table accordingly. Over time, all the nodes in the network will discover the best next hop
for all destinations, and the best total cost.
A node wants to send message to another node in the network first it check whether this node is in
the range of the sender. If so then it can directly send message. Otherwise it will set a path to the
destination through the intermediate devices. Each device sends their accessible device to its
neighbours so the sender can calculate the shortest path to the destination. Once the routing path
is finalised then sender node can access the destination. Each intermediate node in the path is
involved in the routing process and each will be aware of the data transmission.
In any Bluetooth data transfer the nodes are not fixed so any node can move from the network
and new node can come up at any time. If any node is added to the network then it finds its
immediate neighbours and prepares its routing table. And this routing table is send to all nodes
that can be directly accessible. If any node wishes to move out of the network then it send a
withdraw message to their immediate nodes. In both cases all nodes update their routing table
accordingly. If any node updates its routing table then inform their neighbours and send the
routing table to them.
When a node send a packet to another node in the network if it reaches correctly at the destination
then it will send the acknowledgement. If the sender does not get the acknowledgement before the
timer turned off then the route discovery process is repeated. Sender must send the same packet
through another shortest route if the current route does not exist. The path selection is crucial and
is to be selected depends on the shortest path criteria and load balancing criteria.
6. APPLICATIONS AND AREA OF SIGNIFICANTS
With the development of Bluetooth technology, many Bluetooth devices come into our living,
such as Bluetooth earphone, Bluetooth home-network etc. Recently, the Bluetooth technology is
the fastest growing technology which enables devices to connect and communicate. Data
dissemination is the main application intended to the Bluetooth network. We can send text
messages as well as picture messages to any Bluetooth enabled devices via Bluetooth
communication. Bluetooth is actually the replacement of traditional wired serial communication
in test equipment, GPS receivers and medical equipment.
The popular use of Bluetooth technology is wireless control and communication between any
devices with Bluetooth capability. The devices can be cell phone, mouse, keyboard, cordless
headset, camera, PDA, printer, computer etc. Bluetooth can also help different devices to
communicate with each other. For example, if you have a phone, a PDA, and a computer and all
the three devices have Bluetooth capabilities, then with the support of appropriate software on
each device you can look up a phone number on your PDA and then place a call direct from the
laptop or PDA without touching your cell phone. Ad hoc networking and remote control are the
significant applications. Another attractive application is wireless networking between PCs in a
confined space where little bandwidth is required. By using Bluetooth communication technology
transfer of files between devices via OBEX is possible.
6. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 23
7. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, I have listed out the common shortcomings of Bluetooth data transmission.
Efficiency of connection establishment has been analysed and suggested a method to overcome
the basic limitation of Bluetooth communication that is the range constraint. With this new
network, the range of the devices that can be accessible is expanded. This expansion is done
through the enabled intermediate devices. When a device tries to connect to other devices, first it
finds the devices that can be accessed directly or indirectly. Then it can establish a path to the
destination through the intermediate devices and forward the message.
REFERENCES
[1] Alessi, S. M., and Trollip, S R(2001), Multimedia for learning. A pearson Education Company
[2] Andrew S.Tanenbaum ,Computer Networks (Fourth Edition):, Pearson Education, Asia/ PHI
[3] Callaghan, J. (2002), "Inside Intranets & Extranets: Knowledge Management AND the Struggle for
Power", Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-98743-8
[4] David Alex Lamb; Electronic Mail: The Basics, 1999.
[5] Haartsen, “The Bluetooth radio system”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, vol.7, no.1,
pp.28-36, 2000
[6] Matt, Marc Simon and Ilker, An introduction to open source software-A Guide
[7] Pelgrum,W. J:1996, The Educational Potential of New Information Technologies
[8] THE HINDU-Online edition of India's National Newspaper, Monday, Oct 28, 2002
[9] Unwin, Tim (2009). ICT4D: Information and Communication Technology for Development,
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521712361
Authors
Mrs. Preetha K G completed her B Tech and M
Tech in Computer Science and Engineering form
Calicut University and Dr. MGR University in
the year 1999 and 2007 respectively. She is
associated with Rajagiri School of Engineering
& Technology, Cochin, India as an Assistant
professor in Department of Information
Technology. She has around 10 years of
academic experience. Currently she is perusing
PhD at Cochin University of Science
& Technology. Her area of research is
optimizing routing in Wireless Networks.