4. Introduction
Definition
Bluetooth is a short-range and low power wireless technology
originally developed for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and
mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs).
Short-range radio frequency technology that operates at 2.4 GHz on an
unlicensed Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band.
Effective range of Bluetooth devices is 10 meters.
It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to data cables.
6. History
The word "Bluetooth" is taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald
Bluetooth, he had been influential in uniting Scandinavian tribes into a
single kingdom.
Bluetooth was named so because
1) Bluetooth technology was developed in Scandinavia.
2) Bluetooth technology is able to unite differing industries such as the
cell phone, computing, and automotive markets.
8. Technology Review
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
Supports data rate of 1 Mb/s(originally).
The Bluetooth specifications are developed and
licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
(SIG).
9. Classes Of Bluetooth
Bluetooth devices are classified according to
three different power classes, as shown in the
following table.
10. PiconetsDefinition
“Two or more Bluetooth units
sharing the same channel”
One device acts as a master and the devices connected
to it act as slaves.
Slaves can not directly send data to each other.
In effect, the master acts as a switch for the piconet
and all traffic must pass through the master.
There can be up to 7 active slaves in a piconet but only
one master.
13. Scatternets
DEFINITION
“A set of two or more interconnected piconets form scatternets.”
A Bluetooth unit can be a slave in two or more piconets, but it can be
a master in only one.
Devices that participate in two or more piconets may act as
“gateways.”
Bluetooth units can only transmit and receive data in one piconet at a
time.
Piconets may be identified by the master's identity and clock.
Devices give notification of inactivation to master before becoming
inactive in its piconet for a finite length of time.
15. Application Framework
and Support
Link Manager and
L2CAP
Radio & Baseband
Host Controller
Interface
RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager
L2CAP
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Applications
Data
Control
Bluetooth Protocols
16. Bluetooth Protocols
Radio Protocol
Responsible for the modulation and demodulation of data into RF signals.
The radio layer describes the physical characteristics a Bluetooth device’s
receiver-transmitter component must have.
BASEBAND PROTOCOL
Responsible for channel coding and decoding.
Digitizes the signals received by the radio for passing up the stack.
Formats the data it receives from the Link Controller (upper protocol) for
transmission over the channel.
Link Controller
Responsible for establishing and maintaining the links between Bluetooth
units.
17. Bluetooth Protocols
The Link Manager Protocol (LMP)
Handles link setup, authentication, link configuration and security
procedures.
Establishes all connections with the help of baseband protocol.
Host Controller Interface
The Host Controller Interface (HCI) defines uniform methods for
accessing and controlling the lower layers of the protocol stack
(baseband and the link manager).
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
Responsible for:
Establishing connections across existing ACL (Asynchronous Connection-
oriented) links or requesting an ACL link if one does not already exist.
Allow many different applications to use a single ACL link through
multiplexing.
Repackaging the data packets it receives from the higher layers into the
form expected by the lower layers.
18. Bluetooth Protocols
Service Discovery Protocol
Defines procedures for
Discovering services of other devices.
Determining the characteristics of those services.
Telephony Control Protocol Specification (TCS) defines call
Control signaling for establishing speech and data calls between
Bluetooth devices, providing them with telephony services.
Object Exchange Protocol
Is a specification for Object data exchange over IR(InfraRed links).
Examples for using OBEX include exchanging business cards and
synchronizing calendar applications.
22. Different phases of Bluetooth Hands free kit connection
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of
Profiles
Connection
Data
Synchronisation
Hello, I am
looking for
bluetooth
devices
Hello, I am an
available
Bluetooth
device
23. Different phases of Bluetooth Hands free kit connection
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of
Profiles
Connection
Data
Synchronisation
What is your
authentification
Code ?
1234…
This code has to
be typed on
your keyboard
Ok !
Now we are
paired
24. Different phases of Bluetooth Hands free kit connection
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of
Profiles
Connection
Data
Synchronisation
What type of
profile do you
support ?
I can do headset
and hands-free.
What about you ?
25. Different phases of Bluetooth Hands free kit connection
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of
Profiles
Connection
Data
Synchronisation
Ok, we are now
connected in
Hands-free.
I can do
hands-free.
26. Different phases of Bluetooth Hands free kit connection
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of
Profiles
Connection
Data
Synchronization
To complete my
phonebook, I
have to
synchronise
with your
contacts
Ok, I transfer
my 163
contacts.
27. The Hands Free synchronizes its phonebook with the contacts on the
mobile phone.
The phonebook is vocally available at any time through Voice
Recognition, Text To Speech & Voice Tags.
Synchronization is done only once (at first connection).
Phonebook synchronization
Automatic
Alessandro Del Piero
Gianluigi Buffon
Fabio Cannavaro
Fabio Grosso
Tiago
David Trezeguet
Alessandro Del Piero
Gianluigi Buffon
Fabio Cannavaro
Fabio Grosso
Tiago
David Trezeguet
29. Advantages
Eliminates wires
Facilitates Data and Voice Communication
Offers formation of Ad hoc networks
Standardized protocol
Free of charge
Easy to use
Low power consumes battery less
Stationary and mobile environments
32. Future Of Bluetooth
Bluetooth has a good future ahead because it
meets a basic need of connectivity.
Currently a protocol is being researched that
would support large ad hoc networks.
Latest version of Bluetooth are improving both its
security and capabilities.
Ultra wide band has been chosen by the Bluetooth
Special Interest Group as the future of Bluetooth
Technology.
New versions of Bluetooth technology will meet
the high-speed and large range.
Many companies are designing impressive
bluetooth applications in demand.
33. Conclusion
A new global standard for data and voice
Eliminates Cables.
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices.
Bluetooth seems to have a bright future after reviewing its
benefits and wide use.
Further improvements are planned to be made in
Data Rates
Power Reduction
Range
34. References
[1] Future Of Bluetooth Technology
by Justin Blasdin, Kian Pokorny
[2] Security Comparison: BluetoothTM Communications vs. 802.11
Thomas G. Xydis Ph.D, Simon Blake-Wilson
[3] Bluetooth dot dot attacks
By John F.David, Michael Barclay
[4] Bluetooth : A Technology in Demand
By Aniston Roger, Siamonds Lee
[5] Bluetooth Era
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
[6] Blue Tooth
http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/bluetooth/features/bluetooth.html
[7] Introduction To Bluetooth
http://www.gsmfavorites.com/documents/bluetooth/introduction/
[8] Advantages Of Bluetooth
http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Are-The-Advantages-Of-Bluetooth-Technology?&id=562666
[9] Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi Technology
http://www.smallbusinesscomputing.com/webmaster/article.php/3331421
[10] Hack Device via Bluetooth without owner’s permission
http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to/video/how-to-hack-a-cell-phone-to-make-free- phone-calls-218649/
FHSS Chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. 1600 hops/sec- time slot is defined as 625 microseconds Packet 1-5 time slots long FHSS is used to minimize the risk of such interference with systems operating on this Band such as microwave ovens, baby monitors and 802.11 wireless networks. GFSK When we jump from (1,-1 or -1,1), mod waveform changes rapidly, introducing large out of bound spectrum.(no overshoot to a step function input ) Uses Gaussian filter (uses G.Function) to limit its spectral width. GFSK = Baseband pulses(-1,1) gaussian filter FSK modulator FSK = Baseband pulses(-1,1) FSK modulator 1Mb/s with overhead, this effectively becomes 721 kbps. SIG 5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998. First specification released in July 1999
Most powerful devices Infrared IrDA (WPAN) : synchronization, link between a phone and a laptop… – Less flexible than Bluetooth, need of a line of site – Comparable data rate Wi-Fi (WLAN) : Wireless LAN access – Far higher bandwidth and data rate than Bluetooth – Higher power consumption than Bluetooth – Requires infrastructure investment
The slaves in a piconet can only have links to the master. Slaves cannot directly transmit data to one another
IBM Research P. Bhgwat
Devices that participate in two or more piconets may act as gateways, forwarding traffic from one piconet to another Bluetooth units can only transmit and receive data in one piconet at a time. As devices in mulltiple piconets divide their time between the piconets, spending some time slots in one and some time slots in another on TDM basis. Devices give notification of inactivation to master that it will be inactive for a predetermined length of time. The device will then have to re-synchronize its clock with its other master. When a slave becomes inactive in a piconet, communications between masters and the other active slaves go on as normal. On the other hand, when a master becomes inactive in its piconet, the slaves will have to wait for it to be active again before communication can resume.
The radio layer describes the physical characteristics a Bluetooth device’s receiver-transmitter component must have. These include modulation characteristics, radio frequency tolerance, and sensitivity level.
See ACL links
See ACL links OBEX The Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX) is a specification for object data exchange over infrared (IR) links. Examples for using OBEX include exchanging business cards and synchronizing calendar applications.
Infrared IrDA (WPAN) : synchronization, link between a phone and a laptop… – Less flexible than Bluetooth, need of a line of site – Comparable data rate Wi-Fi (WLAN) : Wireless LAN access – Far higher bandwidth and data rate than Bluetooth – Higher power consumption than Bluetooth – Requires infrastructure investment
Enough said
Standardized protocol supports interoperability of devices of different types.
Interference with other devices that use the same frequency such as baby monitors, microwave over etc. FHSS is used to avoid it.
Many companies are designing and researching impressive bluetooth applications in demand so this shows it has a bright future and it would be difficult for other technology to overcome.
ACL links and SCO links Inquires who’s there Paging creates a link in piconet Expanding a piconet by excessive pages