An exotic rodent as host of vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever on a tropical island
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This study investigated the role of the invasive Asian house rat in hosting chiggers and ticks in different habitat types on Lanyu Island, Taiwan. The rat is the dominant rodent species and was found in grasslands and natural forests, unlike in Taiwan where it is limited to human dwellings. A total of 254 rats were captured from forest, grassland and human dwelling sites over a year. The rats hosted over 100,000 chiggers and 1,500 ticks. Chigger and tick abundances were generally higher in grasslands and forests than human dwellings, suggesting an increased risk of scrub typhus and spotted fever transmission to humans from habitats beyond dwellings due to the expanded niche of the invasive rat on the island.
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Cameras were placed near streams, trails, and areas frequented by chimpanzees in the Western Area Peninsula National Park from March to April 2015. A total of 566 wildlife photographs from 13 species were captured. Notably, a sequence of 8 pictures on April 17th at 12:07 showed a female chimpanzee carrying an infant on her back with a small duiker in her mouth, providing the first photographic evidence of meat eating by western chimpanzees in the park. This challenges previous findings that hunting is predominantly a male behavior and that primates rather than ungulates are typically preyed upon. The study demonstrates the utility of camera traps for providing new insights into animal behavior like hunting activities.
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Density and distribution of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, Schwarz 1934) ...Open Access Research Paper
The loss of biodiversity mainly due to human activities is a global concern. The survival of wild mammals, including the West African chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), which is considered a critically endangered species, is threatened. However, information on the status of the remaining populations of such a primate and its distribution is rarely available or out of date for some sites. This study aims at improving the knowledge of the west chimpanzee population density and distribution in Mont Sangbé National Park (MSNP), West Côte d’Ivoire, for conservation purposes. We counted chimpanzee sleeping nests along 64 line transects of one kilometer each in the forest area of the MSNP by following distance sampling methods. Then, we recorded the GPS coordinates of all signs of the presence of the species during transects and recce surveys. We observed 148 signs of the presence of chimpanzees including 94 nests counted along transects. The average density of chimpanzees in the forest area of MSNP was estimated at 0.25 individuals/km² and 0.48 individuals/km² when using a value of a lifetime of nests of 164.38 days and 84.38 days, respectively. In addition, the distribution map showed that the signs of the presence of chimpanzees are mainly observed in two areas: the southern and the north-eastern forest areas of the MSNP. We recommend the application of other survey methods (genetics, camera trapping, nest counts combined with the modeling of nest lifetime estimates) for a better understanding of the chimpanzee population ecology and for conservation management in the PNMS.
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2. Overall, medium stocking rate paddocks tended to have lower vertebrate abundances but higher diversity, though many differences were not statistically significant due to small sample sizes.
3. Bird and reptile communities differed substantially between treatments. Medium stocking rate paddocks supported a more diverse bird community including woodland species, while heavy stocking rate paddocks favored more generalist bird species and had higher skink abundances.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of Kumba
This document summarizes a study that assessed human-snake interactions and outcomes in the city of Kumba, Cameroon. 250 questionnaires were administered to assess knowledge, opinions, and experiences. Key findings include:
1) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly related to opinions on snake population management.
2) The importance of snakes and need for snake venom in medicine was significantly agreed upon.
3) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly associated with where snakes are easily sighted.
4) There was a significant link between snakebite treatment and prevention.
5) Knowledge of venomous snakes and preference for traditional snakebite treatment over medical treatment was high, indicating need for more education.
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...
This document summarizes a research study on human-wildlife conflicts related to livestock grazing inside Tsavo West National Park in Kenya. Some key findings include:
- Livestock from surrounding communities frequently enter the park for grazing, with over 60% citing grazing/pasture as the reason. Goats and cattle make up the majority.
- Grazing occurs primarily in the dry season when resources are scarce outside the park. Over 75% of cattle owners bring their livestock into the park during dry seasons.
- The number of livestock correlated with increased intensity and seriousness of human-wildlife conflicts. As livestock numbers rose so did conflicts between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
- Incompatible land
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...
1. The study examined the effect of wet and dry seasons on termite foraging behavior and abundance in cropland, forest, and grassland habitats in Rufiji District, Tanzania over one year.
2. Termite abundance was significantly different between the three habitats, with the highest abundance found in croplands. However, termite species richness was not significantly different between habitats.
3. Termite abundance was higher during the wet season than the dry season across all habitat types due to increased food and moisture availability. Species richness was also generally higher in the wet season.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
THE EFFECT OF TRAP LIGHT COLOUR ON MOTH CATCHES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF STREETL...
This study investigated the effect of light colour on moth catches using three modified moth traps that emitted either UV, green, or orange light. The study found no significant difference in the abundance or species richness of moths caught between the different light colours. While moths in the Geometridae family appeared more attracted to UV light, moths in the Noctuidae family did not show a preference. The results suggest that moths are equally attracted to UV and orange streetlights and this attraction could still lead to declines in moth populations.
X International conference on Behaviour, Physiology and Genetic of Wildlife -...
Cameras were placed near streams, trails, and areas frequented by chimpanzees in the Western Area Peninsula National Park from March to April 2015. A total of 566 wildlife photographs from 13 species were captured. Notably, a sequence of 8 pictures on April 17th at 12:07 showed a female chimpanzee carrying an infant on her back with a small duiker in her mouth, providing the first photographic evidence of meat eating by western chimpanzees in the park. This challenges previous findings that hunting is predominantly a male behavior and that primates rather than ungulates are typically preyed upon. The study demonstrates the utility of camera traps for providing new insights into animal behavior like hunting activities.
Density and distribution of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, Schwarz 1934) ...
Density and distribution of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, Schwarz 1934) ...Open Access Research Paper
The loss of biodiversity mainly due to human activities is a global concern. The survival of wild mammals, including the West African chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), which is considered a critically endangered species, is threatened. However, information on the status of the remaining populations of such a primate and its distribution is rarely available or out of date for some sites. This study aims at improving the knowledge of the west chimpanzee population density and distribution in Mont Sangbé National Park (MSNP), West Côte d’Ivoire, for conservation purposes. We counted chimpanzee sleeping nests along 64 line transects of one kilometer each in the forest area of the MSNP by following distance sampling methods. Then, we recorded the GPS coordinates of all signs of the presence of the species during transects and recce surveys. We observed 148 signs of the presence of chimpanzees including 94 nests counted along transects. The average density of chimpanzees in the forest area of MSNP was estimated at 0.25 individuals/km² and 0.48 individuals/km² when using a value of a lifetime of nests of 164.38 days and 84.38 days, respectively. In addition, the distribution map showed that the signs of the presence of chimpanzees are mainly observed in two areas: the southern and the north-eastern forest areas of the MSNP. We recommend the application of other survey methods (genetics, camera trapping, nest counts combined with the modeling of nest lifetime estimates) for a better understanding of the chimpanzee population ecology and for conservation management in the PNMS.
Assessment of-wild-rodents-endoparasites-in-kirimiri-forest-in-embu-county-kenya
Assessment of-wild-rodents-endoparasites-in-kirimiri-forest-in-embu-county-kenyaogolla fredrick otieno
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. TheInfluence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Chimpanzee Nest Location in the Tofala...
Chimpanzee nest construction has been potentially influenced by altitude and human activities. This study entitle “effects of anthropogenic activities on chimpanzee nest location in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS), South West Region, Cameroon,” dated June 2017-March 2018 with the objectives to investigate the construction of arboreal (night nest) and ground (terrestrial or resting nest) nests among chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) subpopulations in the THWS, and the effects of anthropogenic activities on chimpanzee nest location. A guided reconnaissance survey “recce” walks based on the line transect method was used to obtain information on the location, altitudinal distribution, height and age of chimpanzee nests in order to determine the encounter rates of chimpanzee nesting in the THWS. The different statistical tests were conducted using XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistical software for data analysis. From the result, arboreal (night nest) nests accounted for 75.86% of total nest construction while ground (terrestrial or resting nest) nests accounted for 21.14%. Chimpanzee nested most at elevated heights (mean nesting height = 15.8m) and at high altitudes (800-1000m) with very low encounter rates of logging and agricultural activities (0.13 and 0.06 signs per km respectively). Nests were constructed amongst trees of the families; Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae and Moraceae trees of girth 25.5 – 115cm. However, fruiting and flowering trees were most preferable. In the THWS, chimpanzees prefer to select their nesting sites mostly in the woodland and primary forests vegetation where human activities (agricultural and hunting activities) are low. Therefore, human predation appeared to be an important factor influencing chimpanzee nest location in the THWS.
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeria
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
on August 10, 2016httprspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDown.docx
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rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org
Research
Cite this article: Mathis KA, Tsutsui ND. 2016
Dead ant walking: a myrmecophilous beetle
predator uses parasitoid host location cues to
selectively prey on parasitized ants.
Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20161281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1281
Received: 8 June 2016
Accepted: 20 July 2016
Subject Areas:
behaviour, ecology
Keywords:
myrmecophily, phorid fly parasitism,
Azteca sericeasur, Staphylinidae,
predation strategy, complex interactions
Author for correspondence:
Kaitlyn A. Mathis
e-mail: [email protected]
†Present address: Department of Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology, University of
Arizona, 1041 East Lowell Street, Tucson,
AZ 85721, USA.
Electronic supplementary material is available
at http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1281 or
via http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org.
& 2016 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
Dead ant walking: a myrmecophilous
beetle predator uses parasitoid host
location cues to selectively prey on
parasitized ants
Kaitlyn A. Mathis† and Neil D. Tsutsui
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall,
Berkeley, CA 94702-3114, USA
KAM, 0000-0002-3809-9128; NDT, 0000-0002-1868-3941
Myrmecophiles (i.e. organisms that associate with ants) use a variety of
ecological niches and employ different strategies to survive encounters with
ants. Because ants are typically excellent defenders, myrmecophiles may
choose moments of weakness to take advantage of their ant associates. This
hypothesis was studied in the rove beetle, Myrmedonota xipe, which associates
with Azteca sericeasur ants in the presence of parasitoid flies. A combination of
laboratory and field experiments show that M. xipe beetles selectively locate
and prey upon parasitized ants. These parasitized ants are less aggressive
towards beetles than healthy ants, allowing beetles to eat the parasitized
ants alive without interruption. Moreover, behavioural assays and chemical
analysis reveal that M. xipe are attracted to the ant’s alarm pheromone, the
same secretion used by the phorid fly parasitoids in host location. This strategy
allows beetles access to an abundant but otherwise inaccessible resource, as
A. sericeasur ants are typically highly aggressive. These results are the first,
to our knowledge, to demonstrate a predator sharing cues with a parasitoid
to gain access to an otherwise unavailable prey item. Furthermore, this work
highlights the importance of studying ant – myrmecophile interactions
beyond just their pairwise context.
1. Introduction
Ant societies attract a suite of symbiotic organisms that take advantage of a col-
ony’s abundant resources. Beetles in the family Staphylinidae are common ant
associates, yet relatively little is known about the role of these beetles in their
host colonies. Owing to the formidab ...
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...
Foraging activity may be limited by
temperature, humidity, radiation, wind, and other abiotic factors, all of which can affect energy costs during foraging. Ectatomma
vizottoi’s biology has only recently been studied, and no detailed information is available on its foraging patterns or diet in the field.
For this reason, and because foraging activity is an important part of the ecological success of social insects, the present study aimed
to investigate E. vizottoi’s foraging strategies and dietary habits. First, we determined how abiotic factors constrained E. vizottoi’s
foraging patterns in the field by monitoring the foraging activity of 16 colonies on eight different days across two seasons. Second,
we characterized E. vizottoi’s diet by monitoring another set of 26 colonies during peak foraging activity. Our results show that E.
vizottoi has foraging strategies that are similar to those of congeneric species. In spite of having a low efficiency index, colonies
adopted strategies that allowed them to successfully obtain food resources while avoiding adverse conditions. These strategies
included preying on other ant species, a foraging tactic that could arise if a wide variety of food items are not available in the
environment or if E. vizottoi simply prefers, regardless of resource availability, to prey on other invertebrates and especially on other
ant species.
The Role Played By Chester Zoo in the Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of ...
1) Chester Zoo has established a captive breeding program for the harvest mouse since the 1980s in collaboration with the Cheshire Wildlife Trust. They breed mice in captivity and release them into suitable habitat in Cheshire to reestablish wild populations.
2) Chester Zoo houses captive bred mountain chicken frogs according to specific guidelines to optimize breeding. They are part of a cooperative effort with other zoos and organizations to establish a captive "safety population" and reintroduce frogs to the wild in Montserrat as part of conservation efforts for this critically endangered species.
3) Both programs demonstrate how captive breeding and reintroduction can help recovery of wild populations by establishing stable populations that offset declines and through release of captive-bred individuals
Diversity of bats in the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Bats are often observed in the city of Ouagadougou; they are found in homes, offices and open spaces, especially under large trees. They are consumed as bushmeat and used by Traditional Medical Practitioners. In the context of re-emerging zoonosis, it is important to produce comprehensive knowledge about problematic species such as a bat. Then, the aim of this study is to produce reliable information about bat diversity and its distribution in the city of Ouagadougou. To achieve this goal, bats were captured in the city of Ouagadougou from July to November 2017 using a mist net in 15 stations. Eleven species belonging to nine genera and four families (Molossidae, Nyteridae, Pteropodidae and Vespertilionidae) have been inventoried. While Eidolon helvum is the most observable species in the city of Ouagadougou, Epomophorus gambianus, Scotophilus leucogaster and Nycticeinops schlieffenii are the most occurring species in samples. Kamboinse, Kossodo and Premier Ministère are the sites with the highest species diversity.
Surveillance and tracking of elephants using vocal spectral information
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of Kumba
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of Kumba
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...
Human wildlife conflicts the case of livestock grazing inside tsavo west nati...
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...
THE EFFECT OF TRAP LIGHT COLOUR ON MOTH CATCHES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF STREETL...
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X International conference on Behaviour, Physiology and Genetic of Wildlife -...
X International conference on Behaviour, Physiology and Genetic of Wildlife -...
Density and distribution of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, Schwarz 1934) ...
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Assessment of-wild-rodents-endoparasites-in-kirimiri-forest-in-embu-county-kenya
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Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...
Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Chimpanzee Nest Location in the Tofala...
Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Chimpanzee Nest Location in the Tofala...
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeria
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeria
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...
on August 10, 2016httprspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDown.docx
on August 10, 2016httprspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDown.docx
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...
The Role Played By Chester Zoo in the Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of ...
The Role Played By Chester Zoo in the Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of ...
Diversity of bats in the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Diversity of bats in the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Surveillance and tracking of elephants using vocal spectral information
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Male reproduction physiology by Suyash Garg .pptx
Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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An exotic rodent as host of vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever on a tropical island
- 1. An exotic rodent as host of vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever on a tropical island De-Lun Wu, Chi-Chien Kuo National Taiwan Normal University, Disease Ecology Lab Introduction Rats have been implicated in the emergence and spread of infectious diseases of humans as hosts of important arthropod vectors. The tropical Lanyu Island has a high prevalence of scrub typhus which is transmitted by chigger mites; in addition, the local hard ticks can also transmit spotted fever to humans. The rodent community in Lanyu is dominated by the exotic Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) which can be observed in different types of habitats, including grasslands and natural forests, in contrast to in Taiwan where this species is limited to human dwelling areas. Occurrence of invasive rats may allow chigger mites and ticks to survive in both grasslands and natural forests, thus posing health risks for humans. This study aimed to investigate the role of the Asian house rat in hosting chiggers and ticks and whether the grasslands and natural forests in Lanyu also shelter chiggers and ticks. Materials and methods From September 2017 to June 2018, we deployed rodent traps for three consecutive nights and collected ectoparasites from captured rodents in each of four natural forest sites, three grassland sites, and three human dwelling sites every three months (Fig1). Result A total of 254 R. tanezumi rodents were captured, from which 105680 chiggers and 1584 ticks were collected. There was a significant difference in the number of trapped rats per trapping session among the habitats (p< 0.001), with forests (9.3±1.3 individuals; mean±SE) higher than human dwelling (2.9±0.9) (p<0.001), but there was no difference between forests and grasslands (5.9±1.2) (p>0.05), as well as between grasslands and human dwelling (p>0.05) (Fig2). Discussion Our study confirmed that the exotic Asian house rat commonly occurred in different main habitat types on the Lanyu Island, unlike in the Taiwan main island where this species is limited to human residence area. Moreover, total abundance of chiggers and ticks was generally (although not always significantly) higher in grasslands and forests than in human dwelling sites, thus elevating chance of infection of scrub typhus and spotted fever for the local residents. Release from competitors and predators on small volcanic islands could allow introduced rodents to expand its realized niche and heighten risks for rodent-borne diseases. 2km grassland forest dwelling All rats were infested with chiggers. Mean abundance of chiggers (per rat) differed significantly among the habitats (p< 0.05), with forests (280.8±279.5) lower than grasslands (518.7±286.6) (p<0.05); human dwelling (396.3±371.2) didn’t differ with the other two habitats (both p>0.05) (Fig3). However, total number of chiggers (number of captures x mean number of chiggers per rat) didn’t differ among forests (2948.9±1992.2), grasslands (3688.2±2357.2), and human dwelling (1717.5±989.5) (all p>0.05) (Fig4). Prevalence of tick infestation was 64.6%, and there was a significant difference in mean abundance of ticks among the habitats (p< 0.001), with grasslands (14.8±8.1) higher than human dwelling (0.9±0.4) (p<0.001), and forests (4.6±2.7) didn’t differ with the other two habitats (both p>0.05) (fig5). Total number of ticks in human dwelling (4.6±2.7) was lower than the other two habitats (both p< 0.001), and there was no difference between grasslands (56.1±21.8) and forests (53.5±19) (p>0.05) (Fig6). Fig1. Sample sites in Lanyu island Fig2. Number of rats in different habitats Fig3. Mean abundance of chiggers (per rat) in different habitats Fig4. Total abundance of chiggers in different habitats Fig5. Mean abundance of ticks (per rat) in different habitats Fig6. Total abundance of ticks in different habitats a ab b ab a b a a a a b ab a b b