This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
A study on the parity rate of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and their implication in disease transmission was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe University female hostel between June and July 2016. The mosquitoes were sampled weekly from 24 randomly selected rooms using pyrethrum knock-down collection (P.K.C). A total of 516 mosquitoes comprising of 4 species: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex annulioris, were collected during the study period. The mosquitoes were examined for their abdominal gradings/gonotrophic stages and dissected for parity determination. Culex quinquefasciatus (61.43%) constituted the most abundant species followed by Anopheles gambiae (30.04%) and Anopheles funestus (7.56%) and the least being Culex annulioris (0.97%). Results showed that majority of the vector species were fed and parous and variations among the parity rates of the 4 species was significant (P <0.05). The high rate of the fed and parous mosquito species is of utmost concern in the hostel environment and therefore control measures aimed at eliminating the breeding sites and reducing its contact with the students should be embraced and practiced so as to minimize disease transmission among the students.
Spatial analysis and risk factors of human toxoplasmosis at special province ...ILRI
Presented by Wayan T. Artama. Sujono, Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Tjut Sugandawati Djohan, Pande Made Kutanegara, Adhiheru Sutomo, Dewa Ayu Sri Laksmi and Fihiruddin at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
'INCIDENCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, BUFFALOES AND GOATS’, 'MOLEC...Hrishikesh Khakse
1) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘INCIDENCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, BUFFALOES AND GOATS’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 41, Page 86. 2) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN ANIMALS BY SEQUENCING OF COX-1 GENE’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 28, Page 86. 3) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘PREVALENCE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN DOGS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 29, Page 86.
Study was conducted to record the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of
cat in and around Tando Muhammad Khan. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) was collected from Tando Muhammad Khan and examined
regarding intestinal parasites presence. Samples was appropriately collected and transported
to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and
breed will also be collected.
Overall of 100 faecal samples 24 samples are positive showing 24 percent 9
samples were found positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3
samples were found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5
samples found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of
small intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with
overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of
Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
A study on the parity rate of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and their implication in disease transmission was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe University female hostel between June and July 2016. The mosquitoes were sampled weekly from 24 randomly selected rooms using pyrethrum knock-down collection (P.K.C). A total of 516 mosquitoes comprising of 4 species: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex annulioris, were collected during the study period. The mosquitoes were examined for their abdominal gradings/gonotrophic stages and dissected for parity determination. Culex quinquefasciatus (61.43%) constituted the most abundant species followed by Anopheles gambiae (30.04%) and Anopheles funestus (7.56%) and the least being Culex annulioris (0.97%). Results showed that majority of the vector species were fed and parous and variations among the parity rates of the 4 species was significant (P <0.05). The high rate of the fed and parous mosquito species is of utmost concern in the hostel environment and therefore control measures aimed at eliminating the breeding sites and reducing its contact with the students should be embraced and practiced so as to minimize disease transmission among the students.
Spatial analysis and risk factors of human toxoplasmosis at special province ...ILRI
Presented by Wayan T. Artama. Sujono, Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Tjut Sugandawati Djohan, Pande Made Kutanegara, Adhiheru Sutomo, Dewa Ayu Sri Laksmi and Fihiruddin at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
'INCIDENCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, BUFFALOES AND GOATS’, 'MOLEC...Hrishikesh Khakse
1) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘INCIDENCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE, BUFFALOES AND GOATS’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 41, Page 86. 2) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN ANIMALS BY SEQUENCING OF COX-1 GENE’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 28, Page 86. 3) Ingole R. S., Khakse H. D., et.al. ‘PREVALENCE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN DOGS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION’ Published in Abstract Compendium of 31st Annual Conference of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologist, National Symposium on “Impact of Climate Change on Pathology of Disease of Animals, Poultry and Fish” 13th to 15th Nov. 2014, organized by Anand Agriculture University, Anand, Sr. No. 29, Page 86.
Study was conducted to record the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of
cat in and around Tando Muhammad Khan. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) was collected from Tando Muhammad Khan and examined
regarding intestinal parasites presence. Samples was appropriately collected and transported
to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and
breed will also be collected.
Overall of 100 faecal samples 24 samples are positive showing 24 percent 9
samples were found positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3
samples were found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5
samples found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of
small intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with
overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of
Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.
A new look at ectoparasites affecting indigenous village poultry in EthiopiaILRI
Poster prepared by M. Collins, R. Christley, J.M. Bettridge, A.R. Walker and E. MacLeod for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeriaijtsrd
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
The purpose of the study was to know the conduct of pig farms, the state of cysticercosis and its consequences on the quality of production of pigs in N'Djamena, Chad. Three methods were used: (i) the transverse and retrospective survey for information related to the conduct and hygiene in 64 farms sampled in eight blocks belonging to three districts, (ii) the langueyage to observe cysts and (iii ) documentary investigation for total seizures in the slaughter house over six years. All farms had barns which were considered in good condition (66%). However, most of the farms (91%) did not practice permanent confinement. The majority (81%) accounted for two per day of food distributions to pigs against three for the minority (19%). According to 64% of the farmers, 50% of citizens of their respective square have latrines. Of 861 pigs identified, 20% were examined and 9.7% were carriers of cysts. Carcasses at slaughter percentage seizures ranged from 2.5% to 5% depending on the year; an average of about 4% over six years. The prevalence of infestations remained generally lower than those observed in some cities of northern Cameroon. Losses were estimated to average 5,31,900 FCFA / year. Knowledge and practice of screening techniques for this disease by producers would minimize economic losses, improvement of production quality and avoiding human contamination. Further investigation seems necessary to highlight the animal health status and quality of pork production in this area.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ¬S. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
Throughout history humans have had an uneasy relationship with serpents. Snakes are animals that fascinate many people while frightening others, good or bad, most people have strong feelings about snakes, but few people remain neutral. Most human-snake interactions had lead to the destruction of snakes due to human inability to control fear and panic. The indiscriminate killing of snakes for presumed human safety has drastically reduced the population of many snake species to the level of extirpation. The objective of this, however, is to examine the human interaction with snakes in city of Kumba. To get this survey done, a total number of two hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected population sample in the study area. The results of the survey revealed that the prevention of snake attacks and the opinion of people on snake population management is significantly related (X2 = 11.069 df=4, P<0.05).The importance of snakes and their medical need for snake venom has showed a significant agreement (X2 = 12.045 df=2, P<0.05). Also, the prevention of snake attacks and the area snakes are easily sighted showed a significant association (X2 = 29.205 df=4, P<0.05). In addition, there is a significant link between the snake-bite treatment and its prevention (R2 = 0.312, P<0.05). Moreso, a respondent score of 39.30% is recorded upon the knowledge of venomous snakes. Furthermore, the study recorded a respondent score of 39.30% on the preferable use of traditional treatment on snake-bite victim than the expected medical treatment (31.84%), creating an understanding that the people of Kumba are still very much dependent on the ancient methods of treating snake-bite victims. The Kumba city dwellers need education on the snake behaviour, venomous and non venomous species around their area and the ecological and medical importance of snakes.
A new look at ectoparasites affecting indigenous village poultry in EthiopiaILRI
Poster prepared by M. Collins, R. Christley, J.M. Bettridge, A.R. Walker and E. MacLeod for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeriaijtsrd
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
The purpose of the study was to know the conduct of pig farms, the state of cysticercosis and its consequences on the quality of production of pigs in N'Djamena, Chad. Three methods were used: (i) the transverse and retrospective survey for information related to the conduct and hygiene in 64 farms sampled in eight blocks belonging to three districts, (ii) the langueyage to observe cysts and (iii ) documentary investigation for total seizures in the slaughter house over six years. All farms had barns which were considered in good condition (66%). However, most of the farms (91%) did not practice permanent confinement. The majority (81%) accounted for two per day of food distributions to pigs against three for the minority (19%). According to 64% of the farmers, 50% of citizens of their respective square have latrines. Of 861 pigs identified, 20% were examined and 9.7% were carriers of cysts. Carcasses at slaughter percentage seizures ranged from 2.5% to 5% depending on the year; an average of about 4% over six years. The prevalence of infestations remained generally lower than those observed in some cities of northern Cameroon. Losses were estimated to average 5,31,900 FCFA / year. Knowledge and practice of screening techniques for this disease by producers would minimize economic losses, improvement of production quality and avoiding human contamination. Further investigation seems necessary to highlight the animal health status and quality of pork production in this area.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ¬S. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
Throughout history humans have had an uneasy relationship with serpents. Snakes are animals that fascinate many people while frightening others, good or bad, most people have strong feelings about snakes, but few people remain neutral. Most human-snake interactions had lead to the destruction of snakes due to human inability to control fear and panic. The indiscriminate killing of snakes for presumed human safety has drastically reduced the population of many snake species to the level of extirpation. The objective of this, however, is to examine the human interaction with snakes in city of Kumba. To get this survey done, a total number of two hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected population sample in the study area. The results of the survey revealed that the prevention of snake attacks and the opinion of people on snake population management is significantly related (X2 = 11.069 df=4, P<0.05).The importance of snakes and their medical need for snake venom has showed a significant agreement (X2 = 12.045 df=2, P<0.05). Also, the prevention of snake attacks and the area snakes are easily sighted showed a significant association (X2 = 29.205 df=4, P<0.05). In addition, there is a significant link between the snake-bite treatment and its prevention (R2 = 0.312, P<0.05). Moreso, a respondent score of 39.30% is recorded upon the knowledge of venomous snakes. Furthermore, the study recorded a respondent score of 39.30% on the preferable use of traditional treatment on snake-bite victim than the expected medical treatment (31.84%), creating an understanding that the people of Kumba are still very much dependent on the ancient methods of treating snake-bite victims. The Kumba city dwellers need education on the snake behaviour, venomous and non venomous species around their area and the ecological and medical importance of snakes.
Seroprevalence, molecular detection and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii inf...ILRI
Poster prepared by Timothy Wachira, Joshua Onono, Amos Mwasi, Awo Ibrahim, Gabriel Aboge, Cristina Ballesteros and Pablo Alarcon for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
Presented by Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at “Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease”, Vancouver, Canada, 9-13 August 2015.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
First report of the parasitic infection in two snail species from Burkina Fas...Open Access Research Paper
Trematodiases are important yet neglected tropical diseases, caused by trematode parasites with a multi-host life cycle, which typically involves a snail intermediate host. The many knowledge gaps regarding the trematode life cycles, pathology, and epidemiology complicate effective control. This work was initiated to inventory parasites as part of the “One Health” initiative, where human and animal trematodes are considered equally important, in order to map their distribution, detect high-risk locations and improve disease control. This paper describes the occurrence of parasitic infections in the Ouagadougou reservoirs. These reservoirs are under intensive market gardening. The infra- and component community of digenetic trematodes and other parasites in a freshwater gastropod community were examined over a 5-month period. A total of 1031 Thiaridae snails was collected. Among them, 109 belonging to 2 species were infected by larval trematodes. Seven different types of cercaria were found: xiphidiocercaria, furcocercous, megalurous cercaria, monostome cercaria, Armatae xiphidiocercaria, echinostome cercaria and gymnocephalus cercaria. In addition to trematode infections, nematode and oligochaete (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei) infections have been reported during this investigation. The association of Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei with the snail intermediate host may be of value as a control measure against economically important parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and schistosomiasis..
This presentation was my Senior Biology Major Capstone and was given along with a written paper. The presentation discusses three scientific papers following the ebola virus from fruit bats to carriers such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
Bats are often observed in the city of Ouagadougou; they are found in homes, offices and open spaces, especially under large trees. They are consumed as bushmeat and used by Traditional Medical Practitioners. In the context of re-emerging zoonosis, it is important to produce comprehensive knowledge about problematic species such as a bat. Then, the aim of this study is to produce reliable information about bat diversity and its distribution in the city of Ouagadougou. To achieve this goal, bats were captured in the city of Ouagadougou from July to November 2017 using a mist net in 15 stations. Eleven species belonging to nine genera and four families (Molossidae, Nyteridae, Pteropodidae and Vespertilionidae) have been inventoried. While Eidolon helvum is the most observable species in the city of Ouagadougou, Epomophorus gambianus, Scotophilus leucogaster and Nycticeinops schlieffenii are the most occurring species in samples. Kamboinse, Kossodo and Premier Ministère are the sites with the highest species diversity.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
In Nigeria, malaria consistently ranks among the five most common cause of death in children. This study investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of someresidents of Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria.Following ethical clearance which was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt and the parents of the subjects who gave their written consents, blood samples were collected through vein puncture from 200 subjects within the age 0-17years, from July 2014-February 2015. Structured questionnaire were administered to the subjects and parents provided answers for younger children.Thick and Thin films were examined microscopically using oil immersion objective following the standardparasitological method. The thin films were fixed with methanol and all films were stained with 10% Giemsa stain diluted with 7.2 buffer water for 10 minutes. The demographic characteristics of 200 subjects examined in Emohua showed that 120(60%) were females and 60(40%) were males. Sex related prevalence showed that more females were infected with 66(62.3%) and had higher parasite density of 144720/ul than males with 40 (37.7%) and parasite density of 106160/ul though the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Out of the 200 subjects examined, 106(53.0%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. Age related prevalence showed that subjects within the age 0-3years and 4-6years had higher prevalence of 62 (31%) followed by those within the age 7-9years with 31(15.5%) and the least with zero prevalence was within the age 16-18 years. Those within the age of 4-6years had higher parasite density of 71680/ul followed by 0-3years of age with parasite density of 63360/ul while those within the age 16-18yrs had none (0). The difference in prevalence of malaria in relation to age was significant (P<0.05).>0.05). Subjects that used treated net were more with 117(58.5%), followed by those that do not use net at all with 54(27%) and those whose nets were untreated with 28(14%). Only 1(0.5%) person believed in the potency of prayer as a preventive measure against malaria while none trusted environmental sanitation. Subjects that are non- net users had higher prevalence of 46(85.2%) and more parasite density of 98080/ul followed by the untreated net users with 22(78.6%) and parasite density of 77280/ul while the least prevalence was recorded among the treated net users with 38(32.5%) and parasite density of 75520/ul. The differences in prevalence of infection in relation to preventive measures was significant (P<0.05).more><0.05).There is need to improve socio-economic status and awareness for total compliance to preventive measures among the subjects so as to reduce the malaria prevalence rate to the desired zero level
Similar to Assessment of-wild-rodents-endoparasites-in-kirimiri-forest-in-embu-county-kenya (20)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications
ISSN: 2456-9992
Volume 3 Issue 5, May 2019
www.ijarp.org
14
Assessment Of Wild Rodents Endoparasites In
Kirimiri Forest In Embu County, Kenya
Fredrick O. Ogolla, Clifton Omondi, Christopher Odhiambo
Chuka University, Department of Biological Sciences
P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya,
ogolla.fredy@gmail.com
Kenyatta University, Department of Microbiology
P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi – Kenya
omondiclifton@gmail.com
Technical University of Kenya, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology
P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
chrsodhiambo@gmail.com
Abstract: Rodents are reservoirs and hosts of zoonotic diseases. Rodents’ pathogenic parasites can be introduced onto soils, water supplies,
vegetables and fruits thus playing significant role in human infection. Though studies on rodents and their parasites are necessary to
understand and manage zoonotic disease cycle, knowledge gap of endoparasite composition of wild rodents that interact with domestic
animals and human still exists in Kenya. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rodents’ endoparasites in Kirimiri forest,
Embu County in Kenya between January and May 2016. Wild rats were caught by laying traps in 100 m x 100 m grid of 50 Sherman and 50
victor traps. Rodents’ morphometric data was used for their identification. Necropsy was performed for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and
endoparasites extracted, counted and prevalence determined. Three species of rats totaling to 355 rats comprising of 199 males and 156
females were captured and identified. A total of 533 endoparasites extracted. Rate of endoparasite prevalence was significantly higher in
Rattus spp a peri-domestic rodent than forest rodents’ species (χ= 57.791, P = < 0.05). Asyphalia obvelata (44.79 %) had higher prevalence
while the H. dinimuta had lowest prevalence (6.20 %). Prevalence based on forest patches, GIT and was different. The current study
highlights the importance of rodents as potential vectors for intestinal parasitic infections.
Keywords: Rodents, Endoparasites, Kirimiri Forest, Kenya
Introduction
Rodents are reservoirs and are carriers of zoonotic diseases
(Luis et al., 2013; Chaisiri et al., 2015). Commensal rats may
spread many diseases to human, cattle and pets. Zoonotic
diseases of medical significance among others include
plague, murine typhus, scrub typhus, hantavirus hemorrhagic
fever (Kosoy et al., 2015). Other diseases transmitted by
rodents are leishmaniasis (Davami et al., 2014), trichinosis
(Ryan and Ray, 2004), Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(Peters, 2006). Rodents’ pathogenic parasites can be
introduced onto soils, water supplies, vegetables and fruits
leading to human infections (Wood and Johnson, 2015;
Hamidi, 2018). Mechanisms of disease transmission include
contact with saliva, urine and feces of rodents. Majority of
rodent species express opportunistic behavior and high
fecundity rates (Geffen et al., 2011). In a new ecosystem,
rodents may accelerate spread and invasions by spillover of
parasites into new hosts (Schmid et al., 2015). Spillover of
parasites accelerates local acquisition and spread of parasites
to new rodent hosts (Hulme 2014). Infested rodents’
reservoirs maintain parasites in a habitat through spill-back
(Reusken et al., 2011; Meerburg and Reusken, 2011).
Parasite’s spill over and spill-back negatively impact
ecological systems including wildlife, domestic species and
have implication to human health (Wood et al., 2012;
Hatcher et al., 2012). Humans infection with parasites have
clinical symptoms that epitomized by diarrhea, abdominal
pain and anorexia (Karuna and Khadanga, 2013; Kim et al.,
2014). Parasites that infest small mammals can be
taxonomically be grouped into: Cestodes, nematodes and
finally, acanthocephalans (Gibson et al., 2014). Majority of
these parasites require invertebrate intermediate hosts for the
development of their larvae in their life cycles (Gibson et al.,
2014). Parasitic fauna of the rodents in each ecological
setting is different (Seifollahi et al., 2016). Studies on
rodents and their parasites have medical and veterinary
importance to prevent transmission of diseases to human and
domestic animals. Studies on endoparasite of wild rodents
have gotten attention in several countries; China (Chaisiri et
al., 2015), Lao People's Democratic Republic (Pakdeenarong
et al., 2014), Malaysia (Mohd et al., 2012), Philippines,
Thailand (Chaisiri et al., 2012) and Indonesia (Prasetyo,
2016). In Kenya, studies on rodents have focused largely on;
taxonomy (Corti et al., 2005; Demos et al., 2014); Effect of
land use on rodent biodiversity; ectoparasite diversity
(Mugatha, 2004; Young et al., 2016) and Agricultural losses
(Taylor, 1968). Most of the studies on rats pathogens have
concentred in dwelling places and have involved;
Leishmania parasites the causative agent of visceral
leishmaniasis (Kinuthia et al., 2011); Bartonnela spp.
(Halliday et al., 2015; Wainaina et al., 2018). Thus,
information of rodents endoparasites particularly rats and
their significance in disease transmission is scarce in Kenya.
Such studies are essential for public health given their role in
diseases cycle. This study was carried out to assess the
occurrence of wild rats endoparasites and create
understanding of their zoonotic significance. Availability of
this information is crucial in zoonotic disease management,
wildlife conservation, policy formulation and for monitoring
of variation in the ecosystem through comparative studies.
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15
5. Materials and Methods
Area of study
Figure 1: Map of Embu county (CGok, 2014)
The study was conducted in Kîrîmîri Forest situated in
Mukuuri - Runyenjes in Embu County in Kenya. It is
regarded as an Ecologically Sensitive Site by the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature. It is
dominated by tree vegetation including rare variety of
indigenous and medicinal trees which are faced by threat of
deforestation elsewhere in the country. The area has an
elevation of 1520 meters above sea level with its center lying
at the latitude of -0.41667 and a longitude of 37.55
(Longitude/ latitudes S 0° 25' 22.30" E 37° 32' 41.42"). The
average annual rainfall ranges from less than 600 mm to
2500 mm. Temperatures range from 12o
C in July to a
maximum of 30 o
C in March with a mean average of 21o
C
(CGoK, 2014). There is settlement and agricultural activities
in the immediate surrounding of Kirimiri forest where tea
among other crops are grown as well as raring of animals.
The forest was divided into four zones; farmland comprising
of tea and maize, forest edge comprising of pine tree with
tree logging, mixed Indigenous with pine trees and an intact
Indigenous forest zones with mixture of tree species. In each
zone, a trap line was established.
Rodent capturing and identification
Traps were laid in 100 m x 100 m grid of 50 Sherman and 50
victor traps. Two trap lines were established in each grid 10
m away from the boundaries. In a trap line, the distance gap
of 10 m was set between one trap to the next. The distance
between one grid to the next was 150 m apart. A total of 16
traps were laid in each trap line comprising of Victor traps
and Sharman traps. The traps were laid every evening at
1800 hrs and checked every morning at 0800 hrs. Peanut
butter was used as bait in all cases. Trapped rats were tagged
and placed in Zip lock bags prior to transportation to Chuka
University zoology laboratory in cool box for analysis.
Rodent morphometric data recorded such as weight, total
length, and lengths of the tail, hind foot, forearm and ear.
Morphometric data were used to identify the rodent’s
specimen using mammalogy guide book (Stuart and Tilde).
Rodents’ examination and endoparasite identification
In the laboratory, rodent specimen was placed on a tray and
necropsy performed. Gastrointestinal tract was removed and
placed on petri dishes containing physiological saline.
Stomach was opened longitudinally using scissors and
observed for parasites infestation. Parasites were extracted
and placed on a separate clean petri dish for identification
and counting. Dissecting microscope was used for this
purpose. Preservation of parasites extracted was done in
ethanol (70%). After the visible parasites had been removed,
further examination of colon contents was done using simple
floatation technique. Assessment of helminth eggs and
coccidia oocysts in intestinal contents was done using a
simple qualitative method. In this method, 2 g of the
gastrointestinal contents were mixed with 30 ml saturated
sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and the suspension was
filtered into a beaker. Strained gastrointestinal content
suspension was transferred into a test tube filled up and
covered with coverslip and left to stand for 20 minutes. After
20 minutes, a cover slip was removed placed on inverted
LSD microscope and examined for parasite eggs and
oocysts.
Data analysis
Prevalence of parasite infestation was calculated following
Bush et al. (1997);
Prevalence (P) =
x 100
Prevalence was calculated for each group of endoparasite.
Data analysis was performed with STATA 6 (Stata Press,
College Station, Texas, USA).
Results
Infectivity of captured rodents with endoparasites
A total of 355 rodents belonging to three genera were
captured, among which Rattus spp 180 (54 %) were the
highest Mastomys spp 112 (32%) while Hylomyscus 63 (18
%) were the lowest. The infection rates of these species with
endoparasites are shown in Table 1. Rattus spp had higher
prevalence rates (61.67%) followed by Mastomys ssp
(59.82%) while Hylomiscus spp had the lowest prevalence
rates (36.51%) in Table 1. Rate of endoparasitic infections
was significantly higher in peridomestic rodents than forest
rodents’ species (χ= 57.791, P = < 0.05).
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Table 1: Infectivity of captured rodents with endoparasites
Host species
Total Rodent
(n)
Number
infected
Endoparasite
Species
Endoparasites
Number
Prevalence
(%) by
Endoparasite
Prevalence by
rodent spp
96 Asyphalia obvelata 116 53.33
70 Heterakis spimosa 86 38.89
49 Aspiculuris tetraptera 65 27.22
Rattus spp 22 Moniliformis sp. 59 12.22
180(54%) 17 Syphacia Spp. 52 9.44 61.67%
17 Trichris muris 44 9.44
47 Echinostoma Spp. 85 26.11
15 Hymenolepis diminuta 66 8.33
19 Hymenolepis nana 41 10.56
33 Gongylonema 43 18.33
54 Asyphalia obvelata 61 48.48
11 Heterakis spimosa 20 9.82
9 Aspiculuris tetraptera 14 8.08
Mastomys spp. 13 Moniliformis sp. 17 11.61
112(32%) 7 Syphacia Spp. 15 6.25 59.82 %
16 Trichris muris 25 14.29
22 Echinostoma Spp. 36 19.64
6 Hymenolepis diminuta 13 5.36
8 Hymenolepis nana 30 8.04
9 Gongylonema 15 8.03
9 Asyphalia obvelata 21 26.98
1 Heterakis spimosa 2 1.59
11 Aspiculuris tetraptera 31 17.46
Hylomyscus spp 1 Moniliformis sp. 4 1.59
2 Syphacia Spp. 6 3.17 36.51 %
63(18%) 3 Trichris muris 11 4.76
5 Echinostoma Spp. 33 7.94
1 Hymenolepis diminuta 1 1.59
2 Hymenolepis nana 6 3.17
2 Gongylonema 8 3.17
Endoparasite counts were higher in tea plantation with mean
prevalence of 71.67 % and lower in pine forest with a mean
prevalence of 47.09%. In all the forests types studied,
infection prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. Prevalence in
Rattus spp was higher in tea plantation with 83.72 % and the
lowest in the pine area recording 60 % (Table 2).
Distribution of endoparasites in different rodent hosts
All the rodent endoparasites common with Rattus species
were present in all other rodents (Table 1)
Effect of Forest type on rodents and endoparasite infection prevalence
Table 2: Forest type, number of individual host species captured and endoparasite infection prevalence
Prevalence of endoparasite according to rodent’s gender
Rodent’s gender had significant effect on their endoparasites
prevalence (χ= 5.208, P < 0.05). Males had higher mean
prevalence (59.92 %) than in females (40.08 %) (Table 3).
Males in Rattus spp had prevalence of 62.16 % being the
highest. Nonetheless, prevalence observed in all male
rodents were above mean prevalence of 59.92 % while those
of female rodents were below the mean prevalence total male
rodents trapped were higher than female (Table 3)
Habitat type Host species
Number
trapped
Endoparasite
Number
infected
Prevalence
(%)
Prevalence
Mean (%)
Indigenous Forest
Rattus spp. 92 167 73 79.35
Mastomys spp. 64 87 29 45.31 60.72
Hylomyscus spp. 40 72 23 57.50
Mixed Indigenous and
Pine Tree Forest
Rattus spp. 25 28 18 72.00
Mastomys spp. 31 60 14 45.56 49.19
Hylomyscus spp. 10 24 3 30.00
Tea Plantation
Rattus spp. 43 42 36 83.72
Mastomys spp. 22 59 14 63.63 71.67
Hylomyscus spp. 9 22 6 66.67
Pine Forest
Rattus spp. 20 33 12 60.00
Mastomys spp. 16 28 5 31.26 47.09
Hylomyscus spp. 4 5 2 50.00
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Table 3: Prevalence of endoparasite in according to rodent’s gender
Rodent species Total endoparasite
Male
Rodent
trapped
Male Prevalence
n (%)
Female
Rodents
trapped
Female Prevalence
n (%)
Rattus spp 270 99 69 (62.16%) 81 42 (37.84 %)
Mastomys spp. 240 61 38 (56.72%) 51 29 (43.28 %)
Hylomyscus spp 123 39 14 (60.87 %) 24 9 (39.13 %)
Total
Mean Prevalence
199
40.33 (59.92)
156
26.67(40.08)
Prevalence of endoparasite according to gastrointestinal
tract section (GIT)
Gastrointestinal tract affected rodents endoparasites
prevalence. Higher prevalence was recorded in the small
intestine (44.79%) and lowest in the stomach (3.94%) (Table
4).
Table 4: Prevalence of endoparasite in according to
gastrointestinal tract
GIT Endoparasite
Number
infected
Prevalence
n (%)
Stomach 29 14 3.94 %
Intestine 365 159 44.79 %
Caecum 239 48 13.52 %
Number of rats examined = 355
Prevalence according to Endoparasite species
Rodents infection prevalence differed with different species
of endoparasites. Asyphalia obvelata was the most prevalent
endoparasite with prevalent mean of 44.79 % while H.
dinimuta was the lowest in terms of its prevalence (6.20 %).
Asyphalia spp, Heterakis spp, Echinostoma spp and
Aspicularis spp had their prevalence higher than the
prevalence mean of 14.51 while the rest were below the
prevalence mean (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Graph of Prevalence according to Endoparasite species
Discussion
Peri-domestic rats (Rattus spp) were captured in all forest
patches studied including pine forest which recorded low
number of rodents generally. Occurrence of commercial rats
and their endoparasites deep in the forest is due to their
dispersal from homes and farmland the forest edge as a result
of ecological destruction (Guttinger 1998). Wide occurrence
confirms that rodents are highly opportunistic and can
quickly easily adapt to new conditions, take advantage of
temporarily suitable environmental and multiply rapidly
(Lõhmus et al., 2013). Different endoparasites were found to
infect different rat species captured. The most affected rat
species was Rattus spp (Table 3). Rattus spp was found to be
the main host of most endoparasites observed. This finding is
in line with those of (Krishnasamy et al., 1980; Ambu et al.,
1996; Chaisiri et al., 2010). High vulnerability of Rattus spp
to most endoparasites is a pointer to their diet on
intermediate insect hosts (Singh et al., 1987; Jeffery et al.,
2003). Additionally, higher infection of Rattus spp is partly
due to their foraging behaviour and indiscriminate feeding
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18
nature. This exposes them to a variety of endoparasites and
ultimate infection. In this study, low endoparasite load was
observed in Hylomiscus spp. The moderate endoparasite
prevalence in hylomyscus spp. is attributed to low
consumption of endoparasites intermediate hosts as well as
wide home range which minimized interactions (Nunn and
Dokey 2006). Rodents infection with endoparasites was
observed to differ depending on forest type (Table 2). Intact
forest had higher prevalence of endoparasites. Artificial
forest comprising majorly of cypress and pine had lower
endoparasite prevalence. The effect of forest type on rodents’
endoparasite prevalence reported in this study corroborates
with the finding of Chaisiri et al., (2012) and Archer et al.,
(2017). Higher endoparasites prevalence in tea planta was
attributed to presence of open domestic waste dumpsites at
the edge of the farm that borders dwelling houses. The
prevalence was also higher in the intact forest area. Location
of tea farm near dwelling houses at Kirimiri forest facilitates
high interaction between domestic animals (cats and dogs)
faecal material and the rodents thus high prevalence
observed. Intact forest area had many invertebrates including
and not limited to snails, cockroaches, millipedes and
centipedes. These insects and invertebrates which are fed on
by rodents hosts infective stages of these endoparasites thus
higher prevalence. Higher endoparasite prevalence was also
partly attributed to higher number of peri-domestic rats
captured in tea planta and intact forest patches. Generally,
there was low number of rodents and their endoparasites in
the pine area. Pine (forest edge) area appeared to have had a
lot of human activities since it boarders the tea and maize
planta. There was constant grazing activity observed.
Besides pine forest area had reduced vegetation height and
associated reductions in predation cover. Limited insects and
rodent food source were available. This fact confirms report
by Guttinger et al., (1998) that vegetation structure, food
availability and human activity influence distribution of
rodents. Endoparasites with the highest prevalence was
Asyphalia obvelata. H. dinimuta. was the least prevalent
(Figure 2). Higher infection by Asyphalia obvelata
demonstrates its high adaptability and persistence to its host
who moves from one habitat to the next thus it’s rapid
transmission rate (Warner, 1998). Ecologically, this parasite
is having cosmopolitan distribution in and around Kirimiri
forest. The finding is similar to those of Moradpour et al.,
(2018) who reported Asyphalia obvelata as the most
prevalent endoparasite in Iran. Results differ with those of
De Leon, (1964) who reported Hymenolepis diminuta as the
most prevalent; Coomansingh et al., (2009) reported
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis as the most prevalent in wild
rats in Grenada. Reasons for the difference in results of
endoparasites studies published from different countries are
due to geographical difference and environmental factors
(Lotfy, 2014). Generally, the result confirms the argument
by Seifollahi et al., (2016) that parasitic fauna of the rodents
is different in each ecological setting. Most of the
endoparasites observed in Rattus spp. were shared with other
rats across the forest (Table 1). This points at possible
transmission of the pathogens either by common food
source, water source or from common host. Common hosts
such as Rattus spp can facilitate spread to new niches and
infection of new host through parasite spill over (Seifollahi
et al., 2016) and spill-back (Wood et al., 2012; Hatcher et al.,
2012). Common food rats’food source contamination with
rat faeces by spills account for the continuity of infection
(Fagir and EL-Rayah, 2009). This fact appeared to be the
case in Kirimiri forest where rattus spp were found to be
present at almost all forest patches. Higher endoparasite
prevalence was observed in male than in female rodents
(Table 3). Similarly, Archer et al., (2017) observed different
endoparasite load in male and female rodents in South
Africa. The result differs with those of Gurler et al., (2011)
who observed no difference in endoparasite load in male and
female. The higher parasite infection in males than in female
is factor of hormonal difference (Klein, 2000). Males have
weaker immune responses than females and hence less
resistant to helminth parasites (Luong et al., 2009). Males are
more susceptible to infection than females because
androgens reduce immunocompetence. Also sex steroid
hormones affect disease resistance genes and behaviors
making males more vulnerable to infection. In this study,
more males (199) were captured in traps than the female
(156) rats (Table 3). High number of males caught was
attributed to their wide home range as compared to females
which mostly spend their time around the nests (Hooker and
Innes, 1995). According to Odhiambo and Oguge (2003),
males rodents make wider field excursion than females.
Females remain in their nests nursing their litters; this limits
their movement across the habitat where traps are laid.
Gastrointestinal (GIT) section affected endoparasites count
in rodents studied (Table 4). Small intestine was the most
preferred area of GIT by the endoparasites. These findings
are supported by those of Okorafor et al., (2012). Preference
of the small intestine by most of endoparasites is due to the
presence of digested absorbable nutritive food materials as
opposed to crude hard food particles in the stomach and
nutrient-less food remains in the caecum. Digested soluble
foods products are readily available for absorption by most
endoparasites which cannot use the crude food in the
stomach. Zoonotic potential of most of the parasites
extracted from rats in this study have been reported
(Salehabadi et al., 2008). For instance, cases of human
infection by molinifomis spp has been reported in Nigeria
(Ikeh et al., 1992) and Iran (Berenji et al., 2007; Rokni,
2008). Hymenolepis nana which is common helminth
occurring both in man and rodent plays significant role in the
prevalence of some of the essential human parasites (Flynn,
1973). Hymenolepis nana needs just one host to complete its
lifecycle in their host (Beaver et al., 1984). Both H. nana and
H. diminuta pathogens have been isolated in stools of
children in Mexico (Quihui et al., 2006; Martínez-Barbabosa
et al., 2010). Hymenolepis diminuta was reported in a child
living in the urban area of Rome Italy (Marangi et al., 2003).
Human infection with Gongylonemagongylonemosis) has
been reported in Japan (Haruki et al., 2005). Intestinal
parasite such as Heterakis spumosa genus Heterakidae
(Šnábel et al., 2014) is common parasite of rats, mice and
occasionally hedgehogs (Ito and Itagaki 2003; Ribas et al.,
2013) with no reported zoonotic cases. Endoparasites such as
Trichinella spirallis reported in this study has been flagged as
major zoonotic helminth of public health concerned
(Stojcevic et al., 2004).
Conclusion
Occurrence of zoonotic endoparasites in wild rats elucidates
the public health implication of interaction between the wild
rats, peri-domestic rats and human habitat. The current study
highlights the importance of rodents as potential vectors for
parasitic intestinal infections around and in forest
6. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications
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19
environment. Build-up of these parasites may negatively
impact ecological systems, wildlife, domestic species and
have implication to human health. Thus, studies on rodents
and their parasites with enviromental, medical and veterinary
importance are necessary to prevent spillover for
conservation purpose and to minimize disease occurrence.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge The Kenya forest service Eastern
Conservancy office for granting permission to access
Kirimiri forest for the study. Secondly, we appreciate the
assistance of Dr. Sussan Imbahale the Chair of Department
of Technical and Applied Biology at the Technical
University of Kenya. Thirdly, we acknowledge Department
of Biological Sciences Chuka university for accepting and
accommodating research samples during the study period
Lastly, we thank Benard Agwanda and National Museum of
Kenya for provision of traps used in the study. May you be
blessed.
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