This study attempted to design an effective trap to capture kissing bugs, which transmit Chagas disease, in Jalisco, Mexico. The trap design utilized both CO2 emitted by yeast and LED lights, which previous studies found attractive to kissing bugs. No kissing bugs were captured in the novel trap designs over three nights of testing. Some traps were modified to widen the openings after one bug had difficulty entering. More kissing bugs were captured in pitfall traps placed nearby, suggesting these traps better reflect the bugs' natural behaviors. The trap design may need alterations to effectively capture kissing bugs for future surveys.
What to know how you're related to a brown rat? Interpret this infographic to find out.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
What to know how you're related to a brown rat? Interpret this infographic to find out.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
Seven critical lenses for exploring the social impact of the internet and pr...Sue Watling
Making Research Count Conference, UCLan, 22 January 2016. Keynote Presentation slides and notes. Seven critical lenses for exploring the social impact of the internet and promoting digital equality.
7 Powerful MENTAL TRIGGERS - convince and influence YOUR customers Mateusz Szumilo
7 Powerful MENTAL TRIGGERS that will help you make a bank!
You suck at Marketing and Selling, a short guide that will turn you from a miserable marketer into a rich entrepreneurs! Give it a try now - motivational social media marketing tips !
Spectrum at metro is a commercial property coming up at sector 75, Noida. Besides being situated at a prime location, it has more than 2 lakh residential flats in surroundings. With over 40,00,000 sq. ft area and 1 Km long frontage along the main road, it is going to be the largest shopping mall of India. It is situated just 5 km from Noida City Centre and just in front of upcoming sector 50 metro station. There is a void in terms of shopping options and office spaces in the area Spectrum at metro will fill that void.
Established as a trading company of small home appliance since 2004, Yea-Sincere Corporation are mainly exporting appliances including
Small home appliance trading
Own brand developing
Vacuum sealer, Baby Care Products and Sous Vide Cooker manufacturing
Original Design Manufacturing with different buyers.
Seven critical lenses for exploring the social impact of the internet and pr...Sue Watling
Making Research Count Conference, UCLan, 22 January 2016. Keynote Presentation slides and notes. Seven critical lenses for exploring the social impact of the internet and promoting digital equality.
7 Powerful MENTAL TRIGGERS - convince and influence YOUR customers Mateusz Szumilo
7 Powerful MENTAL TRIGGERS that will help you make a bank!
You suck at Marketing and Selling, a short guide that will turn you from a miserable marketer into a rich entrepreneurs! Give it a try now - motivational social media marketing tips !
Spectrum at metro is a commercial property coming up at sector 75, Noida. Besides being situated at a prime location, it has more than 2 lakh residential flats in surroundings. With over 40,00,000 sq. ft area and 1 Km long frontage along the main road, it is going to be the largest shopping mall of India. It is situated just 5 km from Noida City Centre and just in front of upcoming sector 50 metro station. There is a void in terms of shopping options and office spaces in the area Spectrum at metro will fill that void.
Established as a trading company of small home appliance since 2004, Yea-Sincere Corporation are mainly exporting appliances including
Small home appliance trading
Own brand developing
Vacuum sealer, Baby Care Products and Sous Vide Cooker manufacturing
Original Design Manufacturing with different buyers.
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32.docxalinainglis
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32
POLICYFORUM
A
1930s f ilm shows a dog running
and jumping inside a fenced enclo-
sure ( 1)—except that the dog has
a strange-shaped head, odd stripes, and a
rigid tail that can only move side-to-side.
The “dog” is actually one of the last thyla-
cines, a marsupial predator also called the
Tasmanian tiger. The fi lm was taken shortly
before humans extinguished the species for-
ever. Or did we? Recently, new technolo-
gies have made it plausible to try to revive
many recently extinct species. Scientists
around the world are discussing, and work-
ing toward, “de-extinction” ( 2).
Currently, three approaches to de-extinc-
tion seem most likely to succeed: back-
breeding, cloning, and genetic engineer-
ing. If the extinct species left closely related
descendants, it might be possible to use
selective breeding to produce progeny with
the phenotypes of the extinct species, as the
auroch project in Europe has been doing
since 2008 ( 3). With newly cheap genome
sequencing methods, one might guide back-
breeding with genome sequences from sam-
ples of the extinct species. Of course, back-
breeding will only be possible in situations
where the genetic variations of the extinct
species survive in the descendant species.
Cloning provides another possibility.
Using cryopreserved tissue from the last
known Pyrenean ibex, a Spanish group
used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
to revive that extinct subspecies. Out of
several hundred efforts, however, only one
fetus survived to term, and it died minutes
after birth from lung abnormalities ( 4).
This example highlights two problems with
SCNT: it is neither very safe nor effi cient
and will only work if viable cell nuclei are
available. This will likely be the case in only
a few very recent extinctions.
Genetic engineering offers a third
approach. Take an extinct species—say,
the passenger pigeon—that left suffi cient
samples to allow high-quality whole-
genome sequencing. DNA in cells from a
similar living species—perhaps the band-
tailed pigeon—could be edited to match
the extinct species’ genomic sequence. The
modifi ed cells could then be used to produce
living birds that, genomically, were mainly
band-tailed pigeon but partially passenger
pigeon ( 5). By using targeted replacement
of genomic sequence ( 6) across several loci,
much of the extinct genome could be recon-
structed within several generations.
Neither the back-breeding nor genetic
engineering approaches would yield an ani-
mal that had exactly the same genome as
any member of the extinct species for many
years, if ever. The cloning approach, in the
few cases where viable nuclei are avail-
able, would produce a genomic twin to one
member of the extinct species—but only
one. Does one individual (or a set of clones)
make a “species”? Even if genomic iden-
tity .
Endosymbiosis: Acanthamoebait can play a significant role in the transmission of some bacteria in drinking water, especially some pathogenic bacteria by serving as hosts for them, being described as a "Trojan horse". The intracellular location of these microorganisms, protected from adverse conditions, also allows the bacteria to evade the host's defenses, resist the action of antibiotics and increase their virulence (Trabelsi et al., 2012). Approximately 20 to 24% of clinical and environmental Acanthamoeba isolates were reported to harbor bacteria intracellularly (Visvesvara et al., 2013). Acanthamoeba feeds on bacteria in the environment, capturing them within its cytoplasm through phagocytosis. Phagocytosed bacteria are usually killed and digested by the amoeba, however, some species of bacteria can grow and reproduce within the cytoplasm and become a symbiont (Nwachuku et al., 2003). Most Acanthamoeba spp. they host endosymbionts that may include viruses, fungi, protists, and bacteria, some of which are potentially pathogenic to humans. It can also increase the virulence of some bacteria called Amoeba-Resistant Microorganisms (MsRA) (Coşkun et al., 2013).
Acanthamoebais known to host a variety of viruses: Mimivirus, Marseillevirus, Tupanvirus, Catovirus, and Pandoravirus (P. quercus, P. inopinatum, P. macleodensis, P. neocaledonia, and P. salinus), coxsackievirus, adenovirus, poliovirus, echovirus, enterovirus, or virus vesicular stomatitis. Yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Exophiala dermatitidis. Pathogenic bacteria include: Aeromonas spp, Bacillus cereus, Bartonella spp, Burkholderia spp, Burkholderia pickettii, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetti, Escherichia coli 0157, neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1, Flavobacterium spp, Francisella tula rensis, Helicobacter pylori , Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, M. avium, M. leprae, Pastereulla multocida, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromona gingivalis, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Rickettsia, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, Wadd lia chondrophila (Winiecka-Krusnell, et al., 2002). Among the protists are Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma gondii.
Endosymbiosis: Acanthamoebait can play a significant role in the transmission of some bacteria in drinking water, especially some pathogenic bacteria by serving as hosts for them, being described as a "Trojan horse". The intracellular location of these microorganisms, protected from adverse conditions, also allows the bacteria to evade the host's defenses, resist the action of antibiotics and increase their virulence (Trabelsi et al., 2012). Approximately 20 to 24% of clinical and environmental Acanthamoeba isolates were reported to harbor bacteria intracellularly (Visvesvara et al., 2013). Acanthamoeba feeds on bacteria in the environment, capturing them within its cytoplasm through phagocytosis. Phagocytosed bacteria are usually killed and digested by the amoeba, however, some species of bacteria can grow and reproduce within the cytoplasm and become a symbiont (Nwachuku et al., 2003). Most Acanthamoeba spp. they host endosymbionts that may include viruses, fungi, protists, and bacteria, some of which are potentially pathogenic to humans. It can also increase the virulence of some bacteria called Amoeba-Resistant Microorganisms (MsRA) (Coşkun et al., 2013).
Acanthamoebais known to host a variety of viruses: Mimivirus, Marseillevirus, Tupanvirus, Catovirus, and Pandoravirus (P. quercus, P. inopinatum, P. macleodensis, P. neocaledonia, and P. salinus), coxsackievirus, adenovirus, poliovirus, echovirus, enterovirus, or virus vesicular stomatitis. Yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Exophiala dermatitidis. Pathogenic bacteria include: Aeromonas spp, Bacillus cereus, Bartonella spp, Burkholderia spp, Burkholderia pickettii, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetti, Escherichia coli 0157, neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1, Flavobacterium spp, Francisella tula rensis, Helicobacter pylori , Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, M. avium, M. leprae, Pastereulla multocida, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromona gingivalis, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Rickettsia, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, Wadd lia chondrophila (Winiecka-Krusnell, et al., 2002). Among the protists are Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma gondii.
Designing a Trap to Attract and Capture Kissing Revision
1. Designing a Trap to Attract and Capture Kissing Bugs in Jalisco, Mexico
Craig Fergus and Analiese Wenger
Introduction
Chagas disease (American trypanosomaisis) is a neglected tropical
disease which affects an estimated 7-8 million individuals (WHO,
2014). While Chagas disease is often asymptomatic, it can inflict an
infected individual with a variety of symptoms including fever,
seizures, paralysis, and even sudden death in the acute phase (CDC,
2013) This illness is caused by a unicellular parasite known as
Trypanosoma cruzi carried by the subfamily of blood feeding insects
Triatominae, commonly known as kissing bugs.
In order to aid in prevention of Chagas disease more information is
required about T. cruzi which means developing effective ways to catch
its vector. A few studies have established trapping mechanisms
(Pimenta et al. 2007, Guerenstein et al. 1995) which used CO2
emissions from yeast volatiles to lure the breath seeking triatoma
species into the trap. A more recent study by Pacheco-Tucuch et al.
2012 demonstrated the use of LED lights significantly increased
enticement of kissing bugs into traps. This study attempted to utilize
both of these attractants in conjunction with a novel, cost-effective, and
easy to use trap design.
Discussion
There may be a few reasons for the failure of this trap design.
While running incidental lab trials with one of the bugs from the
pitfalls we discovered that the initial size of our openings were too
small for it to pass through. After widening the opening the test bug
was able to move through the hole but generally seemed opposed to
entering the trap and, when forced, moved awkwardly on the mesh.
This may mean that despite being attracted to our bait, the bug may
have not considered it worth the effort of entering the trap. It is also
possible that pitfall traps were more effective because it reflects the
natural behaviors of dropping on prey from above.
In future tests, it may also be worth considering the density of
triatoma in the trapping area. As many individuals were captured
incidentally by other students around the dormitory complex as
were captured in the main pitfall array. This suggests that areas near
human settlement may be more productive and thus an easier
location to trap.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, our traps did not succeed in capturing any
triatoma, but hopefully with some alterations in construction the
base design may still be useful in future surveys.
Objective
Evaluate the effectiveness of a novel trap design for capturing kissing
bugs during the Biology 377 course.
Hypothesis
Triatoma species will be attracted more strongly to traps with both
yeast and light.
Methods
Trap design
Our traps were built around a 14” long PVC pipe capped by wire
mesh cones pointing inward at both ends. The light attractant consisted
of a white LED hung on the top of inside the trap with its leads
attached to a battery on the outside. The CO2 attractant consisted of a
118 ml plastic container with a combination of 1 g yeast, 0.5 g sugar,
and 5 ml water.
Main trapping
Day 1- March 24th
Sixteen traps were placed along a trail at 10 pace intervals. Two sets
of treatments were placed leading away from a center point in either
direction (4 total) as follows: traps with both lights and yeast, traps
with just yeast, traps with just lights, and traps with neither. Traps were
open from 10pm to 9:30am the next day
Day 2- March 25th
Traps were placed at same locations but the 2 “neither” treatment
traps closest to the center point were replaced with conspecific
treatments (a captured triatoma left inside the trap). Traps were open
from 8:00pm to 7:00am
Day 3- March 29th
Traps were taken off the trail and placed directly on the pitfall array
(see below) : 2 per line, 1 in the center of the array, and 1 to the side in
a bush (8 total). All traps utilized both light and yeast attractants but
half of the traps were given a double dose of yeast. Traps were open
from 12pm to 4pm.
Pitfall trapping
During our trapping period a previously constructed pitfall array
sitting at the center of our transect was open for the general capture of
multiple species. It consisted of 3 metal fences approximately 15 cm
high and 3 m long each with gallon sized buckets submerged at both
ends. The lines were arrayed evenly around a center point. Captures on
this array were used as a comparison to the potential captures from the
main trap array and as a source of conspecific bait.
Results
No triatoma species were found in any of the traps we designed.
Three Triatoma pallidipennis were found in the pitfall traps during the
first tube trap placement, and 2 more were found the next day. Two
additional T. pallidipennis were found in another set of pitfall traps and
approximately 5 Triatoma picturata species were found by sight
around the Research Station’s Dormitories.Figure 1 - Captured T. pallidipennis in lab. Figure 2 - Buho trail, site of trapping transect.
References
1) Center for Disease Control (2013) Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/disease.html
2) Guerenstein, P. G., Lorenzo, M. G., Nunez, J. A., & Lazzari, C. R. (1995) Baker's yeast, an attractant for baiting traps for chagas' disease vectors. Experientia, 51(8), 834-837.
3) Pimenta, F., Diotaiuti, L., Lutstosa, A., & Lorenzo, M. (2007). Evaluation of cultures of saccharomyces cerevisae as baits for Triatoma dimidiata and Tritoma pallidipennis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 102(2), 229-231.
4) Pacheco-Tucuch, F., Ramirez-Sierra, M., Gourbiere, S., & Dumonteil, E. (2012). Public street lights increase house infestation by the chagas disease vector triatoma dimidiata. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e36207. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036207
5)World Health Organization (2013) Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/