An analytical study on employment and indebtedness of rural households evidence from gujarat

Volume 7, Number 1, January – March’ 2018
ISSN (Print): 2279-0950, (Online): 2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2016): 7.185, SJIF (2017): 9.282
H5-Index: 1, H5-Median: 1, H-Citations: 1
International Journal of Organizational Behaviour and Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals 3532 |P a g e
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON EMPLOYMENT AND INDEBTEDNESS
OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS: EVIDENCE FROM GUJARAT
Dr. Dhiresh Kulshrestha14
Dr. Kiran Kumar Agrawal15
Dr. Sunil Kumar Jakhoria16
ABSTRACT
According to Census 2011, Gujarat state’s data shows that it has total population of 6.03 crore which is approximately 4.99%
of total Indian Population. The literacy rate has found upward trend and is 79.31%. If we see bifurcate of that, male literacy
seen at 87.23% while female literacy found at 70.73%. In Gujarat state, where more than 57.4 per cent of the population is
rural and a third of rural households constitute landless labour households which depend completely on wage employment.
On behalf of primarily published government reports, the study analyses employment generation, income of different
categories of labour and the extent of indebtedness, earning prevalent among rural landless labourers and agricultural
households in rural Gujarat, with a view to understanding their livelihood patterns.
Even small farmers with up to five acres supplement their agriculture with outside jobs or wage employment. The evidence
relating to rural labour households and agricultural labour households shows an explicit overall decline in employment both
for male and female labour. There is also a decline in the average number of earning members per household. Clearly, the
rural labour households and agricultural labour households in Gujarat state are characterised by low earning, decline in
income, low consumption and high debt, and remedies will have to be found to generate more employment and income.
KEYWORDS
Rural Household, Agriculture Employment, Income, Indebtedness, Livelihood, Gujarat etc.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, several theoretical and empirical studies on the functioning of rural labour markets have appeared. Agriculture
plays a significant role in India’s economy, as nearly 2/3 of its population earns lively hood from agriculture. It provides gainful
employment to a large population of the country and raw materials to key industries. In view of dominant position of agriculture
in Indian economy, collection and maintenance of agricultural statistics has assumed great importance, including formulating five
years plan.
Gujarat State: Geographic and Economic Indicators
Gujarat state is located India’s western coast, on the Arabian Sea. Gujarat State’s coastline is 992 miles (1,596 km) long, and there
is no part of Gujarat state more than 100 miles (160 km) from the Sea. As per the demographic profile, Gujarat state has an
important bearing on the development process and labour markets. The following are some of the facts revealed in the 2011
census and agricultural census 2015: the decennial population growth rate of Gujarat.
According to census 2011, the population of Gujarat state is 6,03,83,628 and it is 4.99% to total population of India. It was ranked
at 10 in 2001 at national level. The sex ratio in Gujarat is 918 females for each 1000 males. Slightly decreased from 2001, it was
921 females per 1000 males in Gujarat. Gujarat economy with its GSDP share with only 4.99% population share, Gujarat accounts
for 7.6% share to National GDP. Agriculture growth of Gujarat state is vitally influenced by cash crops such as cotton, oilseeds
and tobacco. Gujarat is the largest producer of Cotton, Condiments, Spices and Groundnut in India despite the fact that 58% of
land area is under arid and semi-arid regions. Gujarat state is the 3rd
largest milk producer state with 79% of milk production the
rest of other states of India. Electricity generation in Gujarat has rapidly being increasing from 71256 million units in 2010-11 to
104284 million units in 2016-17. Gujarat is amongst the fastest-growing states between fiscals 2013 and 2017, as per the analysis
by CRISIL in a report titles ‘states of growth’. The report measures performance using a matrix of 3 major macroeconomic
variables – growth, inflation and fiscal health.
Gujarat is the top performer in construction and manufacturing sector growth. The manufacturing share is 34.4% of Gross Value
Added (GVA) of labour-intensive sectors as well as overall GDP between fiscals 2013 and 2016. Gujarat State’s share of the
14
Associate Professor, Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University, Gujarat, India, drdhireshkulshrestha@gmail.com
15
Associate Professor, Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University, Gujarat, India, kkagrawal76@gmail.com
16
Professor & Dean, Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University, Gujarat, India,
sunilkumar.jakhoria@marwadieducation.edu.in

country’s total FDI pie is 7.75% in 2016-17. According to report of NCAER (The National Council of Applied Economic
Research) and report of NSIPI (The National State Investment Potential Index) - 2017, Gujarat has retained the top position in the
list of all states of India. The ranking was based on six key parameters – labour, governance and political stability, infrastructure,
economic climate, perceptions and land. Gujarat topped in economic climate and perceptions. Perceptions based index has topped
on behalf of mobility of goods and efficiency of logistic chain.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In previous years, several theoretical, empirical reports, studies and data found on the functioning of rural labour markets and their
issues. An important trend in this literature has been to explain patterns of income and number of kinds of rural labour,
employment generation, and the extent of indebtedness, earning and type of debt prevalent among these households in rural
Gujarat as macroeconomic variables. The landlessness labours, growth of agricultural labourers and high rate poverty has assumed
major significance in livelihood pattern of agricultural labour households in India.
Sen (1973) found that there are three macroeconomic aspects of employment, the income, the production, and the recognition
aspects. These aspects have a tendency to move in same direction but they do not always coincide. Employment not only adds to
income but it also contributes to production and it leads to satisfaction as it gives recognition to the person and others that the
person is doing something satisfactory or worthwhile.
Ravallion (1982) examined in his study that the wage adjustment in Bangladesh before and after the 1974 dearth, authors are
finding the most important immediate cause of famine during the 1974 famine was a sharp drop in the food-purchasing power of
agricultural earnings.
Sajjad (1989) found that it is presumed that short-period labour contracts, such as daily labour, are more frequent than long-
period contracts. A contrast is seen between wage contract, sharecropping and fixed-rent contract. Daily wage rates are
determined in the daily labour market. Daily casual labour contracts are the major form of labour contract in traditional agriculture
or rural economics.
Dixit A. K. (2009) study on growth and non-growth farm employment in primary sector and other sector in Gujarat on 50
households selected from each village in the study concluded that the state level of employment in agricultural sector has
stagnated, as opposed to a material decline at India level. The study also found that the employment decisions at the household
level are income-dependent, and these decisions cannot be generalised.
Basant and Kumar (1989) have examined the increase in the share of rural non-agricultural sector in the rural labour force, with
the trend being more clearly observed for male than for female workers. They suggest the presence of both pull and push factors
in non-agricultural employment.
Basu and Kashyap (1992) take a similar position as increasing the share of rural non-agricultural sector in the labour force. They
observed the relation of the agricultural and non-agricultural employment, disaggregated by agro-ecological zones, to conclude
that it is difficult to theorise unequivocally regarding the ‘pull’ or ‘push’ nature of the non-agricultural sector.
Chambers and Conway (1992) observed that there is much literature on the concept of ‘livelihood’ and on ‘sustainable
livelihood’. Livelihood consists of the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for
a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope-up with and recover from stresses and shocks to maintain or
enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base. One can also define livelihood in terms of
work and employment with poverty reduction, in the form of off-farm work, as part of a wage labour system or as subsistence
production.
OBJECTIVE AND DATA SOURCES
The thrust of the study is to analyse the pattern of employment and income among the rural labour and agricultural households in
rural Gujarat to understand their livelihood pattern. This study was undertaken with three specific objectives:
 To study about the pattern of employment generation for different types of rural households
 To examine the patterns of earning of different categories of rural households; and
 To document the level of indebtedness prevalent among rural households.
The analysis of rural agricultural labour households is important as these households comprise a vulnerable segment of rural
population of Gujarat state, the percentage of which has increased in almost all the states in country. The study primarily uses

different published government reports, rural labour enquiry reports on wages and earnings of rural labour households, as well as
on indebtedness among rural labour households in Gujarat state respectively.
METHODOLOGY
On behalf of secondary data sources and government reports, this study focused on livelihood pattern of employment, income and
indebtedness among the rural and agricultural labour households in Gujarat state as well as in India. The study analyses survey
data for percentage of employment in rural Gujarat and rest of the states in India.
Employment in Rural and Urban Area in India
According to Ministry of Labour & Employment Report (2018) at all India level, among the estimated establishments covered
under the survey of this report, 66.18 per cent establishments were in urban areas and 33.82 per cent in rural areas. The different
sector-wise details by rural & urban are given in table-1 as below:
Table-1: Percentage of Employment in Rural & Urban area in India
(In selected sectors)
S. No. Sector (s) Rural Area
(In %)
Urban Area
(In %)
1. Manufacturing 34.59 65.41
2. Construction 21.79 78.39
3. Trade 14.78 85.22
4. Transport 21.65 78.35
5. Accommodation & Restaurant 14.56 85.44
6. Information Technology/ BPOs 1.31 98.69
7. Education 45.64 54.36
8. Health 23.69 76.31
Total 33.82 66.18
Sources: Ministry of Labour & Employment Report (2018)
Sector-wise analysis reveals that highest percentage of 45.64 per cent sample units in rural area was recorded in Education
sector and in urban area 98.69 per cent for Information Technology and Business Processing and Outsourcing sector.
Pattern of Employment Generation for Different Types of Rural Labour in Gujarat and India
The number of villages Allotted & Surveyed and Rural Households/ Persons Surveyed in Gujarat and India during 1999-2000,
2004-05 and 2009-10. The table 2 shows the three agricultural census of the number of villages allotted & surveyed and rural
households/ persons in selected area and compare with all over India. The study finds the increasing in number of villages allotted
& surveyed, in 1999-2000 it was 208 villages and it has been increased in 2004-05 it was 232 villages but in 2009-10 it has been
decreased with 216 villages.
Table-2: Number of Villages Allotted & Surveyed and Rural Households/ Persons Surveyed in Gujarat and India
Particulars State/India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Number of Villages Allotted Gujarat 208 232 216
India 6046 8128 7524
Number of Villages Surveyed Gujarat 208 232 216
India 6046 7999 7402
Number of Household Surveyed Gujarat 2479 2318 1721
India 71385 79306 59129
Number of Persons Gujarat 12807 11552 8687
India 374856 398025 281327
Sources: Rural Labour Inquiry Report on Rural Labour Households (55th
, 61st
and 66th
Round of NSS)
Table-2 is based on the NSS 55th, 61st and 66th Round Survey (2004-05 and 2009-10 for Labour Bureau on General
Characteristics of Rural Labour Households (RLHs)) in which a total of 3, 98,025 persons spread over 79,306 rural households in
7,999 villages were covered at all India level for the 2004-05. A total of 2, 81,327 persons spread over 59,129 rural households in
7,402 villages were covered at all India level for the 2009-10. The Study focuses that 232 villages has been surveyed with 2318

number of households with total number of persons 11552 have been surveyed for preparing the rural labour households report in
Gujarat during 2004-2005 and for the year 2009-10 study focuses 216 villages with 1721 households with total number of persons
8687 were surveyed.
The study compare changes in the estimated number of rural households by types of households 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-
10. As per rural labour inquiry report on rural labour households 2004-05, Gujarat has the number of all rural households (ARH)
are 6595 thousands in 1999-2000 slightly increased 6595 thousands in 2004-05, increasing in rural labour households (RLH) 2575
thousands from 1999-2000 to 2843 thousands in 2004-05 and also increasing in agricultural labour households (ALH) 2063 from
1999-2000 to 2159 thousands in 2004-05. The study shows the slightly increasing the number of households in each category
between both agricultural census 1999-2000 and 2004-2005) duration but in the next Agricultural census in 20009-2010, it was
slightly decreased in agricultural labour households (ALH), rural labour households (RLH) and in case of All rural households it
is still. Other households (OH) are increasing from 2004-2005 to next census 2009-2010. The study shows the pattern of
employment generation for different kind of rural labour in Gujarat state and all over India. It is shown in table-3 as under:
Table-3: Number of Agricultural Labour Households, Rural Labour Households,
Other Households and All Rural Households in Gujarat (In Thousands)
Type of Household State / India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Agricultural Labour Households Gujarat 2063 2159 2027
India 44184 38761 41696
Rural Labour Households Gujarat 2575 2843 2705
India 55132 55095 65742
Other Households Gujarat 3349 3752 3890
India 81947 95072 97093
All Rural Households Gujarat 5924 6595 6595
India 137079 150167 162835
, 61st
and 66th
Round of NSS - 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10)
Trend in Number of Rural Households in Gujarat State and India
Table 4 showing the estimated number of rural households by types of households in thousands. The table-4 is showing data from
1999 -2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-2010. As per rural labour report on rural labour households 2004-05, the study compiled the last
three agricultural census about livelihood pattern of agricultural labour in Gujarat state from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010. According
to this table 4, there were 5924000 all rural households (ARH) in Gujarat state in 1999-2000.
It shows the number of all rural households (ARH) increased to 6595000 in numbers in 2004-05 in Gujarat state. At the same
time, rural labour households (RLH) increased to 2843000 and agricultural labour households (ALH) 2159000 is also increasing
from 1999-2000 to 2004-2015, but average labour households (ALH) and rural labour households (RLH) have been decreased in
20009-10. It is not the better sign for good livelihood pattern of agricultural households in Gujarat state as per agricultural census
2009-2010. The study find that the trend line reflects the positive relationship between Gujarat state and all over India in the case
of selected factors. The trend in number of rural households in Gujarat state and all over India is shown as follows in figure-1 and
figure-2:
Figure-1 Figure-2
, 61st
and 66th
Round of NSS - 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10)

B. Patterns of Earning of Different Categories of Rural Labours in Gujarat and India
Table-4 indicates the average daily earning of rural labour households (RLH) in agricultural occupations from 1999-2000 to 2009-
2010 in Gujarat state and all over India. The total earning of the household will be influenced by the composition of the earning
members, as women labour may get lower wages compared to men labour, and the child labour is also getting lower wages
compared to both men labour and female labour. It is the one of the reason for increasing the child labour in rural households in
agricultural occupations in Gujarat state. The study focuses that the wages of child labour been drastically increased in 2009-2010
comparatively the previous agricultural census 2004-2005. It has increased just double from 20004-2005 to 2009-2010.
Table-4: Average Daily Earning of Rural Labour Households in Agricultural Occupations (In Rupees)
State / All-India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Men Women Children Men Women Children Men Women Children
Gujarat 38.8 33.27 32.29 45.9 41.6 34.98 74 67.6 69.19
India 40.6 28.57 24.32 48.07 33.77 29.93 87.41 64.76 64.17
, 61st
and 66th
Round of NSS- 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10)
The average daily earning of men, women and children belonging to rural labour households (RLH) in non-agricultural
occupations during 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-2010 are listed in table-4. It was Rs. 46.7 for male workers in 1999-2000
with increased Rs. 75.38 in 2004-2005 and again it has increased in 2009-2010 with Rs. 113.35. The table-5 is showing the
upward the wages of Men, women and Child labour. In Gujarat State, the child labour wages and men labour wages are
asymptotic equal.
Table-5: Average Daily Earning of Rural Labour Households in Non-Agricultural Occupations (In Rupees)
State / All-India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Gujarat 46.7 36.44 29.41 75.38 52.14 45.6 113.35 75.44 112.21
India 64.9 56.13 28.65 74.88 42.59 32.05 129.96 85.06 112.21
Sources: Rural Labour Inquiry Report on wages and earnings of rural labour households 66 round of NSS (2009-10)
Discussing the average daily earning of agricultural labour households (ALH) in agricultural occupations during the selected
period from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010 in table-6. The table shows the wages of child labour is increasing from 1999-2000 to 2004-
05 and it was Rs. 60.93 in 2009-2010, it was steeply increased as the study analyses. At the same time, wages of women labour is
always lower than men labour. It is not the good sign for women empowerment equally.
Table-6: Average Daily Earning of Agricultural Labour Households in Agricultural Occupations (In Rupees)
State / All-India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Gujarat 39 33.3 31.56 45.95 41.2 35 73.36 67.12 60.93
India 40.2 28.38 24.23 47.53 33.41 29.55 87.16 64.32 64.95
As table-7 demonstrates, the average earning of agricultural labour households in non-agricultural occupations, it was Rs. 48.4
wages of men labour in 1999-2000 and Rs. 37.6 wages of women labour in 1999-2000. Both wages of men and women labour are
increasing from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010. But the wages of child labour was not available in 1999-2000, it was Rs. 45.1 in 2004-
2005 in Gujarat state. The study find that the wages of child labour has vertically enhanced from Rs. 45.1 to Rs. 125 in 2009-
2010.
Table-7: Average Daily Earning of Agricultural Labour Households in Non-Agricultural Occupations (In Rupees)
State / All-India 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Gujarat 48.4 37.6 NA 52.46 53.35 45.1 64.51 62.16 125
India 54.1 34.08 24.14 55.62 35.5 25.24 98.58 78.63 38.58

The Level of Indebtedness Prevalent Among Rural Households in Gujarat and India
The evidence provided about the rural labour households (RLH) in table-8 shows that the percentage of indebted households,
average amount of debt per household and average amount of debt per indebted household from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010 for
Gujarat state and all over India. The table shows the percentage of indebted households are increasing in Gujarat state from 1999-
2000. It was 35.7% in 1999-2000 with the increase in 2004-2005, it was 56%. Average amount of debt per household was Rs.
1805 in 1999-2000 in Gujarat with risen-up Rs. 2977 in 2004-2005, but at the next agricultural census 2009-2010 it was declined
RS. 1657. The average amount of debt per indebted household was Rs. 5055 in 1999-2000 in Gujarat with risen-up Rs. 5314 and
continuously increasing it was Rs. 8799. It is a bitter sign for all rural households in Gujarat state and all over India. Table-8
depicts the nature of percentage of indebted rural household in Gujarat, average amount of debt per household and average
amount of debt per indebtedness households in rural Gujarat and all over India.
Table-8
State/All-India All Households RLH
Percentage of
Indebted
Households
Average Amount
of Debt Per
Household (In Rs.)
Average Amount of
Debt per Indebted
Household (In Rs.)
Gujarat (1999-2000) 35.7 1805 5055
India (1999-2000) 25 1515 6049
Gujarat (2004-2005) 56 2977 5314
India (2004-2005) 47.3 1868 10259
Gujarat (2009-2010) 40.3 1657 8799
India (2009-2010) 34 1803 16265
Sources: Rural Labour Inquiry Report on indebtedness among rural labour households 55th
round,
61st
round, and 66th
round of NSS (1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-10)
The table-9 indicates about the agricultural labour households (ALH) that the percentage indebted households, the average amount
of debt household and average debt per indebted household in Gujarat state and India from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010. Table shows
about Gujarat state data demonstrates the percentage indebted household in 1999-2000 was 37.5%, it has drastically increased
60.6% in 2004-2005 and it has declined with 42.8% in next agricultural census 2009-2010. Average amount of debt per household
in agricultural labour household is also increasing Rs. 1850, Rs. 2877 and Rs. 3681 respectively. The table shows the unpleasant
data about the average amount of debt per indebted household, it was Rs. 4933 in 1999-2000, Rs. 4747 in 2004 -2005 and Rs.
8608 in 2009-2010. Table indicates bad conditions of indebtedness agricultural labour households in Gujarat and all over India.
Average amount of debt per indebtedness is increasing from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010.
Table-9
State/All-India All Households RLH
Percentage of
Indebted
Households
Average Amount
of Debt Per
Household (In Rs.)
Average Amount of
Debt per Indebted
Household (In Rs.)
Gujarat (1999-2000) 37.5 1850 4933
India (1999-2000) 25.1 1312 5230
Gujarat (2004-2005) 60.6 2877 4747
India (2004-2005) 48.4 3946 8145
Gujarat (2009-2010) 42.8 3681 8608
India (2009-2010) 36.2 4737 13090
round,
61st
round, and 66th
round of NSS (1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-10)
Table-10 demonstrates the purposes of debt of indebted rural labour households (RLH) from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010 in Gujarat
and India. The study find the six different types of purpose of debt of indebted rural households in Gujarat and India. The table
shows that the household consumption has been increasing, it was Rs. 1365 in 1999-2000, Rs. 2191 in 2004-2005 and Rs. 3313 in
2009-2010. Study indicates the total purpose of debt is increasing from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010 in the case of Gujarat state as
well as all over India. Table shows the indebted rural labour households by purpose of debt in Gujarat and India from 1999-2000
to 2009-2010.

Table-10
Indebted Rural Labour
Household
Gujarat (in Rs.) India (in Rs.)
Purpose of Debt 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Household Consumption 1365 2191 3313 1673 3021 8292
Marriage and Other
Ceremonial Expenses 1719 1670 NA 1450 2214 NA
Purchase of Land and
Construction of Buildings 775 553 1387 1269 1888 4618
Productive Purposes 843 763 3436 1120 2253 2195
Repayment of Debt 15 31 28 58 284 335
Others 338 105 626 479 600 822
Total 5055 5313 8790 6049 10260 16262
Figure-3
round, 61st
round, and 66th
round of NSS (1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-10)
Next, Table-11 shows the purpose of debt of indebted agriculture labour households in Gujarat and India from 1999-2000 to 2009-
2010. Study indicates the Households consumption is increasing in Gujarat state and all over India from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010.
In Gujarat state, it was Rs. 1415 in 1999-2000, Rs. 2183 in 2004-2005 and Rs. 2687 in 2009-2010. In India, the household
consumption was Rs. 1621 in 1999-2000, Rs. 2698 in 2004-2005 and Rs. 7111 in 2009-2010. The study indicates about Gujarat
state that purpose of debt total was Rs. 4933 in 1999-2000, it was slightly declined Rs. 4747 but it had again increased Rs. 8595.
At India level, the purpose of debt total was also increasing from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010. It is not a good sign for livelihood
pattern of agricultural labour households in rural Gujarat and all over India.
Table-11
Indebted Agricultural
labour Household
Gujarat (in Rs.) India (in Rs.)
Purpose of Debt 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010
Household Consumption 1415 2183 2687 1621 2698 7111
Marriage and Other
Ceremonial Expenses 1806 1572 NA 1260 1867 NA
Purchase of Land and
Construction of Buildings 480 423 1312 764 1219 2828
Productive Purposes 813 440 4258 1124 1689 2280

Repayment of Debt 18 4 NA 50 205 227
Others 401 125 338 411 466 639
Total 4933 4747 8595 5230 8144 13085
Figure-4
round,
61st
round, and 66th
round of NSS (1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-10)
CONCLUDING VIEWS
The indication provided above concerned to rural labour households and agricultural households in Gujarat shows that in the case
of both male and female labour there has been a decline in employment over the years. Further, there has also been an increasing
in the average number of earning members per household. On the other hand, average amount of debt per indebted households
have increased overall. It is not a good sign for livelihood patter of agricultural households in rural Gujarat. The actual earnings of
all households will therefore have been higher. Evidently, both rural labour households and agricultural labour households in
Gujarat state are characterised by increasing earning with upward consumption and high debt. However, it is indicated through
this study, the incidence of indebtedness among the rural labour households was Rs. 5055 in 1999-2000, Rs. 5313 in 2004-2005
and Rs. 8790 in 2009-2010. It was continuously increasing from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010. This study shows that not all rural
households in Gujarat state are indebted, but those who are would face growing problems and issues for their livelihood.
Policy Implications
 Based on the present study, some brief suggestions can be made as part of policy initiatives for rural labour households
and agricultural labour households in Gujarat state and all over India.
 In Gujarat state, the higher demand for labour evidently forces many workers to migrate from rest part of country to
Gujarat state in order to secure their livelihoods. It is a result of industrialization in Gujarat state.
 To develop entrepreneurial skills and facilitate rural labour households (RLH) to acclimatize to upgrading their
livelihood patterns in Gujarat state. Developing the e-NAM and entrepreneurial skills of the agricultural labour
households (ALH) is important.
 Extension officers are working with ministries are often good at non-practical practices. But at ground level, the rural
households and agriculture households are facing the critical problems. It is need to be streamlined in order to
employment generation for different types of labour and increasing the pattern of income.
 The level of indebtedness of rural labour households and agricultural labour households is increasing from 1999-2000 to
2009-2010. Therefore, it is need to be liberal provisions for credit policies. It should be pro-rural labour households and
pro-agricultural labour households for their improvement of livelihood pattern in rural Gujarat.

Limitations of the Study and the Way Forward
The relevant literature pertaining to Gujarat state could not be availed, which is limitation of the present study. The data related to
rural labour households and agricultural households was collected from Rural Labour Inquiry Report, Ministry of labour and
employment labour bureau Chandigarh-government of India. The study was further limited to only Gujarat state and compare with
all over India. Rural labour households (RLH) and Agricultural labour households (ALH) were selected for it. Though the study is
limited, it shall provide opportunity for policy makers, government of Gujarat and researchers for it includes wages, income and
level of indebtedness of labour in rural Gujarat and India.
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