Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational An...ijtsrd
The present study examines the occupational change and socio economic condition – an inter generational analysis of Akhnoor tehsil period of 1985 90 and 2015 17 . The major outcome of study is that share of primary activities has sharply declined in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. Secondary activities was totally missing in 1985 90 but their share in 2015 17 has been increased. Whereas share of Tertiary activities has increased in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. The emerging structural change in occupational structure shows a big decline in share of agriculture, with modest increase in share of industry and sharp rise in occupation in services. The Present study is based on both Primary and Secondary sources. Present study is helpful in finding the occupational change and social and economic conditions in Semi kandi, Kandi and Non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The present study reveals the structural transformation in occupation in the period of 1985 90 and in 2015 17 and also show the social and Economic status of the people residing in semi kandi, kandi and non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The study will be having policy implications for the Policy makers, that how regional planning should be done to ensure the development of infrastructure facilities and what measures be undertaken to generate more employment opportunities in the study area. The present study focuses on the Analysis of occupational change and its impacts on people in the period from Ist generation 1985 90 and IInd generation 2015 17 . It also examines the impact of income and employment on the people. To find out the structural transformation either from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or directly from Primary to Tertiary activities in these areas under study. Vibhuti Sharma | Manali Sharma "Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational Analysis of Akhnoor Tehsil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38520.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38520/occupational-change-and-social-economic-conditions-–-an-inter-generational-analysis-of-akhnoor-tehsil/vibhuti-sharma
Poverty Assessment in Urban Area of Jodhpur District in Western Arid Region o...IJAEMSJORNAL
An attempt has been made to assess the poverty status in rural area of Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Two villages were randomly selected fall in the radius of 20 km from the Jodhpur city whereas another two villages were selected 60 km far from Jodhpur city with poor infrastructure facility and poor non-farm employment. 30 respondents were randomly selected from each selected village.A total of 120 respondents were selected from four village for the study. Simple tabulation method was used. For determining the poverty status, income method was used. From the study, it is revealed that agriculture, livestock, non-farm-labor activities are the main factor for poverty assessment. Size of land holding is a crucial factor. Marginal and small land holding couple with low income, are the main reason for poverty. The percentage of earners in the family size groups and percentage of dependents is inversely proportionate.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational An...ijtsrd
The present study examines the occupational change and socio economic condition – an inter generational analysis of Akhnoor tehsil period of 1985 90 and 2015 17 . The major outcome of study is that share of primary activities has sharply declined in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. Secondary activities was totally missing in 1985 90 but their share in 2015 17 has been increased. Whereas share of Tertiary activities has increased in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. The emerging structural change in occupational structure shows a big decline in share of agriculture, with modest increase in share of industry and sharp rise in occupation in services. The Present study is based on both Primary and Secondary sources. Present study is helpful in finding the occupational change and social and economic conditions in Semi kandi, Kandi and Non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The present study reveals the structural transformation in occupation in the period of 1985 90 and in 2015 17 and also show the social and Economic status of the people residing in semi kandi, kandi and non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The study will be having policy implications for the Policy makers, that how regional planning should be done to ensure the development of infrastructure facilities and what measures be undertaken to generate more employment opportunities in the study area. The present study focuses on the Analysis of occupational change and its impacts on people in the period from Ist generation 1985 90 and IInd generation 2015 17 . It also examines the impact of income and employment on the people. To find out the structural transformation either from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or directly from Primary to Tertiary activities in these areas under study. Vibhuti Sharma | Manali Sharma "Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational Analysis of Akhnoor Tehsil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38520.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38520/occupational-change-and-social-economic-conditions-–-an-inter-generational-analysis-of-akhnoor-tehsil/vibhuti-sharma
Poverty Assessment in Urban Area of Jodhpur District in Western Arid Region o...IJAEMSJORNAL
An attempt has been made to assess the poverty status in rural area of Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Two villages were randomly selected fall in the radius of 20 km from the Jodhpur city whereas another two villages were selected 60 km far from Jodhpur city with poor infrastructure facility and poor non-farm employment. 30 respondents were randomly selected from each selected village.A total of 120 respondents were selected from four village for the study. Simple tabulation method was used. For determining the poverty status, income method was used. From the study, it is revealed that agriculture, livestock, non-farm-labor activities are the main factor for poverty assessment. Size of land holding is a crucial factor. Marginal and small land holding couple with low income, are the main reason for poverty. The percentage of earners in the family size groups and percentage of dependents is inversely proportionate.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Location Quantities and Shift Share Analysis ProjectJacqueline Tkac
This report provides a brief review of the specific metric of employment sector analysis called Location Quotients (LQ) and Shift-Share. The analysis area focused on in this report is Richmond, Virginia, and the comparison area is the United States.
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sector of Selected Districts of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Shift share analysis is an effective regional planning tool to explore the regional competitiveness and industrial composition. In this study the regional competitiveness among the selected districts of Bangladesh in terms of regional employment figure in the main activity sectors has been tried to develop. The comparative scenario among the several districts has been figured out and the regional influencing factors behind that have been analyzed.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
A Current-View on Rural Settlements in the Republic of TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study discussed regulations related to village and rural development in the history of the Republic of Turkey. Also, it deals with different physical planning approaches of rural settlements and their success situations and the spatial problems of rural settlements. In recent years, the view of the people and the capital to rural settlements had changed gradually in Turkey. On the one hand, abandoned villages in terms of the young and dynamic labor force, on the other hand, the necessity of making these areas attractive for the efficiency of agricultural production emerges as a dilemma. The villages had come to the agenda again for urban people because of the reasons such as the desire to get away from the stuffy environment of the city by means of rural tourism. In this paper, in the light of these general situation assessments, possible targets of the village renewal studies were put forward.
The study investigates the relationship between the labor force participation rate for both male and female, gross fixed capital formation, and economic growth in Bangladesh using the annual time series data from 1991 to 2017. The results find two bidirectional nexus that one is between total labor force participation and economic growth and second is between gross fixed capital formations and economic growth whereas the findings also show a unidirectional causal association from female labor force participation to economic progress for Bangladesh. The study also finds that both total labor force participation and female labor force participation have short-run positive significant effects on the economic development for Bangladesh but adverse effects in the long run. On the contrary gross fixed capital formation contains short term significant negative indication on the economic growth but has an explicit positive considerable impact on the economic development of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh needs to give more importance in technical education format that will produce more skilled labor.
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
Demographic change and economic transition in asiaAbu Sayem
The Asian economy has showed a very fast demographic change because
fertility and mortality rates of population have signicantly decreased over
the last few decades. So, it is expected the economic growth rate is aected
by demography over the time 1971-2012. Since demographic changes imply
in changes on the economy, the demographic change has a signicant eect
on economic growth. Also, this change is not equal in all over Asia. In this
paper it has been investigated if demographic change plays a role in the
dynamic of economic growth rate in Asia. This paper also has investigated
how the income per worker aects the total fertility and life expectancy. Also
it has been examined the role of the demographic transition in explaining
cross-country dierences in economic growth, with a particular focus on
South Asia. Result shows that population growth in working age group has
a positive eect, where rapid growth in total population has a negative eect
on economic growth. Income has positive relationship with life expectancy,
but with fertility rate it becomes negative.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...PiLNAfrica
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Employment continued to edge up in June (+80,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 8.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Professional and business services added jobs,
and employment in other major industries changed little over the month.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
The aim of this study is to explore the structure and the dynamics of regional labour markets in terms of gross job and worker flows. The regional turnover rates are related to macroeconomic indicators, demographic factors and industry-structure by employing the data of 85 Finnish regions over the period of 1988–1997. The results imply that different factors can have similar effects on net changes in employment and unemployment by various means of affecting gross changes.
Location Quantities and Shift Share Analysis ProjectJacqueline Tkac
This report provides a brief review of the specific metric of employment sector analysis called Location Quotients (LQ) and Shift-Share. The analysis area focused on in this report is Richmond, Virginia, and the comparison area is the United States.
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sector of Selected Districts of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Shift share analysis is an effective regional planning tool to explore the regional competitiveness and industrial composition. In this study the regional competitiveness among the selected districts of Bangladesh in terms of regional employment figure in the main activity sectors has been tried to develop. The comparative scenario among the several districts has been figured out and the regional influencing factors behind that have been analyzed.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
A Current-View on Rural Settlements in the Republic of TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study discussed regulations related to village and rural development in the history of the Republic of Turkey. Also, it deals with different physical planning approaches of rural settlements and their success situations and the spatial problems of rural settlements. In recent years, the view of the people and the capital to rural settlements had changed gradually in Turkey. On the one hand, abandoned villages in terms of the young and dynamic labor force, on the other hand, the necessity of making these areas attractive for the efficiency of agricultural production emerges as a dilemma. The villages had come to the agenda again for urban people because of the reasons such as the desire to get away from the stuffy environment of the city by means of rural tourism. In this paper, in the light of these general situation assessments, possible targets of the village renewal studies were put forward.
The study investigates the relationship between the labor force participation rate for both male and female, gross fixed capital formation, and economic growth in Bangladesh using the annual time series data from 1991 to 2017. The results find two bidirectional nexus that one is between total labor force participation and economic growth and second is between gross fixed capital formations and economic growth whereas the findings also show a unidirectional causal association from female labor force participation to economic progress for Bangladesh. The study also finds that both total labor force participation and female labor force participation have short-run positive significant effects on the economic development for Bangladesh but adverse effects in the long run. On the contrary gross fixed capital formation contains short term significant negative indication on the economic growth but has an explicit positive considerable impact on the economic development of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh needs to give more importance in technical education format that will produce more skilled labor.
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
Demographic change and economic transition in asiaAbu Sayem
The Asian economy has showed a very fast demographic change because
fertility and mortality rates of population have signicantly decreased over
the last few decades. So, it is expected the economic growth rate is aected
by demography over the time 1971-2012. Since demographic changes imply
in changes on the economy, the demographic change has a signicant eect
on economic growth. Also, this change is not equal in all over Asia. In this
paper it has been investigated if demographic change plays a role in the
dynamic of economic growth rate in Asia. This paper also has investigated
how the income per worker aects the total fertility and life expectancy. Also
it has been examined the role of the demographic transition in explaining
cross-country dierences in economic growth, with a particular focus on
South Asia. Result shows that population growth in working age group has
a positive eect, where rapid growth in total population has a negative eect
on economic growth. Income has positive relationship with life expectancy,
but with fertility rate it becomes negative.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...PiLNAfrica
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Employment continued to edge up in June (+80,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 8.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Professional and business services added jobs,
and employment in other major industries changed little over the month.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
The aim of this study is to explore the structure and the dynamics of regional labour markets in terms of gross job and worker flows. The regional turnover rates are related to macroeconomic indicators, demographic factors and industry-structure by employing the data of 85 Finnish regions over the period of 1988–1997. The results imply that different factors can have similar effects on net changes in employment and unemployment by various means of affecting gross changes.
Welcome to Kensington West
Kensington West is located in Kensington London a short walk from Kensington High Street, where you will find the most exclusive bars and restaurants to meet every need. If that is not enough Kensington High Street is known as "shopping heaven". Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Kensington Palace (where Princess Diana resided) are all within easy reach.
We are walking distance from both Olympia (approximately 4-5 minutes) and Earls Court (approximately 15 minutes) exhibition centers. The famous Queen's Tennis Club is within easy reach. For those of you who want a shopping spree, Westfield's shopping centre opened in October 2009 which boasts 265 shops is only about a 15 minute walk away.
So if you are looking for budget London hotels in the Kensington area, Kensington West could be exactly what you are looking for.
Prioritize the enablers of urbanization in indiaGirish Singh
The process of urbanization in India creates a better and higher order of infrastructures of education, employment, modernization, industrialization and healthcare facilities. As per Chetan Vaidya (2011), Urbanization is inevitable and necessary to achieve the 10% GDP growth rate of India. As per that calculation India has to increase its urban area by 40% in the next 25 years. However, the current urban governance and management of the services is far from satisfactory. This study presents a coexisting scenario of migration that is ongoing in India. Post independent India witnessed several transformations in different sectors. Due to unequal progress and the apathetic approach of development agencies and the Government, a considerable proportion of the rural population has immigrated to the urban places in search of better opportunities resulting in many problems such as unidentifiable population groups and slum formation. Migration from rural to urban has changed the nature and proportion of population and its supportive systems. This paper describes how the migration is happening in the recent time and which the more influential enablers among them are. If there are any significant enablers among the list, the government policies for future can be made concentrating on those factors to get to the GDP goal in stipulated time.
Key-words: Urbanization, India, migration pattern, government policies, education, employment, modernization, industrialization, healthcare facilities.
ANALYSIS OF GROWTH AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE IN DOMPU DISTRICT 2014-2020AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to (1) analyze economic growth in Dompu Regency in 2014-2020; (2) analyze
the economic structure of Dompu Regency in 2014-2020. This research is descriptive research with a
quantitative approach. The object of this research is Dompu district, West Nusa Tenggara province. This study
uses secondary data from 2014-to 2020 from the Central Statistics Agency of Dompu Regency. The results
showed that the economic growth of Dompu district, West Nusa Tenggara province in 2014-2020 fluctuated,
where in 2015-201, it increased, while in 2018-2019, it decreased. Even in 2020, the economic growth of the
Dompu district became minus, caused by the case of covid. -19. Meanwhile, the economic structure of Dompu
Regency in 2014-2020 is still in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sectors, followed by the wholesale and
retail trade sector; car and motorcycle repair, government administration sector, defense and compulsory social
security, construction sector, and the rest are outside the four sectors above which contribute below five percent.
KEYWORDS: economic growth, economic structure, Gross Regional Income.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
The economic prosperity of a nation depends on the quality of its workforce. The present study attempts to describe the work force participation rates in India. This study illustrates the spatial and temporal change in the work force participation of persons (males and females) in India, highlighting important differences due to sex, age, place of residence. A striking feature has been a rising trend in the rural female work force participation rates after liberalization (1991) but declining trend in the last decade (2011). This work force distribution also presents data regarding number of main and marginal workers. The time series data on work force distribution by category of workers like cultivators, agricultural laborers, workers in rural Household industries, etc. also presents a picture of structural change occurring in the economy. The temporal analysis of total workers of India explains that the work participation rate has registered continuous increase in the last three decades.
URBAN FUNCTIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT, WE...paperpublications3
Abstract: Function and occupation of towns are the crucial factor for urbanization and development .The paper analyzes functional classification of towns and occupational structure of towns in North 24 parganas district, by using Ashok Mitra functional classification method and occupational classification by census report 2011, on the basis of census data in 1971, 1991 and 2011. According to census data in 1971 and 1991 there are nine fold functional classifications and in 2011 only four fold occupational structures have been analyzed. Occupational structure also influences the socioeconomic development of any area.
Keywords: Urban function, urban occupation, urbanization, urban development.
Title: URBAN FUNCTIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL
Author: Chandan Sarkar
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
ISSN 2349-7831
Paper Publications
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
1. Rural- Urban Transformation and the
Pattern of Rural Labour Absorption
SUBMITTED BY
Indu Pareek
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. Niti Mehta
Professor
Sardar Patel Institute of Economics and Social Research
Thaltej Road, Ahmedabad.
Academic Year : 2013-2014
2. Conceptual Framework
• During pre- reforms, India has experienced a reasonable high
growth in both the sectors. However, there was a decline in farm
sector in the post reform period . While during the same period
the economy grew at 5.9 percent (0.3 percent increase).
Table 1
GDP and agricultural GDP growth, India (1970-98)
Year
GDP Growth rate
GDP Growth rate originating from agriculture
1970-80
3.4
1.8
1981-90
5.6
3
1991-98
5.9
2.6
Source: Abstracted from Rural Non- Farm Sector and ‘lessons from Asian Experience (Rao,
2005)
• Fluctuations in GDP growth rate have had some consequences on
the employment generation of rural farm as well as non-farm
workers.
3. Occupational Diversification: Contrary
Viewpoints
• The model of “Demand led Growth” suggests that a sustained rise
in farm output and incomes can act as a prime mover, initiating
the expansion of local non-farm activities, which in turn sets off a
chain reaction of sufficient magnitude to sustain the shift of
workers from agriculture to non-agricultural occupations.
• Consumption and Production linkages are crucial pattern of
growth. (Mehta, 2001)
• There are contrary views about the forces which lead to rural
workforces’ diversification. Often slow agricultural growth and
overall incomes result in distress conditions that lead to lack of
demand for non-agriculture goods. On the other hand extent of
marginal to total land holdings have been found to be positively
related to non-farm employment as revealed by some in-depth
studies.
4. • Growth in urbanization and the resulting growth in non-agricultural
employment opportunities are considered as an index of
development. This remarkable rise of 5.22 percent in the urban
population in the last one decade is the highest in the country and
much ahead of even the national average of 3.35 percent (DNA,
2011).
• It is important to note that urban areas are designated based on
four criteria. A village transformed into a town by satisfying 3
criteria’s
1. Size (Population of 5000 or more)
2. Density (at least 400 per sq. kms)
3. Nature of work (At least 75% of the male workers should be
engaged in non-agricultural work) (Sivaramakrishna et.al, 2005).
5. Table 2a
Changes in workforce composition and workers participation rates, 1991 -2011.
Rural
Urban
Total
1991
9.9
2001
10.6
70.2%
2.6
92.90%
65.0%
3.8
92.70%
Total Workers (M)
12.5
14.4
% of Total workers
74.0%
70.6%
Main Workers (M)
% of Total Main
Workers
Marginal Workers (M)
% of Total Marginal W
2011
11.9
2001
5.7
2011
8.5
1991
14.1
2001
16.3
2011
20.4
58.3% 29.8% 35.0%
3.7
0.2
0.3
83.9% 7.1% 7.3%
41.7%
0.7
16.1%
100%
2.8
100%
100%
4.1
100%
100%
4.4
100%
9.2
16.9
20.4
24.8
37.1%
100%
100%
100%
15.6
1991
4.2
4.4
6
62.9% 26.0% 29.4%
Source: census of India (2011), Directorate of census operations, Guj
Note: M: Millions
6. 1991
Population
1 (M)
Rural
Urban
Total
Table 2b
Workforce composition and workers participation rates, 1991 -2011.
2001
Male
13.8
7.4
21.2
Female
13.2
6.7
19.9
7.5
3.8
11.3
2.4
0.4
2.8
0.2
0.8
1
2.4
0.2
2.6
54.5
50.9
53.3
17.8
6.0
13.7
0.5
0.2
0.4
18.3
1.2
12.5
55.0
51.1
53.6
36.0
7.2
26.2
2
Rural
Urban
Total
3
Rural
Urban
Total
4
Rural
Urban
Total
5
Rural
Urban
Total
6
Rural
Urban
Total
27
14.2
41.2
Male
Female
Total
15.5
14.7
30.2
9.7
8.5
18.2
25.2
23.2
48.4
Main workers (M)
9.9
7.8
2.8
10.6
4.2
5.1
0.6
5.7
14.1
12.9
3.4
16.3
Marginal workers (M)
2.6
0.8
3
3.8
1
0.15
0.18
0.33
3.6
1
3.1
4.1
Worker's Participation Rate
Main workers (% of Total Population)
36.6
50.4
18.9
35.1
29.5
52.6
7.0
31.3
34.2
51.3
14.5
33.7
Marginal workers (% of Total Population)
9.2
5.2
20.1
12.4
0.7
1.5
2.1
1.8
6.2
3.8
13.5
8.4
Total workers (% of total population)
45.8
55.6
39.0
47.6
30.2
54.1
9.1
33.1
40.4
55.0
28.0
42.1
Total
Source: census of India (2011), Directorate of census operations, Gujarat.
Note :M -million
2011
Male
17.8
13.7
31.5
Female
16.9
12.1
28.9
Total
34.7
25.7
60.4
9.1
7.4
16.6
2.7
1.1
3.8
11.9
8.5
20.4
1.0
0.4
1.4
2.7
0.3
3.0
3.7
0.7
4.4
51.4
54.2
52.6
16.2
8.8
13.1
34.2
33.0
33.7
5.8
2.9
4.6
15.8
2.6
10.3
10.6
2.8
7.3
57.1
57.2
57.2
32.0
11.4
23.4
44.9
35.7
41.0
7. Category of workers
engaged as/ in
Cultivators
Agricultural Labourers
Activities
Household
Other industries
Total
Source: same as table 2
Table 3
Distribution of rural workforce by activity 1991 -2011.
1991
2001
Percentage of main workers
46.1%
30.7%
3.6%
1.4%
18.2%
100.0%
Percentage of Total workers
38.3%
33.6%
1.6%
26.5%
100.0%
2011
Percentage of Total
workers
38.5%
35.4%
1.0%
25.1%
100.0%
8. Statement of the problem:
Evidently relative prosperity and a tendency towards rural
secondary and tertiary workforce concentration can and quite
commonly go together. Almost all the states experienced at least
one decade in which rural workforce concentration took place in
the non-farm sector. During the late 1970’s and throughout the
1980’s there was a sea change in the empowerment prospects of
rural – urban workers (Bhalla, 2005). In the wake of globalization,
employment pattern in rural and urban areas have shifted. The
thesis aims to study the rural transformation process and the
pattern of rural labour absorption in Gujarat.
9. Objective
The thesis broadly aims to study the pattern of rural labour
absorption in Gujarat and the processes associated with it in terms of
workforce diversification especially given the changing rural-urban
economic structure with deepening of the reforms. Specifically the
objectives are:
(1) To outline and study salient features (economic and demographic
issues) associated with the ongoing rural transformation through
detailed review of literature.
(2) To trace the pattern of agricultural growth in Gujarat in the recent
decade and examine the association of high growth of agriculture
with changes in rural labour absorption if any. Juxtapose this with
the growth of census towns with help of case studies.
(3) To examine the demographic and workforces changes in decades
of 2000s and pattern of emergence of census towns across
Gujarat.
10. 4) To examine spatial pattern (between districts, rural-urban) of rural
labour absorption and whether workforce changes are distress
driven or the result of growth processes and hence sustainable.
5) To examine the importance of infrastructural development in
creation of the Rural Non-Farm Employment opportunities and
workforce diversification and changes in rural economic structure in
the census towns.
11. Research Hypotheses
1) Economic Reforms seems to have stabilizing and growth
accelerating impact on Gujarat’s Economy. The Secondary and
tertiary sector shows statistically high rates of growth.
2) Infrastructure development has a positive impact on Rural NonFarm Employment.
3) The pull factor (growth induced) diversification is found to be more
important than push factor (distress driven) and is characterized by
changing nature of the rural economy. To support the stated fact,
real non agriculture wages have always been higher than
agriculture wages.
12. Secondary Sources
• Preliminary data for the study would be sourced from
secondary and government agencies, mainly for demography
(census) and employment (NSSO, Bureau of Economics and
statistics) and income (CSO). Published reports, books, and
journal articles would also be used as sources of data.
13. The chapeterisation sequence would be as follows
Chapter 1: Introduction (Definitions, Conceptual framework,
methodology, need for case studies and plan of research study).
Chapter 2: Literature Review to identify issues associated with ongoing
rural transformation process (relevant published reports, articles and
reports will be reviewed).
Chapter 3: Pattern of growth in agricultural and rural sector in Gujarat.
Chapter 4: Changes in employment and income structures the trend in
Gujarat.
Chapter 5: Details of demographic, economic and social profile of the
selected census towns.
Chapter 6: This chapter would present a brief summary of the
preceding analysis and the main findings from the study. It would
indicate the policy interventions required for growth of workforce
diversification.
14. References
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