International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides details about India's Five Year Plans from the first plan in 1951 to the sixth plan in 1978-1979. It discusses the key focus areas, achievements and challenges of each plan. The early plans emphasized agriculture and rural development to address food shortages, while later plans shifted focus to industry and infrastructure development. Major programs introduced included the community development program, green revolution initiatives, rural employment guarantees and hill/tribal area development. Formulas like the Gadgil formula were used to allocate central assistance across states.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
This Rural Development Presentation create by B.COM(Computer Application) Student
-This rural development Presentation is cover some rural Development Activity in India
National Five year plans for rural developmentFarhana Farhath
The First Five-Year Plan launched the Community Development Programme to initiate rural development through community participation and rural extension workers. The Second Plan emphasized industry to relieve pressure on agriculture. Major rural programs included village industries and housing. Subsequent plans introduced new programs like agricultural intensification, nutrition programs, rural employment schemes, and targeted development of drought-prone, tribal and other backward areas.
Poverty is defined as the lack of resources to participate in society and meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education. It means insecurity, powerlessness, and social exclusion. Poverty is measured using indicators like literacy rates, nutrition levels, job opportunities, and access to clean water. The main causes of poverty in India include rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, underutilized resources, unemployment, and social/political factors like the caste system and colonial exploitation. Government programs aim to reduce poverty through rural employment generation, asset provision, self-employment initiatives, and rural infrastructure development.
The document discusses several inclusive growth initiatives undertaken by the Indian government, including Bharat Nirman Yojana, NREGA, and initiatives related to food security, education, financial inclusion, and poverty alleviation. Key programs discussed include rural employment guarantee under NREGA, rural infrastructure development under Bharat Nirman Yojana, and food distribution through PDS and other schemes to ensure food security.
Employment generation programmes in India Jagriti Rohit
The document provides information about various rural employment guarantee and poverty alleviation schemes run by the Government of India, including:
1) The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per year to rural households.
2) The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) which provides additional wage employment and food security through the creation of rural infrastructure.
3) The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) which aims to bring rural poor families above the poverty line through self-employment opportunities.
Poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in indiachandan00781
This document discusses several major poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in India. It provides details on the objectives of prominent schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which guarantees at least 100 days of employment in rural areas. Other programmes mentioned include the Indira Awas Yojana for housing, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana for rural connectivity, the Antyodaya Anna Yojana for food security, and the Integrated Child Development Services for improving child and mother health and nutrition. Prior employment schemes discussed are the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
This document provides details about India's Five Year Plans from the first plan in 1951 to the sixth plan in 1978-1979. It discusses the key focus areas, achievements and challenges of each plan. The early plans emphasized agriculture and rural development to address food shortages, while later plans shifted focus to industry and infrastructure development. Major programs introduced included the community development program, green revolution initiatives, rural employment guarantees and hill/tribal area development. Formulas like the Gadgil formula were used to allocate central assistance across states.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
This Rural Development Presentation create by B.COM(Computer Application) Student
-This rural development Presentation is cover some rural Development Activity in India
National Five year plans for rural developmentFarhana Farhath
The First Five-Year Plan launched the Community Development Programme to initiate rural development through community participation and rural extension workers. The Second Plan emphasized industry to relieve pressure on agriculture. Major rural programs included village industries and housing. Subsequent plans introduced new programs like agricultural intensification, nutrition programs, rural employment schemes, and targeted development of drought-prone, tribal and other backward areas.
Poverty is defined as the lack of resources to participate in society and meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education. It means insecurity, powerlessness, and social exclusion. Poverty is measured using indicators like literacy rates, nutrition levels, job opportunities, and access to clean water. The main causes of poverty in India include rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, underutilized resources, unemployment, and social/political factors like the caste system and colonial exploitation. Government programs aim to reduce poverty through rural employment generation, asset provision, self-employment initiatives, and rural infrastructure development.
The document discusses several inclusive growth initiatives undertaken by the Indian government, including Bharat Nirman Yojana, NREGA, and initiatives related to food security, education, financial inclusion, and poverty alleviation. Key programs discussed include rural employment guarantee under NREGA, rural infrastructure development under Bharat Nirman Yojana, and food distribution through PDS and other schemes to ensure food security.
Employment generation programmes in India Jagriti Rohit
The document provides information about various rural employment guarantee and poverty alleviation schemes run by the Government of India, including:
1) The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per year to rural households.
2) The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) which provides additional wage employment and food security through the creation of rural infrastructure.
3) The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) which aims to bring rural poor families above the poverty line through self-employment opportunities.
Poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in indiachandan00781
This document discusses several major poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in India. It provides details on the objectives of prominent schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which guarantees at least 100 days of employment in rural areas. Other programmes mentioned include the Indira Awas Yojana for housing, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana for rural connectivity, the Antyodaya Anna Yojana for food security, and the Integrated Child Development Services for improving child and mother health and nutrition. Prior employment schemes discussed are the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
Poverty is defined as the lack of resources to participate in society and meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education. Social scientists view poverty through indicators like illiteracy, malnutrition, lack of healthcare access, unemployment, and lack of clean water. The main causes of poverty in India include rapidly rising population, low agricultural productivity, underutilized resources, low economic growth, price rises, unemployment, shortage of capital, social factors like the caste system, and political exploitation under British colonial rule. The government of India has implemented numerous programs to reduce poverty such as integrated rural development, rural employment guarantee, self-employment initiatives, and poverty alleviation schemes focused on women, children, and desert regions
Inclusive growth is a current applied phenomenon in the development plans of INDIA which is compulsorily accounts growth of all sectors i.e; inclusive governance,infrastructure development,sustainable development,poverty reduction and decentralized decision making process with special emphasis to women,elderly people,,child,disabled people.
The Food For Work Programme (FFWP) in Bangladesh arose after the 1974 famine to provide income and food to the rural poor through work on agriculture-supporting infrastructure projects. It targets the poorest households, with estimates that 60% of participants come from the poorest quartile. FFWPs are politically supported as they seem easier to ensure support for than other poverty programs. The program helps rural development and provides incentives for the poor to invest in their future.
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India:
1) The Ekalavya schools scheme aims to establish residential schools for scheduled caste students across India by 2022, similar to Navodaya schools.
2) The Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana provides loans to self-help groups to operate public transport in rural areas, connecting villages to services.
3) The Saubhagya scheme aims to electrify all households in India by 2018 by providing last mile connectivity and free connections to poor families.
4) A new ornamental fisheries project will promote the sector through cluster-based approaches to boost trade and create rural employment.
This document discusses rural development in India. It provides an overview of rural development programs and policies in India, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and Indira Awas Yojana. It also outlines some of the key challenges to rural development, such as infrastructure and economic problems, as well as people-related issues. The overall goal of rural development in India is to improve quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through various initiatives focused on health, education, drinking water, roads, and employment.
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
This document discusses employment generation and poverty alleviation in developing countries, with a special focus on India. It provides background on India's development planning since independence and outlines various government employment and anti-poverty programs. Key points include:
1) India initiated economic development through five-year plans but found neither Keynesian nor neoclassical theories fully suitable to local conditions.
2) Government programs aim to promote growth, human development, and targeted poverty alleviation. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is highlighted.
3) Economic reforms including industrial, fiscal, monetary, and trade reforms were introduced to generate more jobs and increase productivity, wages, and incomes.
Poverty is defined as the inability to afford basic human needs. The document discusses the types, causes, and government measures to address poverty in India. Sections of society vulnerable to poverty include street vendors, beggars, and landless/small farmers. Characteristics of poverty include lack of food, shelter, education, and healthcare. Government poverty alleviation programs provide employment, resources, and access to necessities in order to reduce poverty in India.
Poverty is defined as the inability to fulfill basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, education and healthcare. In India, the poor include groups like landless laborers, small/marginal farmers, artisans, and the urban poor like street vendors and beggars. Characteristics of poverty include living in inadequate housing, lack of food and nutrition, illiteracy, lack of access to healthcare, clean water and sanitation. Poverty is measured using the poverty line, which is the minimum income required to meet basic needs. India uses monthly per capita expenditure to identify people below the poverty line. While government programs have reduced poverty, millions remain in poverty due to issues like poor implementation, lack of resources and participation.
Government Programmes and Schemes For Rural DevelopmentDignesh Panchasara
The document discusses government programs and schemes for rural development in India. It outlines several key programs run by the Ministry of Rural Development, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana rural roads program, and Aajeevika National Rural Livelihoods Mission. It also provides budget figures for the Ministry of Rural Development for 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, with most funds going to programs focused on employment, rural housing, and rural infrastructure development. The document concludes that the government is implementing many programs to reduce poverty, generate employment, and improve standards of living in rural areas through initiatives like building roads, housing, healthcare, and job programs.
The document provides an overview of India's economy between 1950-1990, focusing on the key aspects of economic planning during this period. It discusses how India adopted a mixed economy and established the Planning Commission in 1950 to facilitate economic planning through five-year plans. The goals of growth, modernization, self-reliance, and equity guided the plans. Agriculture was developed through land reforms and the Green Revolution, while industry grew both in the public and private sectors. Overall, planning helped increase incomes and investment, develop infrastructure, and reduce poverty and inequality. However, issues around unemployment and distribution remained.
The document describes a new development initiative called Parivartan Kendra (PK) Model of Development in Rajapur constituency in India. Under this model, 105 Transformation Centers (Parivartan Kendras) have been set up, with each one covering approximately 10-12 villages. Reputed NGOs manage these centers and work to provide economic opportunities, sustainable livelihoods, and development in health and environment for all villagers. The initiative has created an organizational structure involving 105 NGOs to coordinate development work across the 1209 villages in the constituency.
Poverty is a complex issue with many causes and dimensions. The government of India has implemented various policies and programs over the decades to address poverty through employment generation, provision of basic needs, and income support. Key programs include MGNREGA, which guarantees 100 days of employment, as well as food security initiatives and health insurance schemes. However, poverty alleviation efforts have faced challenges such as insufficient resource allocation and lack of community participation.
The document summarizes the major poverty alleviation programs in India, which can be categorized as rural or urban focused. Most programs target rural poverty, as prevalence is higher in rural areas. The programs aim to provide wage employment, self-employment, food security, social security, and alleviate urban poverty. Some key programs discussed include MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Integrated Rural Development Program, Food for Work Program, and National Rural Livelihood Mission.
Discuss Any One Achievement And Failure Of Major Rural Development With Case ...RAJKUMARPOREL
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) or PMAY(G) is the Indian government's flagship rural housing program launched in 2016 with the goal of providing housing to all rural citizens by 2022. However, the program has suffered major setbacks as nine states, including the opposition-ruled states of Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, have withheld over Rs. 2,915 crore of their required funding share. As a result, only 755,000 houses have been sanctioned against the year's target of 6.15 million, and just 559 houses completed. The rural development ministry is considering adopting a direct benefit transfer model similar to M
1. The document discusses various rural and urban development programs in India that aim to alleviate poverty and promote livelihood opportunities. It provides details on 8 key rural development programs including Rural Self Employment Training Institutes, Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and National Rural Drinking Water Programme. It also outlines 5 major urban development programs such as Smart Cities, Swachh Bharat Mission, and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
Rural areas have low population densities and are located in open country settings. Rural development aims to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions in villages and small towns through initiatives to build infrastructure, provide public services, boost communication, and enhance health, education, living conditions, and employment opportunities. A large percentage of the world's and India's poor live in rural areas, where lack of adequate sanitation, nutrition, safe water, and other factors have negative health impacts according to the World Health Organization.
The document summarizes several key poverty alleviation programmes in India, including:
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), which consolidates prior self-employment programs.
- Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY), which merged rural employment guarantee schemes.
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), which aims to connect rural villages through roads.
- Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programmes (DDP), which address environmental issues.
- Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART), which supports
NITI Aayog is the premier policy think tank of the Indian government that replaced the Planning Commission. It aims to foster cooperative federalism and involve states in shaping development visions and strategies. Key objectives include developing plans at local levels and monitoring programs. It consists of a Governing Council chaired by the Prime Minister and includes state Chief Ministers. Various vertical cells cover sectors like agriculture, education, and health. NITI Aayog serves as an advisory body and platform for inter-departmental coordination to accelerate development. Some initiatives include Ayushman Bharat and assessing state health outcomes.
This document discusses the changing nature of rural livelihoods in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown, poverty and hunger remain problems, especially in rural areas. Agriculture's share of GDP and employment has declined as industry and services have grown. There has been a shift from staple crops to more cash crops, which has contributed to food insecurity. Rural livelihoods now involve a variety of activities beyond just agriculture due to these economic changes.
Administrative Reforms Important Committees and Commissions; Rural Development: Institutions,
agencies and programmes; Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment; Urban Local
Government: Municipal governance; 74th Constitutional Amendment; National Police Commission;
Investigative agencies; Reforms in Police.National Human Rights Commission; Disaster
management; Emerging issues and challenges to Indian administration
Poverty is defined as the lack of resources to participate in society and meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education. Social scientists view poverty through indicators like illiteracy, malnutrition, lack of healthcare access, unemployment, and lack of clean water. The main causes of poverty in India include rapidly rising population, low agricultural productivity, underutilized resources, low economic growth, price rises, unemployment, shortage of capital, social factors like the caste system, and political exploitation under British colonial rule. The government of India has implemented numerous programs to reduce poverty such as integrated rural development, rural employment guarantee, self-employment initiatives, and poverty alleviation schemes focused on women, children, and desert regions
Inclusive growth is a current applied phenomenon in the development plans of INDIA which is compulsorily accounts growth of all sectors i.e; inclusive governance,infrastructure development,sustainable development,poverty reduction and decentralized decision making process with special emphasis to women,elderly people,,child,disabled people.
The Food For Work Programme (FFWP) in Bangladesh arose after the 1974 famine to provide income and food to the rural poor through work on agriculture-supporting infrastructure projects. It targets the poorest households, with estimates that 60% of participants come from the poorest quartile. FFWPs are politically supported as they seem easier to ensure support for than other poverty programs. The program helps rural development and provides incentives for the poor to invest in their future.
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India:
1) The Ekalavya schools scheme aims to establish residential schools for scheduled caste students across India by 2022, similar to Navodaya schools.
2) The Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana provides loans to self-help groups to operate public transport in rural areas, connecting villages to services.
3) The Saubhagya scheme aims to electrify all households in India by 2018 by providing last mile connectivity and free connections to poor families.
4) A new ornamental fisheries project will promote the sector through cluster-based approaches to boost trade and create rural employment.
This document discusses rural development in India. It provides an overview of rural development programs and policies in India, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and Indira Awas Yojana. It also outlines some of the key challenges to rural development, such as infrastructure and economic problems, as well as people-related issues. The overall goal of rural development in India is to improve quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through various initiatives focused on health, education, drinking water, roads, and employment.
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
This document discusses employment generation and poverty alleviation in developing countries, with a special focus on India. It provides background on India's development planning since independence and outlines various government employment and anti-poverty programs. Key points include:
1) India initiated economic development through five-year plans but found neither Keynesian nor neoclassical theories fully suitable to local conditions.
2) Government programs aim to promote growth, human development, and targeted poverty alleviation. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is highlighted.
3) Economic reforms including industrial, fiscal, monetary, and trade reforms were introduced to generate more jobs and increase productivity, wages, and incomes.
Poverty is defined as the inability to afford basic human needs. The document discusses the types, causes, and government measures to address poverty in India. Sections of society vulnerable to poverty include street vendors, beggars, and landless/small farmers. Characteristics of poverty include lack of food, shelter, education, and healthcare. Government poverty alleviation programs provide employment, resources, and access to necessities in order to reduce poverty in India.
Poverty is defined as the inability to fulfill basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, education and healthcare. In India, the poor include groups like landless laborers, small/marginal farmers, artisans, and the urban poor like street vendors and beggars. Characteristics of poverty include living in inadequate housing, lack of food and nutrition, illiteracy, lack of access to healthcare, clean water and sanitation. Poverty is measured using the poverty line, which is the minimum income required to meet basic needs. India uses monthly per capita expenditure to identify people below the poverty line. While government programs have reduced poverty, millions remain in poverty due to issues like poor implementation, lack of resources and participation.
Government Programmes and Schemes For Rural DevelopmentDignesh Panchasara
The document discusses government programs and schemes for rural development in India. It outlines several key programs run by the Ministry of Rural Development, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana rural roads program, and Aajeevika National Rural Livelihoods Mission. It also provides budget figures for the Ministry of Rural Development for 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, with most funds going to programs focused on employment, rural housing, and rural infrastructure development. The document concludes that the government is implementing many programs to reduce poverty, generate employment, and improve standards of living in rural areas through initiatives like building roads, housing, healthcare, and job programs.
The document provides an overview of India's economy between 1950-1990, focusing on the key aspects of economic planning during this period. It discusses how India adopted a mixed economy and established the Planning Commission in 1950 to facilitate economic planning through five-year plans. The goals of growth, modernization, self-reliance, and equity guided the plans. Agriculture was developed through land reforms and the Green Revolution, while industry grew both in the public and private sectors. Overall, planning helped increase incomes and investment, develop infrastructure, and reduce poverty and inequality. However, issues around unemployment and distribution remained.
The document describes a new development initiative called Parivartan Kendra (PK) Model of Development in Rajapur constituency in India. Under this model, 105 Transformation Centers (Parivartan Kendras) have been set up, with each one covering approximately 10-12 villages. Reputed NGOs manage these centers and work to provide economic opportunities, sustainable livelihoods, and development in health and environment for all villagers. The initiative has created an organizational structure involving 105 NGOs to coordinate development work across the 1209 villages in the constituency.
Poverty is a complex issue with many causes and dimensions. The government of India has implemented various policies and programs over the decades to address poverty through employment generation, provision of basic needs, and income support. Key programs include MGNREGA, which guarantees 100 days of employment, as well as food security initiatives and health insurance schemes. However, poverty alleviation efforts have faced challenges such as insufficient resource allocation and lack of community participation.
The document summarizes the major poverty alleviation programs in India, which can be categorized as rural or urban focused. Most programs target rural poverty, as prevalence is higher in rural areas. The programs aim to provide wage employment, self-employment, food security, social security, and alleviate urban poverty. Some key programs discussed include MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Integrated Rural Development Program, Food for Work Program, and National Rural Livelihood Mission.
Discuss Any One Achievement And Failure Of Major Rural Development With Case ...RAJKUMARPOREL
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) or PMAY(G) is the Indian government's flagship rural housing program launched in 2016 with the goal of providing housing to all rural citizens by 2022. However, the program has suffered major setbacks as nine states, including the opposition-ruled states of Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, have withheld over Rs. 2,915 crore of their required funding share. As a result, only 755,000 houses have been sanctioned against the year's target of 6.15 million, and just 559 houses completed. The rural development ministry is considering adopting a direct benefit transfer model similar to M
1. The document discusses various rural and urban development programs in India that aim to alleviate poverty and promote livelihood opportunities. It provides details on 8 key rural development programs including Rural Self Employment Training Institutes, Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and National Rural Drinking Water Programme. It also outlines 5 major urban development programs such as Smart Cities, Swachh Bharat Mission, and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
Rural areas have low population densities and are located in open country settings. Rural development aims to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions in villages and small towns through initiatives to build infrastructure, provide public services, boost communication, and enhance health, education, living conditions, and employment opportunities. A large percentage of the world's and India's poor live in rural areas, where lack of adequate sanitation, nutrition, safe water, and other factors have negative health impacts according to the World Health Organization.
The document summarizes several key poverty alleviation programmes in India, including:
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), which consolidates prior self-employment programs.
- Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY), which merged rural employment guarantee schemes.
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), which aims to connect rural villages through roads.
- Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programmes (DDP), which address environmental issues.
- Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART), which supports
NITI Aayog is the premier policy think tank of the Indian government that replaced the Planning Commission. It aims to foster cooperative federalism and involve states in shaping development visions and strategies. Key objectives include developing plans at local levels and monitoring programs. It consists of a Governing Council chaired by the Prime Minister and includes state Chief Ministers. Various vertical cells cover sectors like agriculture, education, and health. NITI Aayog serves as an advisory body and platform for inter-departmental coordination to accelerate development. Some initiatives include Ayushman Bharat and assessing state health outcomes.
This document discusses the changing nature of rural livelihoods in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown, poverty and hunger remain problems, especially in rural areas. Agriculture's share of GDP and employment has declined as industry and services have grown. There has been a shift from staple crops to more cash crops, which has contributed to food insecurity. Rural livelihoods now involve a variety of activities beyond just agriculture due to these economic changes.
Administrative Reforms Important Committees and Commissions; Rural Development: Institutions,
agencies and programmes; Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment; Urban Local
Government: Municipal governance; 74th Constitutional Amendment; National Police Commission;
Investigative agencies; Reforms in Police.National Human Rights Commission; Disaster
management; Emerging issues and challenges to Indian administration
Rural development aims to improve livelihoods in rural areas through comprehensive development. It focuses on improving quality of life and economic well-being for rural populations. Key indicators of rural development include social well-being, economic structure and performance, and population trends. Bangladesh has undertaken various rural development initiatives since the 1950s through programs targeting agriculture, education, infrastructure, and more. Current challenges to rural development in Bangladesh include rapid population growth, unemployment, lack of education, underdeveloped infrastructure, and shortage of entrepreneurs.
The document discusses rural development in India. It outlines how the concept of rural development has changed over time, from a focus on agriculture to a more holistic approach addressing quality of life. Some key challenges include high rural poverty rates, especially among scheduled castes and tribes. The document then discusses various government programs and approaches over the decades to promote rural development, community development, empowering local governments, and more recent programs focusing on employment, infrastructure, housing, and social services.
Rural development in India has changed focus over time from agricultural development to a more inclusive approach addressing quality of life factors like health, education, and gender equality. Key challenges include high rural poverty rates, undernutrition, and dependence on small-scale farming. Current programs aim to boost rural employment and infrastructure through initiatives like NREGA, Bharat Nirman, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, as well as provide social services and assistance through schemes like the National Social Assistance Programme and Indira Awas Yojana. Decentralized planning through strengthened panchayati raj institutions also aims to better address local needs.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's five-year plans from the first to the twelfth plan. It discusses the objectives, focus areas and targeted growth rates of each five-year plan period. The first five-year plan focused on irrigation, energy and agriculture. Subsequent plans emphasized industry, health services, poverty alleviation and achieving self-reliance. While growth targets were set for each plan, many times the actual growth rate fell short of the targets. The twelfth five-year plan aimed for a growth rate of 8%.
Rural poverty persists in India due to limited access to resources like land, water, credit, and technology as well as low levels of education. Government programs have taken different approaches to promoting rural livelihoods and reducing poverty, such as supporting local governments and integrated development agencies. They focus on increasing incomes and building assets by improving natural resource management, supporting self-help groups, and expanding access to services and markets. However, widespread poverty remains a challenge, with over 200 million rural people below the poverty line.
This document discusses developing rural finance in India. It examines various rural financial programs implemented by institutions like NABARD, IFAD, and SHC. The paper investigates the impact of these programs on rural development and income distribution. Rural finance is important as it provides credit, savings, and insurance services to rural populations. However, access to formal financial services remains limited in rural areas of India. The paper aims to analyze existing rural finance models and their role in developing India's rural economy.
“Growth with Social Justice” has been the basic objective of the development planning in India since independence.In order to achieve these objectives,Government of India has launched several welfare schemes and programme for needy section of society. Different segment of population got benefitted by these welfare schemes, which have led to significant changes. Some of these changes are distinctly visible – especially in the economic sphere with the adoption of new technologies, diversified production, and sophisticated management. Changes have also taken place in the social sphere – with affirmative action for disadvantaged communities and with women enjoying by and large more freedoms than ever before. This seminar attempts to critically analyze the welfare efforts in India and how the changes occur over a period of time in these welfare programmes with special focus on poverty alleviation programme and women empowerment programmes.
The Paradigm Shift from MDGs to SDGs: An Analysis on Livelihood Opportunities...Swayam Satpathy
In the year 2000 major world leaders of United Nations united together at UN conferences & summits at New York to adopt United Nations Millennium Declaration. The committee put hands together to reduce extreme poverty & set out eight time bound targets to achieve by the year ending of 2015 which is popularly known as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). MDGs: 8 Goals, 21 targets & 60 indicators had not included to improve people’s livelihood. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which comes to picture just after MDGs comes to an end. SDGs: 17 Goals, 169 targets &232 indicators, universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. This study emphasize Goal no. 8 in Indian scenario, which focus on decent work & economic growth came up with the theme to transform economics for jobs , inclusive growth and to create stable growth that improve all people’s livelihood. India is striving to improve livelihood opportunities & various skill development program have been launched by Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Labor & Employment, Ministry of Women & Child Development, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship & many more since 1978 for economic growth. This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of various scheme run by govt. of India for improving livelihood opportunities.
Administering Rural Development in India.pdfRhonda Cetnar
This document provides a summary of a term paper on administering rural development in India. It discusses:
1) The background and definition of rural development in India, where 72% of Indians live in rural areas focused on agriculture.
2) Rural development approaches tried in India since the 1920s, including experiments and the community development program started in the 1st Five-Year Plan.
3) Key aspects of rural development in the 1st-3rd Five-Year Plans, including a focus on industrialization and the "trickle down" approach, as well as the initiation of programs like the Green Revolution. However, these plans failed to adequately reduce poverty and inequality in rural areas.
The Minimum Needs Programme was introduced in 1974 to combat poverty and provide basic needs like health, food, education, water and shelter. It aims to promote the socio-economic development of underserved communities. The key components of MNP are elementary education, adult education, rural health services, rural water supply, rural roads, rural electrification, housing for rural landless laborers, and slum improvement. The objectives of MNP include establishing primary health centers and sub-centers to increase access to healthcare, expanding elementary education, increasing literacy rates through adult education programs, and ensuring access to safe drinking water, especially in rural areas.
The document summarizes India's Fourth Five-Year Plan from 1969-1974. Some key points:
- The Plan aimed to promote economic development through centralized planning and resource allocation. It focused on agriculture, banking, industry and infrastructure.
- A major development was the Green Revolution which increased food production through high-yielding crop varieties and modern farming techniques.
- 14 major banks were nationalized under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to boost industrialization. However, funds had to be diverted to the war effort against Pakistan.
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1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 4 ǁ April. 2014 ǁ PP.05-08
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IRDP to NRLM: A Brief Review of Rural Development Initiatives
in India
Jayashree Roy
(Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Assam University, Silchar)
ABSTRACT: India is a country which is basically rural in nature and the bulk of the population live in rural
areas. About 72.22 percent of the total population lives in rural areas (2001 Census). Along with this, 25
percent of the world’s poor live in India. They have very limited access to education, health, communication and
other amenities of life. But a nation can not achieve all round development unless its villages are developed.
Once Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘India Lives in Her Villages’ which directly indicates the importance of rural
development. Thus, the development of rural areas is crucial to the process of development of India. A
sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on increasing the productive employment
opportunities in the process of growth itself. In addition to this, rural people should provide better prospects for
economic development. Along with this, there should be decentralization of planning, better enforcement of land
reforms and greater access to credit for the rural poor people. The present paper aims to analyze different rural
development schemes introduced in India.
KEY WORDS: Rural Development, IRDP, SGSY, NRLM, MGNREGA
I. INTRODUCTION
India is a country which is basically rural in nature and the bulk of the population live in rural areas. About 72.22 percent of
the total population lives in rural areas (2001 Census). Along with this, 25 percent of the world‟s poor live in India. They
have very limited access to education, health, communication and other amenities of life. But a nation can not achieve all
round development unless its villages are developed. Once Mahatma Gandhi said, „India Lives in Her Villages‟ which
directly indicates the importance of rural development. Thus, the development of rural areas is crucial to the process of
development of India. Rural Development is a multidimensional concept which covers all the various aspects of life. In
short, rural development means overall development of rural areas which ultimately improve the quality of life of rural
people. It aims at both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. Rural development
strategies in India want to improve rural income and generate employment opportunity for rural people. However, India has
been a welfare state ever since her independence and the primary objective of all the governmental schemes are welfare
oriented. In this context, planning has occupied a significant place since independence. The policies and programmes of the
different five year plans have been designed with the aim of alleviation of rural poverty. It was also realized that a
sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on increasing the productive employment opportunities in the
process of growth itself. In addition to this, rural people should provide better prospects for economic development. Along
with this, there should be decentralization of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit for the
rural poor people.
II. METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on the secondary data. Books, journals, periodicals, magazines, project reports and
internet have been consulted for the purpose of gathering data.
III. NATURE AND TYPES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rural Development in India wants to achieve a number of objectives namely, changing the attitude of the
people towards the development of the rural community, establishment of grass root democracy with Panchayati
Raj Institutions and fulfillment of basic needs e.g., drinking water, health care, better sanitation and housing.
From the above mentioned objectives, rural development programme can be divided into four categories. Theses
are: (i) Programmes for self and wage employment (ii) Programme for rural infrastructure and minimum basic
needs (iii) Programmes for natural resource management and (iv)Programmes for social security. Under these
four broad categories there are several programmes of the government. Following are the some of the
programmes:
2. IRDP to NRLM: A Brief Review of Rural Development Initiatives in India
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Category 1: a. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and
b. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY)
Category 2: a. Prime Minister‟s Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) b. Swajaldhara c. Central
Rural Sanitation Programme d. Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
(PURA) and e. Integrated Rural Housing Scheme (IRHS)
Category 3: a. Integrated Wasteland Development Programme b. Land Reforms c. Land
Consolidation and d. Computerization of Land Reforms
Category 4: a. Old Age Pension b. Widow Pension c. National Maternity Benefit Scheme
d. ICDS and Allied Services e. Subsidized Food for Old and Destitute
f. Annapurna and g. Antodaya
IV. FIVE YEAR PLANS AND MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Planning has been one of the pillars of India‟s policy since independence and the country‟s
development is directly linked with the achievement of planning. With this aim in view, Planning Commission
was established in 1950. The First Five Year Plan (1951-55) aimed at balanced economic development.
Agriculture, irrigation and power generation received priority in this plan. On the other hand, the Second Five
Year Plan (1956-60) emphasized on industrialization and improvement on industrial infrastructure. It also
wanted the extension of the benefits of economic development to the larger number of disadvantaged people.
Third Plan (1961-65) again stressed on agricultural development. Progressive reduction of poverty has been one
of the major goals of India‟s economic policy since the beginning of Fifth Plan (1974-78). Although, group
specific and area specific rural development programmes were initiated during the Fourth Plan (1969-73). Major
objective of the Sixth Plan (1980-84) was to increase employment in rural areas. Poor people were also given
cows, bullock carts and handlooms. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-89) envisaged a greater emphasis on the
allocation of resources to energy and social spending at the expense of industry and agriculture. Eighth Plan
(1992-96) not only stressed on agriculture and rural development but also emphasized on pure drinking water.
Ninth Plan (1997-2002) stressed on eradication of poverty. Tenth Plan (2002-2007) and Eleven Plan (2007-
2012) also envisaged on rural development.
In 1999, Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment was renamed as Ministry of Rural Development and
its basic objective is to alleviate rural poverty and ensure improved quality of life for rural population especially
those below the poverty line. Therefore, it can be said that the Ministry of Rural Development has been acting as
a catalyst affecting the change in rural areas through the implementation of wide spectrum of programmes
which are aimed at poverty alleviation, employment generation, infrastructure development and social security.
V. A BRIEF REVIEW OF DIFFERENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
Rural development in India is a strategy for changing the attitude of the rural people towards
development. It also wants peoples participation in the development process and greater access to credit are also
envisaged. Some of the rural development initiatives in India are discussed below:
5.1.Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP): Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was
launched in the year 1980 with a view to provide income generating assets and employment opportunities to
the rural poor so that they could improve their standard of living. At the District level, an autonomous
agency called the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) was responsible for planning,
implementing, coordinating, supervising and monitoring the IRDP. Selection of IRDP beneficiary was
expected to be made by Village Level Worker (VLW) by following the Antodaya i.e., selecting the poorest
of the poor first. As far as working of the IRDP concerned, the most reliable evident was provided by the
survey conducted by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1984.
According to the survey, 47 percent of the sampled beneficiaries had been able to increase their family
income. Another study was conducted by the Institute of Rural Management in two blocks of Sabarkantha
District of Gujrat. It was found that with the average investment of Rs. 2,337 per beneficiary family, nearly
40 percent of the beneficiaries were assisted with milk animals and they also crossed the poverty line. In
spite of all these positive impacts it was found that in the selection of IRDP beneficiary, „antodaya‟
principle was not strictly followed. Along with this, inability of the poor people to manage the assets, bank
loan and IRDP subsidy was created a big hurdle. Besides this, a new scheme called „Training of Rural
Youth for Self- Employment (TRYSEM)‟ was initiated in 1979 with the objective of removing
unemployment among rural youth. TRYSEM was an integral part of IRDP and concerned with equipping
rural youth.
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5.2.Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY): Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) was
launched in the year 1999 merging self employment programmes like Training of Rural Youth for Self-
Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Integrated
Rural Development Programme (IRDP) etc. It organized the poor into Self-Help Groups through the
process of mobilization, training and capacity building. SGSY is implemented by District Rural
Development Agency (DRDA) through Panchayat Samitis and achieve involvement of other Panchayati
Raj Institutions, Banks and NGOs to help the smooth functioning of SHGs. Under the scheme, the SGSY is
entitled to monitor the performance of Swarojgaris and the repayment of loans by them which are provided
by the bank at a minimum rate of interest. The loan allocation to SHGs is financed both by the central
government and the state government. The ratio of finance between the central and the state government is
75:25 respectively. It was found that almost 2.5 crore rural Below Poverty Line (BPL) households have
been organized and brought into SHG network. In spite of that several studies revealed certain
shortcomings like lack of capacity building of the beneficiaries, less number of community institutions and
weak linkages with banks. It was also found that several states have not been able to fully utilize the funds
provided by the SGSY scheme. Along with these shortcomings, in many places the SGSY scheme has been
relatively successful in alleviating poverty in rural areas where there were systematic mobilization of the
poor into Self-Help Groups and capacity building and training facility. In other places the impact of SGSY
was the minimum.
5.3.National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): To mitigate the shortcomings of SGSY, the Government of
India restructured the SGSY in to National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) and it is effective from 1
April, 2013. NRLM wants “To reduce poverty by enabling the poor households to access gainful self-
employment and skilled wage employment opportunities, resulting in appreciable improvement in their
livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through building strong grassroots institutions of the poor”
(www.bihan.gov.in). By analyzing the initial stage of NRLM, it is found that the growth of the mission is
not even throughout India.
5.4.Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Another important initiative
of Government of India towards rural development is the implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005). The Act initially came into force in 200 economically backward
districts of the country from February 2, 2006. MGNREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security of
households in rural areas of the entire country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage
employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual
work. Implementation of the programme has been entrusted to Panchayati Raj institutions which are the
main planning and implementation authorities. Gram Sabhas have been assigned a pivotal role in planning,
monitoring and social audit of projects under the Act. It is a holistic approach not only to generate
employment opportunity but also to ensure infrastructural development like water conservation, water
harvesting, irrigation and so on. In spite of several positive aspects of MGNREGA, different studies have
revealed that the popularity of this act varies from place to place and prevalence of corruption also creates
hurdles in the implementation of MGNREGA.
VI. CAUSES OF FAILURES OF DIFFERENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
Following are the some of the causes of failures of different rural development schemes initiated in India:
Though there was the provision of peoples participation at the grass root level after the 73rd
Constitutional amendment, in spite of that majority of the rural people are unaware about the rural
development schemes and they have also less participation in the process.
In the absence of proper knowledge and awareness, the villagers are generally trapped by the
middleman. They became the messenger and all the fruits of rural development are being eaten up by
these people. With rampant corruption, they also become the part and parcel of this corrupt system for
which India‟s rural development schemes are not able to reach to the desired level.
India is a country where there is the prevalence of poverty and illiteracy. This situation is more acute in
village areas. It is for obvious reason that people living in rural areas are unaware about the rural
development schemes.
Rural development schemes in India are not meant for make the people self-sufficient. Basically these
schemes are like charity which could not bring remarkable changes in the lives of rural people.
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VII. CONCLUSION
To sum up, it can be concluded that rural development implies both the economic betterment of people
as well as greater social transformation. In this context, rural people should provide better prospects for
economic development, increased participation of people in the rural development programmes, decentralization
of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit are also envisaged. Along with this,
eradication of corruption and poverty are the urgent need of the hour. Last but not the least important factor for
rural development is the control of population growth so that employment opportunity could be sufficient for the
overall population in the country.
REFERENCES
[1] K.Venu Gopal Rao, Anti-Poverty and Rural Development (Delhi: Mangalam Publications, 2010)
[2] Katar Singh, Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management (Delhi: Sage Publications, 1986)
[3] John. M. Riley, Stakeholders in Rural Development- Critical Collaboration in State- NGO Partnership (Delhi: Sage Publications,
2002)
[4] E.D Setty, Effective Strategies for Rural Development (New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House, 2008)
[5] Laxmi Devi, Strategic Planning for Rural Development (Lucknow, New Delhi: Institute for Sustainable Development and Anmol
Publications, 1997)
[6] M.L Dhawan, Rural Development Priorities (Delhi: Isha Books, 2005)