An attempt has been made to assess the poverty status in rural area of Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Two villages were randomly selected fall in the radius of 20 km from the Jodhpur city whereas another two villages were selected 60 km far from Jodhpur city with poor infrastructure facility and poor non-farm employment. 30 respondents were randomly selected from each selected village.A total of 120 respondents were selected from four village for the study. Simple tabulation method was used. For determining the poverty status, income method was used. From the study, it is revealed that agriculture, livestock, non-farm-labor activities are the main factor for poverty assessment. Size of land holding is a crucial factor. Marginal and small land holding couple with low income, are the main reason for poverty. The percentage of earners in the family size groups and percentage of dependents is inversely proportionate.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Transitions Out of Poverty: Drivers of Real Income - Growth for the Poor in ...idspak
In spite of substantial growth in agricultural real GDP in the 1990s, however, rural poverty did not decline. Instead, the percentage of poor was essentially unchanged between 1990-91 and 1998-99 and may have risen slightly by 2001 Several factors help explain the stagnation in rural poverty in the 1990s in spite of substantial agricultural growth, including overestimates of livestock income growth, a rise in the real consumer price of major staples, and the skewed distribution of returns to land coupled with a declining share of the crop sector in overall GDP (Malik, 2005; Dorosh, Niazi, and Nazli, 2003). This study explores these questions related to agricultural growth and rural poverty using household panel data and secondary data sources to examine income dynamics in four districts of Pakistan from the late 1980s to 2002.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Transitions Out of Poverty: Drivers of Real Income - Growth for the Poor in ...idspak
In spite of substantial growth in agricultural real GDP in the 1990s, however, rural poverty did not decline. Instead, the percentage of poor was essentially unchanged between 1990-91 and 1998-99 and may have risen slightly by 2001 Several factors help explain the stagnation in rural poverty in the 1990s in spite of substantial agricultural growth, including overestimates of livestock income growth, a rise in the real consumer price of major staples, and the skewed distribution of returns to land coupled with a declining share of the crop sector in overall GDP (Malik, 2005; Dorosh, Niazi, and Nazli, 2003). This study explores these questions related to agricultural growth and rural poverty using household panel data and secondary data sources to examine income dynamics in four districts of Pakistan from the late 1980s to 2002.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of rural labor use in Chau Thanh A
District, Hau Giang Province. The data were collected from 160 households in rural areas. The descriptive
statistics are used to analyze the situation, actual use and effective use of agricultural labor resources
Effect of Remittance on Farmer’s Livelihood: A Case of Sundarbazar Municipali...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted in Sundarbazar Municipality, Lamjung, western part of Nepal with primary objective of studying socioeconomic trend of the remittance-receiving households (HHs) and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural activities management. For the study, 60 HHs where at least one of the members were international labor migrant for >1 year; 20 each from Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati/Ethnic, and Dalit community were selected purposively. The HH snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were used. The study showed that majority of HH heads were female (68.3%), 80% of whom were involved in agriculture occupation with 50% HHs food insecure. Out of the total monthly cash income, 86.65% was contributed by remittance and 29.83% was used for food expenditure. The major push factor for migration was found to be unsatisfactory income (40%) where the 38.3% of the migrants were 26–30 years of age at the first migration with major destination as Gulf countries (80%). Similarly, 21.7% of HHs purchased agricultural land and the landholdings after the migration were found higher than before (7.3 vs. 6.2, P < 0.05). The major part of the agricultural activities after the migration was done with the hired labor (41.7%). Agricultural workload was perceived to be increased by 56.7% of HHs. Further, 26 HHs responded that livestock number decreased and 43% of HHs perceived no change in overall land productivity. Scaling technique showed that the average scale value for the inputs (chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, and improved seeds) used after the migration was found to be 0.75 where 34 HHs had higher scale value than average which was moderately correlated (0.38) to the duration of migration.
The implication of farmers’ behavior to the household economic income through...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : This research is intended to identify, analyze, and theoretically and empirically explain: the effect of farmers’ behavior and farmers’ economic decision; the effect of farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income; farmers’ economic decision with farmers’ household income; and farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income through farmers’ economic decision.This research is an explanation (explanatory research), which explain the causal relationship among the research variables by the testing of hypothesis. The population in this research is farmers’ household in Minahasa regency. With samples of this research are 120 respondents. Purposive sampling is used to collect the data and the data analysis of this research using path analysis. The results of the research showed that: farmers’ behavior directly and significantly effect to the economic decision. farmers’ behavior directly effect to farmers household income; economic decision is directly and significantly effect to the farmers household income; farmers behavior is indirectly and significantly to the farmers household with economic decision as intervening variable.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of rural labor use in Chau Thanh A
District, Hau Giang Province. The data were collected from 160 households in rural areas. The descriptive
statistics are used to analyze the situation, actual use and effective use of agricultural labor resources
Effect of Remittance on Farmer’s Livelihood: A Case of Sundarbazar Municipali...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted in Sundarbazar Municipality, Lamjung, western part of Nepal with primary objective of studying socioeconomic trend of the remittance-receiving households (HHs) and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural activities management. For the study, 60 HHs where at least one of the members were international labor migrant for >1 year; 20 each from Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati/Ethnic, and Dalit community were selected purposively. The HH snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were used. The study showed that majority of HH heads were female (68.3%), 80% of whom were involved in agriculture occupation with 50% HHs food insecure. Out of the total monthly cash income, 86.65% was contributed by remittance and 29.83% was used for food expenditure. The major push factor for migration was found to be unsatisfactory income (40%) where the 38.3% of the migrants were 26–30 years of age at the first migration with major destination as Gulf countries (80%). Similarly, 21.7% of HHs purchased agricultural land and the landholdings after the migration were found higher than before (7.3 vs. 6.2, P < 0.05). The major part of the agricultural activities after the migration was done with the hired labor (41.7%). Agricultural workload was perceived to be increased by 56.7% of HHs. Further, 26 HHs responded that livestock number decreased and 43% of HHs perceived no change in overall land productivity. Scaling technique showed that the average scale value for the inputs (chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, and improved seeds) used after the migration was found to be 0.75 where 34 HHs had higher scale value than average which was moderately correlated (0.38) to the duration of migration.
The implication of farmers’ behavior to the household economic income through...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : This research is intended to identify, analyze, and theoretically and empirically explain: the effect of farmers’ behavior and farmers’ economic decision; the effect of farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income; farmers’ economic decision with farmers’ household income; and farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income through farmers’ economic decision.This research is an explanation (explanatory research), which explain the causal relationship among the research variables by the testing of hypothesis. The population in this research is farmers’ household in Minahasa regency. With samples of this research are 120 respondents. Purposive sampling is used to collect the data and the data analysis of this research using path analysis. The results of the research showed that: farmers’ behavior directly and significantly effect to the economic decision. farmers’ behavior directly effect to farmers household income; economic decision is directly and significantly effect to the farmers household income; farmers behavior is indirectly and significantly to the farmers household with economic decision as intervening variable.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
Rural livelihood transformation in Bangladesh ICRISAT
Agriculture provides livelihood for over 60% of Bangladesh’s population. It is pivotal to provide food and income for the rural poor. At the same time, it is also crucial to reduce agriculture’s high population density. Powerful social, economic, and natural forces are driving changes in agricultural systems. The agriculture sector must respond to these forces to improve livelihoods by balancing farm and non-farm activities.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has open-access nature of IJAAST fosters global collaboration. Researchers from diverse geographical locations can engage with and build upon each other's work, transcending borders to collectively address the challenges and opportunities in agricultural science and technology.
Effect of Remittance on Farmer’s Livelihood: A Case of Sundarbazar Municipali...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted in Sundarbazar Municipality, Lamjung, western part of Nepal with primary
objective of studying socioeconomic trend of the remittance-receiving households (HHs) and the effect of
international labor migration in agricultural activities management. For the study, 60 HHs where at least
one of the members were international labor migrant for >1 year; 20 each from Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati/
Ethnic, and Dalit community were selected purposively. The HH snowball sampling technique and semistructured questionnaires were used. The study showed that majority of HH heads were female (68.3%), 80%
of whom were involved in agriculture occupation with 50% HHs food insecure. Out of the total monthly
cash income, 86.65% was contributed by remittance and 29.83% was used for food expenditure. The major
push factor for migration was found to be unsatisfactory income (40%) where the 38.3% of the migrants
were 26–30 years of age at the first migration with major destination as Gulf countries (80%). Similarly,
21.7% of HHs purchased agricultural land and the landholdings after the migration were found higher than
before (7.3 vs. 6.2, P < 0.05). The major part of the agricultural activities after the migration was done with
the hired labor (41.7%). Agricultural workload was perceived to be increased by 56.7% of HHs. Further,
26 HHs responded that livestock number decreased and 43% of HHs perceived no change in overall land
productivity. Scaling technique showed that the average scale value for the inputs (chemical fertilizers,
farmyard manure, and improved seeds) used after the migration was found to be 0.75 where 34 HHs had
higher scale value than average which was moderately correlated (0.38) to the duration of migration.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
A Study on Occupational Mobility of Farmers of Ariylaur District of Tamil Nad...inventionjournals
The occupation can be divided into three types viz., Primary, Secondary and Tertiary occupation. As India is concern agriculture is being considered as primary occupation, industries as secondary and service sectors as tertiary occupation. Over 200 million Indian farmers and farm workers have been the backbone of India’s Agriculture World Development Indicators, 2011 revealed that highest per capita income is inversely correlated with the active population engaged in agriculture. Reports of National Sample Survey Organization reveals that there was a sizable reduction in workforce engaged in the year 1972-763(74%) to 2009-10 (53%) in agricultural sector in India. It implies that occupational shift is taking place from agricultural to non-agricultural sector. A study conducted to analyse the factors responsible for occupational shift from agriculture to non-agriculture sector involving 180 respondents from all the six blocks of Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu reveals that eleven factors acted as the driving force to drive away the farmers to other occupation. The factors viz., low income from agriculture, struggles in marketing of agricultural commodities. Lack of water resources and farmers’ willing to get higher social status occupied the first, second, third and fourth rank with the mean score of 1.00, 0.75, 0.73 and 0.64 and are responsible for occupational shift from agriculture to nonagricultural activities. The simple correlation studies also implies the poor soil fertility (0.702), vagaries of monsoon (0.716), non-availability of inputs in time (0.677) and small land holding (0.819) are positively correlated with low and unstable income from agriculture that causes lack of interest among the farmers and looking for some other employment rather agriculture. Appropriate measures like backstopping of technologies in the field of soil and water resource management, Integrated farming system approach, reclamation of problem soils, GIS based soil mapping, invigorating extension system with ICT tools are also suggested to mitigate this issue and flourish Indian agriculture.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A CAR SHOWROOM USING E TABS
Poverty Assessment in Urban Area of Jodhpur District in Western Arid Region of Rajasthan
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.7.12 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 796
Poverty Assessment in Urban Area of Jodhpur
District in Western Arid Region of Rajasthan
Satya Prakash Sharma
Shree Nakoda Parshwanath Jain Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur, India
Abstract— An attempt has been made to assess the
poverty status in rural area of Jodhpur district of western
Rajasthan. Two villages were randomly selected fall in
the radius of 20 km from the Jodhpur city whereas
another two villages were selected 60 km far from
Jodhpur city with poor infrastructure facility and poor
non-farm employment. 30 respondents were randomly
selected from each selected village.A total of 120
respondents were selected from four village for the study.
Simple tabulation method was used. For determining the
poverty status, income method was used. From the study,
it is revealed that agriculture, livestock, non-farm-labor
activities are the main factor for poverty assessment. Size
of land holding is a crucial factor. Marginal and small
land holding couple with low income, are the main reason
for poverty. The percentage of earners in the family size
groups and percentage of dependents is inversely
proportionate.
Keywords— Poverty Assessment, western Rajasthan,
BPL.
I. INTRODUCTION
Poverty is very complex and complicated problem and
faced by various developing and under-developing
countries. A simple meaning of poverty is the inability to
secure minimum requirement for life, health and
efficiency. These requirements include minimum human
needs in respect of food, clothing, housing, education and
health. The planners have been using a term ‘Poverty
line’. Those who can fulfill their minimum needs are
‘above poverty’ line and those who cannot are ‘below
poverty line (BPL). IN 1987-88, 30% population was
below poverty line; therefore large number of people in
our region, particularly in the rural area is extremely poor
as compared to the urban inhabitants. Poverty affects the
general health and efficiencies of the people and resulted
into low productivity. This inadequate economic
development causes more poverty and it continues,
ultimately forms the vicious civil. Problems of poverty,
hunger, malnutrition, illiteracy, unemployment and poor
medical facilities are enhancing the economic inequality.
It means vast disparities in the income of different
sections of people and it’s also mean different levels of
standard of living in rural as well as in urban areas.
There is a wide difference exists in estimate of poverty
because of the differences in methodologies, data
adjustments and pre-deflation used. Studies on poverty in
India began with DadadhaiNaoraoji in the 19th
Century
(Naoroji 1962). The major work on poverty estimates
during the pre-independence period is that of V.K.R.V.
Rao (1936) who revised Naorojiestimates of per capita
income. Mukherjee (1969) updated the poverty estimate
of Naoroji and Rao at 1948-49 prices than laying the
foundation of further work on this subject in independent
India. Further, in–depth studies on poverty in independent
India are by Charan Singh (1964) and Tirlok Singh
(1969). After the publicaton of Myrdal’s Asian Drama in
1969 when stalwarts like Dandekar and Rath (1971) and
Dandekar (1980) took up the burden of the theme.
In India the fruits of growth are largely distributed in
favour of rich despite development of agricultural and
industrial sector and initiation and spread of various
development programs then remains a vast number of
people whose economic conditions seem to have
remained more or less stagnant if not deteriorated
absolutely. NCAEA (1980), Minhas, B.S. (1971).
Hanumantha Rao (1972) and Bhalla and Chadha (1974)
reveal glaring inequalities in the distribution of income.
It is an accepted fact that there are large disparities both in
the income and assets distribution. All over the country
there is glaring evidence of concentration of wealth
Considerable interest had been shown in equalities in
India. Besides the government and other research bodies
such as Reserve Bank of India, The National Council of
Applied Economic Research. National Sample Survey
organization and several scholars Bapana 1975; Bapana
and Shah 1973, PhukanUmanuda 1975, Bhattacharya
Pranab 1979 and Varghese 1987 have made significant
contribution in this regard.
II. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE DESIGN
A two stage stratified sampling procedure is adopted to
select the sample households. The sample included
adequate proportion of social class and their working
status to ensure comparison for ascertaining the effects of
inequality and poverty. Sample selection is done in two
stages; stage one refers to selection of urban blocks of
Jodhpur city and households were selected in stage two. 5
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wards are selected for the study in urban, out of these 2
wards are taken inside the old boundary wall and 3 wards
are from outside the main city area. A total of 120
respondents were selected from four village for the study..
Table.1: Distribution of sample household according the
main occupation of income
Occupation Urban
Category-I 3(2.50)
Category-II 46(38.33)
Category-III 31(25.84)
Category-IV 40(33.33)
Total 120(100.00)
Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages
III. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE
Income method was used to find out the poverty status of
selected respondents. Income from different sources were
collected.
The data for the study was collected using a well-
structured exhaustive schedule through personal interview
of adult male/female covering all the aspect of the study.
Simple tabulation method was used. The selected
respondents were categories in four different groups as
follows and same are presented in the Table 1.
Category I: Income from farming comprises agriculture,
livestock and allied activities (farming).
Category II: Income from agricultural and non-
agricultural labourers, collies, hand-card puller,
horse/bullock cart driver, vendor, hawker, masonry etc.
The wages included cash and kind(Wage earners).
Category III: Income from occupations consists of,
paltry/tea shop, owner, artisans, black smith, gold smith,
carpenter, tailor etc (Business and crafts).
Category IV: Income includes occupation, college,
school/university teacher etc in government and private
official, who get regular services from public or private
institutions.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distribution of urban sample households according to
different source(s) of income is given in Table 2. Most of
the households earn income from than one source. Wages,
salary and business and craft are the main sources of
income in the urban area of Jodhpur. Salary (private and
government) is one of the main occupations of urban area.
As such 22 per cent of the households have reported
having received income by working as wage-labourers.
The major chunk of income, 39.85 per cent, comes from
salaries followed by business and craft and wages, which
account 29.51 and 21.78 per cent respectively of total
income. The share contributed to total income by daring
and agriculture is 2.77 and 0.11 per cent respectively.
House property and pensions contributes only 5.98 per
cent in the total income.
Table.2: Composition of income of the sample urban households
Income source Percentage of household Income Rs./Household %age of Total income
Wages 50.83 17893 21.78
Salaries 45.00 32746 39.85
Business & Craft 24.17 24247 29.51
Daring 0.83 2278 2.77
Agriculture 0.81 90 0.11
Transfer 15 4909 5.98
Total 82163
Analysis of the data regarding the earners and dependent
in sample households (Table 2) revealed that larger
percentage of dependents are found in households having
7 to 8 and 11 and more than 11 members. Generally,
dependent population increases with the family size. The
depending ratio (i.e. ration of dependents to earners)
works out maximum (3.84) in family size group of 11 and
more ad minimums in the family size group 1-2 (0.55).
The average dependency ratio for the entire sample
household is 2.98.
Table.3: Percent distribution of economic status and dependency ratio of urban sample household
Family Size Earners Dependents Dependency
1 - 2 64.29 35.71 0.55
2 - 4 32.93 67.07 2.04
5 - 6 25.25 74.75 2.96
7 - 8 21.38 78.62 3.67
9 - 10 23.40 76.60 3.27
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11 and above 20.63 79.37 3.84
Total 25.10 74.90 2.98
Distribution of urban sample households into different
annual gross income groups and number of earners in the
respondent's households are presented in Table 3. It is
clear from the table that 70 per cent of households have
one earning member, followed by two earners (17.0 per
cent), three earners (9 per cent) and four and more than
earners (4 per cent). It is observed that among the
households having one earners income up to Rs. 50,000,
50 per cent households have one earner only. The mean
number of earners varied from 1.00 to 2.50 and mean
annual gross income per household is Rs. 54,173. Thus,
table 4 reveals that there is positive relationship between
the number of earners in a households and its annual gross
income. Larger the number of earners have more average
income.
Table.4: Distributions of urban sample household by gross income and number of earner in the family
Income group One earner Two earners Three earners Four earners No. of earners
Less than 25,000 7(8.43) 0 0 0 1.00
25,000 - 30,000 15(18.08) 1(4.76) 0 0 1.06
30,000 - 35,000 3(3.60) 1(4.76) 0 0 1.25
35,000 - 40,000 7(8.43) 0 0 0 1.00
40,000 - 50,000 10(12.05) 5(23.81) 1(9.09) 1(20.00) 1.59
50,000 - 70,000 13(15.66) 3(14.29) 2(18.18) 0 1.39
70,000 - 1,00,000 14(16.87) 4(19.04) 0 0 1.22
100,000 - 150,000 9(10.84) 3(19.05) 5(45.46) 3(60.00) 2.10
150,000 - 200,000 1(1.20) 4(19.05) 2(18.18) 0 2.14
More than 200,000 4(4.82) 0 1(9.09) 1(20.00) 2.50
Total 83(100.00) 21(100.00) 11(100.00) 5(100.00) 1.52(100.00)
The cause of poverty, however, does not appear to be the
celebrated theorem of demographic pressure on the
household resources. It clears from the Table 4 that
highest number of household (45 per cent) fall in the
family size 5-6 members and they contribute 25.40 per
cent of total income with an average income Rs. 65,547.
It is observed that an equal number of 18.33 per cent each
households are falling in the family size groups 3-4 and 7-
8 are earning average mean R. 93,739 and Rs. 113,830
respectively. The average annual income per household is
varied from Rs. 32,000 to Rs. 131,625. The table 4 shows
that average annual households income tends to increase
with the size of family (r= 0.85). The increase in the
percentage share of income with increasing size of the
household is also evidenced, barring the exceptions. It is
difficult to pinpoint the reason of apparent contradiction
in the popular relation household income and size. It is
perhaps owing to the fact that larger household in this
case implies more earning members.
Table.5: Distribution of urban sample household by family size
Family size Percent of
households
Percent share
of income
Salaries Business
& Crafts
Wages Others Average annual
household income
1 - 2 7.5 2.92 6133 9200 15333 1334 32000
3 - 4 18.33 20.91 59103 17336 10273 7027 93739
5 - 6 45.00 35.91 27105 15730 1585 6827 65547
7 - 8 18.33 25.40 31107 55273 17545 9905 113830
9 - 10 4.17 4.18 37200 12000 32800 500 82500
More than 11 6.67 10.68 30000 40000 46925 14700 131625
All classes 100.00 100.00 32746 24247 17893 7277 82163
Table 5 presents the average annual gross income
distribution of urban households by level of income. It is
clear from the table that only 3 households are earning
income from dairying and agriculture, fall in middle
income group (i.e. Rs. 70,000-100,000 and 100,000 to
150,000) with average annual gross income per household
for this category is Rs. 89,000.
The spread of the incomes achieved by household
engaged in business and craft activities varied from Rs.
18,000 to 600,000. The number of households earning
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between Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 100,000 with average income
of Rs. 71,625 is highest at 45.14 per cent. It is followed
by 12.90 per cent of households in the income class Rs.
100,000-Rs. 150,000. It is observed that an equal number
of 9.68 per cent (each) household are falling the income
group of Rs. 25,000-35,000, Rs. 40,000-50,000 and Rs.
150,000- Rs. 200,000. Similarly equal number of 3.23 per
cent (each) families are falling in less than Rs. 25,000, Rs.
30,000 - Rs. 35,000, Rs. 35,000-40,000 and in more than
two lakhs income groups
In case of salary earners households, the maximum (30
per cent) earned income between Rs. 100,000 to Rs.
150,000 followed by 20 per cent fall in the income group
of Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 100,000. No salary earner households
earned less than Rs. 25,000. There are only 10 per cent
urban salary earners households in the income of less than
Rs. 40,000 with their average amounting to Rs. 33,000
and they contribute 7.96 per cent of the total income. 70
per cent of salary earners households fall fall in middle
income group and their share to total income is 58.55 per
cent and 20 per cent fall in higher income group and they
contribute 38.5 per cent of their total income. The average
annual gross income for this category ranged from Rs.
29,400 to Rs. 265,515.
The wage earners households are distributed between Rs.
20,933 at start and Rs. 210,000 at the end of the other
scale. The highest number of urban families that is 26.09
per cent tare falling in the income class of Rs. 40,000 to
Rs. 50,000 with an average income of Rs. 46,808. More
than half (52.17%) urban families are earning less than
Rs. 40,000 per annum followed by medium income group
(45.66 per cent) and contribute 58.36 per cent of the total
income.
Table.6: Distribution of urban sample households according to different income groups
Income
group
Farm Households Wage Earner Business & Craft Salary Earner Overall
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
< 25000 - - - 13.04 5.73 20933 3.23 0.61 18000 - - - 5.83 1.46 20514
25000-
30000
- - - 23.91 14.74 29364 9.68 2.90 28433 5.00 1.32 29000 13.33 4.74 29194
30000-
35000
- - - 4.35 3.10 34000 3.23 1.16 34000 2.50 0.78 34800 3.34 1.38 34200
35000-
40000
- - - 10.87 8.49 37200 3.23 1.23 36000 2.50 0.86 38400 5.83 2.64 37200
40000-
50000
- - - 26.09 25.63 46808 9.68 4.49 43933 5.00 1.94 43200 14.17 7.91 45876
50000-
70000
- - - 10.87 13.17 57700 22.57 14.51 60892 15.60 7.81 58125 15.00 10.79 59083
70000-
100000
66.67 55.06 73500 2.17 3.29 72000 22.57 19.63 82357 20.00 15.84 88412 15.00 15.24 83489
100000-
150000
33.33 44.94 12000 6.53 16.27 118800 12.90 16.37 120200 30.00 32.96 122637 16.67 24.63 121442
150000-
200000
- - - - - - 9.68 18.66 182267 10.00 14.71 164135 5.83 12.22 172077
> 200000 - - - 2.17 9.58 210000 3.23 20.43 600000 10.00 23.79 265515 5.00 18.99 312010
100.00 100.00 89000 100.00 100.00 47634 100.00 100.00 94730 100.00 100.00 58864 100.00 100.00 82163
A: Percentage of Households
B: Percentage of income
C: Average income
From the above discussion, it is revealed that agriculture,
livestock, non-farm-labor activities are the main factor for
poverty assessment. Size of land holding is a crucial
factor. Marginal and small land holding couple with low
income, are the main reason for poverty. The percentage
of earners in the family size groups and percentage of
dependents is inversely proportionate.
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