This document discusses rural development and the rural economy in India. It provides details on key rural development schemes and initiatives. Some key points:
- Agriculture and allied sectors employ over half the rural workforce but contribute less than half to India's GDP. The non-farm sector has grown in importance.
- Rural areas contribute significantly to national income and GDP but productivity is lower than urban areas. The gap in rural-urban productivity has narrowed.
- While rural areas account for the majority of the population, this share is declining with urbanization. At the same time, rural areas now contribute over half of India's manufacturing output.
- The structure of the rural economy has diversified away from agriculture towards non
Access to agricultural extension services of marginalized farmersHalim Miah
This document summarizes a research paper on access to agricultural extension services for marginalized farmers in Bangladesh. It finds that while small farmers cultivate most of the country's land and drive food security, they lack access to crucial services and resources due to control by powerful local elites. The paper aims to identify gaps in existing services and policies, examine how local power dynamics hinder poor farmers, and develop advocacy strategies to make services more inclusive. It seeks to engage stakeholders to influence policy and bridge gaps at local levels to improve service delivery and accountability for marginalized groups such as women producers.
This document discusses trends in India's labor force and occupational patterns from 1901 to 2011 based on census data. Some key points:
- Agriculture has historically employed the majority of the labor force but this proportion has slowly declined from over 70% in 1901 to around 57% in recent estimates.
- The work participation rate has increased from 36.7% in 1981 to 39.2% in 2001 as more of the population joins the labor force.
- While the primary sector still employs over half, there is an increasing absorption of labor in non-agriculture secondary and tertiary sectors.
- Within agriculture, many farmers have become agricultural laborers as cultivation declines.
The document provides a brief profile of rural India, highlighting that around 75% of India's population lives in rural villages. It notes that rural India is heterogeneous with many ethnic groups and languages. Around 55% of rural income comes from agriculture. Infrastructure in rural areas lags urban areas, with only around half of rural households having access to electricity. Literacy rates have risen in rural areas but education levels remain lower than in urban centers on average.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Reverse Migration Due to Long Lockdown in India- Is it Sustainable?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about reverse migration of workers from urban to rural areas in India due to the long COVID-19 lockdown. It discusses that millions of migrant workers faced immense suffering trying to return home and no longer want to work in cities, instead wanting to sustain themselves with minimal earnings in rural areas. The document then examines factors driving migration from rural to urban areas previously, including lack of rural employment and higher urban wages. It describes the poor conditions that migrant workers, especially short-term circular migrants, faced in cities with low pay, no benefits, and inadequate housing. The lockdown has shown the vulnerability of migrants and many now want to return to their villages permanently.
Binayak Sen, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Minhaj Mahmud, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS)
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
socio economic dimensions of Nepal, population of Nepal and its projection, population density of Nepal , Age and sex structure in Nepal, Employee trends in Nepal,Labour Market issues
A Study of Agricultural Labour Markets in IndiaFarnazSha2
The document summarizes research on agricultural labor markets in India. It finds that while the share of agriculture in rural employment has declined from 78% to 68% from 1993-2010, agricultural wages have increased faster than non-agricultural wages. There are both push factors driving workers from agriculture like fewer land holdings and pull factors to non-agriculture like higher wages. Government policies aim to support agricultural laborers through legislative protections and employment schemes.
Access to agricultural extension services of marginalized farmersHalim Miah
This document summarizes a research paper on access to agricultural extension services for marginalized farmers in Bangladesh. It finds that while small farmers cultivate most of the country's land and drive food security, they lack access to crucial services and resources due to control by powerful local elites. The paper aims to identify gaps in existing services and policies, examine how local power dynamics hinder poor farmers, and develop advocacy strategies to make services more inclusive. It seeks to engage stakeholders to influence policy and bridge gaps at local levels to improve service delivery and accountability for marginalized groups such as women producers.
This document discusses trends in India's labor force and occupational patterns from 1901 to 2011 based on census data. Some key points:
- Agriculture has historically employed the majority of the labor force but this proportion has slowly declined from over 70% in 1901 to around 57% in recent estimates.
- The work participation rate has increased from 36.7% in 1981 to 39.2% in 2001 as more of the population joins the labor force.
- While the primary sector still employs over half, there is an increasing absorption of labor in non-agriculture secondary and tertiary sectors.
- Within agriculture, many farmers have become agricultural laborers as cultivation declines.
The document provides a brief profile of rural India, highlighting that around 75% of India's population lives in rural villages. It notes that rural India is heterogeneous with many ethnic groups and languages. Around 55% of rural income comes from agriculture. Infrastructure in rural areas lags urban areas, with only around half of rural households having access to electricity. Literacy rates have risen in rural areas but education levels remain lower than in urban centers on average.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Reverse Migration Due to Long Lockdown in India- Is it Sustainable?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about reverse migration of workers from urban to rural areas in India due to the long COVID-19 lockdown. It discusses that millions of migrant workers faced immense suffering trying to return home and no longer want to work in cities, instead wanting to sustain themselves with minimal earnings in rural areas. The document then examines factors driving migration from rural to urban areas previously, including lack of rural employment and higher urban wages. It describes the poor conditions that migrant workers, especially short-term circular migrants, faced in cities with low pay, no benefits, and inadequate housing. The lockdown has shown the vulnerability of migrants and many now want to return to their villages permanently.
Binayak Sen, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Minhaj Mahmud, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS)
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
socio economic dimensions of Nepal, population of Nepal and its projection, population density of Nepal , Age and sex structure in Nepal, Employee trends in Nepal,Labour Market issues
A Study of Agricultural Labour Markets in IndiaFarnazSha2
The document summarizes research on agricultural labor markets in India. It finds that while the share of agriculture in rural employment has declined from 78% to 68% from 1993-2010, agricultural wages have increased faster than non-agricultural wages. There are both push factors driving workers from agriculture like fewer land holdings and pull factors to non-agriculture like higher wages. Government policies aim to support agricultural laborers through legislative protections and employment schemes.
Impact of globalisation on poverty,inequality and employmentAvi Vani
Globalization has impacted poverty, inequality, and employment in India. While it has led to some reduction in poverty, the decline has been insufficient and inequality remains high. Globalization contributed to increased productivity and wages, which helped reduce absolute poverty. However, rural-urban disparities in income persist. Employment in manufacturing and services has grown, but agriculture employment has declined slowly despite a decreasing share of agriculture in GDP. Unemployment rates have generally fallen but rural unemployment remains a concern, especially in agriculture. Overall, globalization's effects have been mixed, with both opportunities and challenges for reducing poverty and generating employment.
1) The document discusses trends in India's labor market since it liberalized in 1991. While GDP and productivity have grown significantly, employment growth has been limited and most workers remain informal.
2) While overall unemployment has remained low, youth unemployment has remained high at 10% and female labor participation has sharply declined.
3) Agriculture remains the largest employer but the lowest productivity sector. Only around 15% of workers are regular wage/salary employees while over 90% work informally without protections.
4) Rural wages grew in the late 2000s but most employment remains casual with few protections or benefits. Major reforms are still needed to address India's pressing labor issues.
Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan ConcentrationPrasad Thanthratey
A study report on Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CA3- Planning Techniques at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)
This document outlines several key issues facing the Indian economy:
1) Low levels of national and per capita income, with over 60% of the population sharing only 1/3 of national income.
2) Tremendous population pressure from high birth rates and increasing population, which puts strain on economic growth.
3) Unemployment remains a major problem despite some job growth, as employment has not kept pace with the growing labor force.
This document discusses key statistics related to India's population over time:
1. India's population has more than quadrupled from 36 crores in 1951 to over 121 crores in 2011, with growth rates above 2% per year from 1961-1991.
2. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have the highest populations, while Kerala has the lowest birth rate, highest literacy and life expectancy, and favorable sex ratio.
3. Despite a 20x increase in national income from 1950-2011, per capita income only rose 5x due to a doubling of population over the same period.
Your (urban) or not (rural) but our poverty in indiaSureshramanan01
The document discusses poverty in India, defining it as inadequate access to food, shelter, health, education, and vulnerability. It outlines that poverty has many dimensions including income, security, education, and health. It provides the daily calorie requirements used to define the urban and rural poverty lines. It compares urban and rural poverty, noting that rural poverty is often due to agricultural failures while urban poverty can be exacerbated by rural migration. The document also discusses where most of India's poor population lives and common causes of poverty such as low agricultural productivity, corruption, and unequal income distribution. It provides population and poverty statistics for India and proposes solutions like boosting agriculture and motivating youth involvement to alleviate poverty.
Consumer behaviour a key influencer of rural market potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the rural consumer market in India. Some key points:
- Rural markets in India are growing rapidly in size and potential due to rising incomes and consumer demands in rural areas. 72% of Indians live in rural areas.
- Rural incomes and consumption are increasing due to factors like higher crop yields, more jobs outside of agriculture, and infrastructure development.
- Rural consumers purchase frequently in small quantities and prioritize value over brand or price. Their behavior is influenced strongly by community opinions.
- The total rural market in India is estimated to be over 1.2 trillion rupees annually across product categories like FMCG, durables, agriculture, vehicles. Marketers are increasingly targeting rural
Consumer behaviour a key influencer of rural market potentialIAEME Publication
The document discusses consumer behavior in rural markets in India. Some key points:
- Rural markets in India offer huge potential due to their large population size and rising incomes and consumption. Over 70% of Indians live in rural areas.
- Rural incomes and standards of living have been rising due to factors like increased agricultural output and jobs in nearby towns. Rural households are projected to grow faster than urban households.
- However, rural areas still face issues like illiteracy, poverty, and lack of infrastructure. Consumer behavior in rural areas is influenced more by community and opinion leaders than in urban areas.
- As rural incomes and aspirations continue rising, the rural market is becoming increasingly attractive to marketers. Understanding diverse rural consumer
The document summarizes India's National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy from 2007. The policy aims to ensure sustainable urban development and access to basic amenities for all citizens. It emphasizes affordable housing for low-income groups and slum rehabilitation. The policy promotes regional planning, balanced rural-urban development, and new greenfield township projects. It also discusses housing needs, the role of housing in the economy, and existing programs before outlining the policy's focus areas, aims, and objectives around issues like urban planning, affordable housing, increasing funding, and using spatial incentives.
Poverty in India has declined significantly from 2004-2005 to 2009-2010, with the poverty rate falling from 37.2% to 29.8%. This reduction is attributed to increased government spending on rural welfare programs that provided money directly to people. Rural poverty declined faster than urban poverty during this period. However, India still has one of the largest poor populations in the world, with over 260 million people living below the poverty line, the majority residing in rural areas where agriculture is the main occupation. Efforts to further reduce poverty focus on increasing economic growth, agricultural production, infrastructure development, education, and social programs.
This document provides an overview of rural development in India prepared by five students. It discusses the importance of rural development given that most of India's population lives in rural areas. It outlines key strategies and policies for rural development implemented by the Indian government, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. However, it also notes limitations and problems in rural development including people-related issues, agricultural and infrastructure challenges, economic problems, and administrative hurdles. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of integrated rural development and the role of government in facilitating development of both cities and villages.
This document discusses rural retailing in India and the opportunities it presents. It notes that while urban markets were initially the focus, they became saturated forcing companies to look to rural markets. Rural markets account for 70% of India's population and present significant potential for growth. Characteristics of rural markets include increasing incomes, literacy rates, and family sizes. This has led to rising consumption, especially of factory produced goods, in rural areas presenting lucrative opportunities for retailers.
Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational An...ijtsrd
The present study examines the occupational change and socio economic condition – an inter generational analysis of Akhnoor tehsil period of 1985 90 and 2015 17 . The major outcome of study is that share of primary activities has sharply declined in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. Secondary activities was totally missing in 1985 90 but their share in 2015 17 has been increased. Whereas share of Tertiary activities has increased in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. The emerging structural change in occupational structure shows a big decline in share of agriculture, with modest increase in share of industry and sharp rise in occupation in services. The Present study is based on both Primary and Secondary sources. Present study is helpful in finding the occupational change and social and economic conditions in Semi kandi, Kandi and Non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The present study reveals the structural transformation in occupation in the period of 1985 90 and in 2015 17 and also show the social and Economic status of the people residing in semi kandi, kandi and non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The study will be having policy implications for the Policy makers, that how regional planning should be done to ensure the development of infrastructure facilities and what measures be undertaken to generate more employment opportunities in the study area. The present study focuses on the Analysis of occupational change and its impacts on people in the period from Ist generation 1985 90 and IInd generation 2015 17 . It also examines the impact of income and employment on the people. To find out the structural transformation either from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or directly from Primary to Tertiary activities in these areas under study. Vibhuti Sharma | Manali Sharma "Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational Analysis of Akhnoor Tehsil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38520.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38520/occupational-change-and-social-economic-conditions-–-an-inter-generational-analysis-of-akhnoor-tehsil/vibhuti-sharma
Rural marketing in India has evolved over several phases from agricultural marketing to marketing of inputs and now all products and services. It faces many challenges including low literacy, income and infrastructure in rural areas. However, the rural market also has great potential due to its large population and rising prosperity. Successful rural marketing requires understanding rural consumers, improving infrastructure, and employing appropriate media and promotion strategies tailored to rural needs and culture.
Class 9 economics_chapter_3_poverty_as_challengeKamlesh Khanna
1) Bihar, Odisha, and Assam have the highest poverty ratios above the national average of 21.9%, while Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab have the lowest ratios below 8.3%.
2) Poverty has decreased at different rates in rural and urban areas, with expansion of services and industry reducing urban poverty faster than improvements in agriculture reducing rural poverty.
3) Targeted anti-poverty programs like MGNREGA aim to promote growth and provide employment, healthcare, and education for the poor, vulnerable groups, and women, but challenges remain in fully eradicating poverty.
Rural employment is essential for India as the country faces economic crises. Encouraging agriculture and rural industries can benefit the economy. There is a need to address both challenges and opportunities for rural employment. Strategies are needed to generate employment as unemployment and poverty continue to increase despite government programs. Providing at least 100 days of work through programs like MGNREGA can help address rural unemployment. Overall, more focus is needed on rural development, industrialization, infrastructure and policies to raise employment levels in India.
Role of non farm sector in the transformation of indias rural economyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about the role of the non-farm sector in transforming India's rural economy. It discusses how the non-farm sector has grown in importance with liberalization, providing employment as agriculture alone cannot support rural populations. Key points covered include how the non-farm sector helps smooth income flows and reduce vulnerability, growing non-farm employment in India, and the conclusion that the non-farm sector plays an important role in rural development as agriculture declines in importance.
Case study on India: Governance gap through Globalization, Neo-liberalism and...Apl Concepcion
This document discusses the impacts of globalization and neoliberal policies on poverty in India. It argues that while India has experienced significant economic growth through globalization and becoming more competitive internationally, this has come at the cost of neglecting the country's large agricultural sector and rural poor populations. As a result, poverty remains widespread and inequality between the rich and poor has increased. It also discusses the rise of new social movements in India that are challenging the government and globalization policies to better advocate for the needs and rights of marginalized groups.
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. The number of cultivators is declining and average landholding sizes are shrinking. Institutional credit to agriculture is declining and many farmers lack access. There is a need to shift away from unsustainable industrial models to more integrated, ecological farming systems suited to local conditions.
Impact of globalisation on poverty,inequality and employmentAvi Vani
Globalization has impacted poverty, inequality, and employment in India. While it has led to some reduction in poverty, the decline has been insufficient and inequality remains high. Globalization contributed to increased productivity and wages, which helped reduce absolute poverty. However, rural-urban disparities in income persist. Employment in manufacturing and services has grown, but agriculture employment has declined slowly despite a decreasing share of agriculture in GDP. Unemployment rates have generally fallen but rural unemployment remains a concern, especially in agriculture. Overall, globalization's effects have been mixed, with both opportunities and challenges for reducing poverty and generating employment.
1) The document discusses trends in India's labor market since it liberalized in 1991. While GDP and productivity have grown significantly, employment growth has been limited and most workers remain informal.
2) While overall unemployment has remained low, youth unemployment has remained high at 10% and female labor participation has sharply declined.
3) Agriculture remains the largest employer but the lowest productivity sector. Only around 15% of workers are regular wage/salary employees while over 90% work informally without protections.
4) Rural wages grew in the late 2000s but most employment remains casual with few protections or benefits. Major reforms are still needed to address India's pressing labor issues.
Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan ConcentrationPrasad Thanthratey
A study report on Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CA3- Planning Techniques at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)
This document outlines several key issues facing the Indian economy:
1) Low levels of national and per capita income, with over 60% of the population sharing only 1/3 of national income.
2) Tremendous population pressure from high birth rates and increasing population, which puts strain on economic growth.
3) Unemployment remains a major problem despite some job growth, as employment has not kept pace with the growing labor force.
This document discusses key statistics related to India's population over time:
1. India's population has more than quadrupled from 36 crores in 1951 to over 121 crores in 2011, with growth rates above 2% per year from 1961-1991.
2. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have the highest populations, while Kerala has the lowest birth rate, highest literacy and life expectancy, and favorable sex ratio.
3. Despite a 20x increase in national income from 1950-2011, per capita income only rose 5x due to a doubling of population over the same period.
Your (urban) or not (rural) but our poverty in indiaSureshramanan01
The document discusses poverty in India, defining it as inadequate access to food, shelter, health, education, and vulnerability. It outlines that poverty has many dimensions including income, security, education, and health. It provides the daily calorie requirements used to define the urban and rural poverty lines. It compares urban and rural poverty, noting that rural poverty is often due to agricultural failures while urban poverty can be exacerbated by rural migration. The document also discusses where most of India's poor population lives and common causes of poverty such as low agricultural productivity, corruption, and unequal income distribution. It provides population and poverty statistics for India and proposes solutions like boosting agriculture and motivating youth involvement to alleviate poverty.
Consumer behaviour a key influencer of rural market potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the rural consumer market in India. Some key points:
- Rural markets in India are growing rapidly in size and potential due to rising incomes and consumer demands in rural areas. 72% of Indians live in rural areas.
- Rural incomes and consumption are increasing due to factors like higher crop yields, more jobs outside of agriculture, and infrastructure development.
- Rural consumers purchase frequently in small quantities and prioritize value over brand or price. Their behavior is influenced strongly by community opinions.
- The total rural market in India is estimated to be over 1.2 trillion rupees annually across product categories like FMCG, durables, agriculture, vehicles. Marketers are increasingly targeting rural
Consumer behaviour a key influencer of rural market potentialIAEME Publication
The document discusses consumer behavior in rural markets in India. Some key points:
- Rural markets in India offer huge potential due to their large population size and rising incomes and consumption. Over 70% of Indians live in rural areas.
- Rural incomes and standards of living have been rising due to factors like increased agricultural output and jobs in nearby towns. Rural households are projected to grow faster than urban households.
- However, rural areas still face issues like illiteracy, poverty, and lack of infrastructure. Consumer behavior in rural areas is influenced more by community and opinion leaders than in urban areas.
- As rural incomes and aspirations continue rising, the rural market is becoming increasingly attractive to marketers. Understanding diverse rural consumer
The document summarizes India's National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy from 2007. The policy aims to ensure sustainable urban development and access to basic amenities for all citizens. It emphasizes affordable housing for low-income groups and slum rehabilitation. The policy promotes regional planning, balanced rural-urban development, and new greenfield township projects. It also discusses housing needs, the role of housing in the economy, and existing programs before outlining the policy's focus areas, aims, and objectives around issues like urban planning, affordable housing, increasing funding, and using spatial incentives.
Poverty in India has declined significantly from 2004-2005 to 2009-2010, with the poverty rate falling from 37.2% to 29.8%. This reduction is attributed to increased government spending on rural welfare programs that provided money directly to people. Rural poverty declined faster than urban poverty during this period. However, India still has one of the largest poor populations in the world, with over 260 million people living below the poverty line, the majority residing in rural areas where agriculture is the main occupation. Efforts to further reduce poverty focus on increasing economic growth, agricultural production, infrastructure development, education, and social programs.
This document provides an overview of rural development in India prepared by five students. It discusses the importance of rural development given that most of India's population lives in rural areas. It outlines key strategies and policies for rural development implemented by the Indian government, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. However, it also notes limitations and problems in rural development including people-related issues, agricultural and infrastructure challenges, economic problems, and administrative hurdles. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of integrated rural development and the role of government in facilitating development of both cities and villages.
This document discusses rural retailing in India and the opportunities it presents. It notes that while urban markets were initially the focus, they became saturated forcing companies to look to rural markets. Rural markets account for 70% of India's population and present significant potential for growth. Characteristics of rural markets include increasing incomes, literacy rates, and family sizes. This has led to rising consumption, especially of factory produced goods, in rural areas presenting lucrative opportunities for retailers.
Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational An...ijtsrd
The present study examines the occupational change and socio economic condition – an inter generational analysis of Akhnoor tehsil period of 1985 90 and 2015 17 . The major outcome of study is that share of primary activities has sharply declined in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. Secondary activities was totally missing in 1985 90 but their share in 2015 17 has been increased. Whereas share of Tertiary activities has increased in 2015 17 as compared to 1985 90. The emerging structural change in occupational structure shows a big decline in share of agriculture, with modest increase in share of industry and sharp rise in occupation in services. The Present study is based on both Primary and Secondary sources. Present study is helpful in finding the occupational change and social and economic conditions in Semi kandi, Kandi and Non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The present study reveals the structural transformation in occupation in the period of 1985 90 and in 2015 17 and also show the social and Economic status of the people residing in semi kandi, kandi and non kandi villages of Akhnoor tehsil. The study will be having policy implications for the Policy makers, that how regional planning should be done to ensure the development of infrastructure facilities and what measures be undertaken to generate more employment opportunities in the study area. The present study focuses on the Analysis of occupational change and its impacts on people in the period from Ist generation 1985 90 and IInd generation 2015 17 . It also examines the impact of income and employment on the people. To find out the structural transformation either from Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or directly from Primary to Tertiary activities in these areas under study. Vibhuti Sharma | Manali Sharma "Occupational Change and Social Economic Conditions – An Inter Generational Analysis of Akhnoor Tehsil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38520.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38520/occupational-change-and-social-economic-conditions-–-an-inter-generational-analysis-of-akhnoor-tehsil/vibhuti-sharma
Rural marketing in India has evolved over several phases from agricultural marketing to marketing of inputs and now all products and services. It faces many challenges including low literacy, income and infrastructure in rural areas. However, the rural market also has great potential due to its large population and rising prosperity. Successful rural marketing requires understanding rural consumers, improving infrastructure, and employing appropriate media and promotion strategies tailored to rural needs and culture.
Class 9 economics_chapter_3_poverty_as_challengeKamlesh Khanna
1) Bihar, Odisha, and Assam have the highest poverty ratios above the national average of 21.9%, while Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab have the lowest ratios below 8.3%.
2) Poverty has decreased at different rates in rural and urban areas, with expansion of services and industry reducing urban poverty faster than improvements in agriculture reducing rural poverty.
3) Targeted anti-poverty programs like MGNREGA aim to promote growth and provide employment, healthcare, and education for the poor, vulnerable groups, and women, but challenges remain in fully eradicating poverty.
Rural employment is essential for India as the country faces economic crises. Encouraging agriculture and rural industries can benefit the economy. There is a need to address both challenges and opportunities for rural employment. Strategies are needed to generate employment as unemployment and poverty continue to increase despite government programs. Providing at least 100 days of work through programs like MGNREGA can help address rural unemployment. Overall, more focus is needed on rural development, industrialization, infrastructure and policies to raise employment levels in India.
Role of non farm sector in the transformation of indias rural economyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about the role of the non-farm sector in transforming India's rural economy. It discusses how the non-farm sector has grown in importance with liberalization, providing employment as agriculture alone cannot support rural populations. Key points covered include how the non-farm sector helps smooth income flows and reduce vulnerability, growing non-farm employment in India, and the conclusion that the non-farm sector plays an important role in rural development as agriculture declines in importance.
Case study on India: Governance gap through Globalization, Neo-liberalism and...Apl Concepcion
This document discusses the impacts of globalization and neoliberal policies on poverty in India. It argues that while India has experienced significant economic growth through globalization and becoming more competitive internationally, this has come at the cost of neglecting the country's large agricultural sector and rural poor populations. As a result, poverty remains widespread and inequality between the rich and poor has increased. It also discusses the rise of new social movements in India that are challenging the government and globalization policies to better advocate for the needs and rights of marginalized groups.
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. The number of cultivators is declining and average landholding sizes are shrinking. Institutional credit to agriculture is declining and many farmers lack access. There is a need to shift away from unsustainable industrial models to more integrated, ecological farming systems suited to local conditions.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. Rural Ecology and Rural Development
✓ The Minister of Rural Development of India is: - Giriraj Singh.
✓ Three of these rural schemes are Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, District Rural
Development Agency, and SwarnaJayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana. What is the name of
this branch - Ministry of Rural Development.
✓ Rural development has three dimensions or aspects. These three dimensions are:- Social,
Economic and Political.
✓ Which is the apex institute at national level which provide re-finance facilities to
institutions engaged in providing rural credit – NABARD.
✓ An academy called _ for rural prosperity has been established - Jamshedji Tata National
Virtual Academy.
✓ Which of these is not an objective of rural development - To improve wages for the urban
population.
✓ Self-Help Groups help integrate formal credit systems into rural societies.
✓ Which of the following are non-institutional sources of rural credit – Moneylenders.
✓ Minimum Support Price is a promise to farmers that the government would buy their
produce at a particular price.
✓ It is a financial intermediary committee in villages with 10-20 people - Self-Help Group.
✓ Microcredit Program is defined as - Credit provision made by self-help groups to their
members.
✓ Self-help groups were introduced in – 1992.
Rural development means - Improving rural lives, meeting the fundamental needs of the
rural population, encouraging rural people to participate in social, economic, and cultural
activities.
Which of the following are important for the development of Rural Areas in India - Social
Infrastructure.
Which of the following is a type of Rural Development in India - Growth Center
Approach and Community, Driven Development, Sectoral Approach and Integrated
Development Approach.
Community size, population density, Homogeneity, Social interaction, Agriculture as the
main occupation, natural contact, social interaction, social stratification, and social
mobility are markers of which type of demographic - Rural population.
Importance and Role of Rural Sector in India
➢ India is an agricultural country with 70% of the workforce or two-third of the
population residing in Rural Areas.
➢ The growth of Indian GDP has substantial contribution from agriculture. Rural economy
contributes 46% towards the national income and 25-30% of India's GDP.
➢ Initially, the Primary Source of Rural Economy was agriculture, but the non-farm
sector has replaced this place. Revitalization of the rural economy is essential.
➢ The small scale and cottage industries can generate more jobs and entrepreneurs than the
organized sector - As even unskilled and semi-skilled people get employment here.
2. According to the 2011 census, the occupational composition of the population of India is
as follows:
✓ About 54.6 % of the total working population are Farmers and Agricultural Laborers
(Primary Sector).
✓ About 3.8 % of the total workers are engaged in Household industries (Secondary or
manufacturing activities).
✓ About 41.6% are other workers including non-domestic industry, trade, commerce,
construction, repair, and other services (tertiary occupation).
✓ The number of Male workers is more than Female workers in the above three
occupational categories.
✓ Female work participation in the Primary activities is more as compared to the
secondary and tertiary sectors.
✓ As per Census 2011, conducted by the Registrar General of India, the Total number of
Agricultural Workers in the country have increased from 234.1 million (127.3 million
cultivators and 106.8 million agricultural labourers) in 2001 to 263.1 million (118.8 million
cultivators and 144.3 million agricultural labourers) in 2011.
✓ However, the foodgrain production in the country has continued its upward trend and
during 2018-19 also the production is estimated at 284.95 million Tonnes (As Per Fourth
Advance Estimate, 2018-19).
Artisans and Handicraft
✓ Handicraft is one of the most important sectors in the Indian economy employing more than
seven million people.
✓ The Handcraft industry in India is dominated by female artisans with over 56% of the total
artisan. The country has 744 handicraft clusters employing nearly 212,000 artisans and offering
over 35,000 products.
✓ India is one of the largest handicrafts exporting country and a clear leader in the homemade
carpet segment both in terms of volume and value. During 2021-22, the total exports of Indian
handicrafts were valued at US$ 4.35 billion, a 25.7% increase from the previous year. Over
the past three years, the export of handmade goods, especially carpets, has grown steadily.
✓ The office of Development Commissioner (Handicrafts) is the nodal agency in the Government
of India for craft and artisan-based activities.
Constraints: The Handicraft sector has, however, suffered due to its very nature of being
unorganized, with the additional constraints of low capital, poor exposure to new technologies,
absence of market intelligence, and a poor institutional framework.
No. of Artisans: As per census of Handicrafts being conducted in the 11th Plan the major
highlights are as under - Total 68.86 Lakh, Male 30.25 Lakhs and Female 38.61 Lakhs.
Demographic Profile of Artisans: 56.13% - Female, 43.87 % - Male, OBC - 52.4%, General -
19.2%, SC - 20.8% and ST - 7.5%.
3. THE HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY
The Small Scale and Cottage Sector helps to solve social and economic problems of the
artisans, by providing employment to over 7 million artisans (including those in the Carpets trades)
which include a large number of women and people belonging to weaker sections of the society.
The emergence of handicrafts sector, as one of the sources of foreign exchange earnings for the
country, is evident from the data of exports of all India's handicrafts from India.
Trends of change in rural population and rural workforce
✓ India is predominantly a rural country. As per the 2011 Census, 68.8% of the country’s
population and 72.4% of the workforce reside in rural areas.
✓ However, steady transition to urbanization over the years is leading to the decline in the
share of population residing in the rural areas. Between 2001 and 2011, India’s urban
population increased by 31.8% as compared to 12.18% increase in the rural population.
✓ Over 50% of the increase in urban population during this period was attributed to rural–
urban migration and reclassification of rural settlements into urban.
✓ Share of Rural Areas in Total NDP and Workforce is decreased, and Worker Productivity
is increased. Share of Rural Areas in Workforce in manufacturing is increased
Contribution of Rural Areas in Indian Economy
✓ The rural areas engaged 84.1% of the total workforce and produced 62.4% of the total NDP
in 1970–71. Subsequently, rural share in the national income declined sharply till 1999–
2000.
✓ Rural share in total employment also witnessed decline but its pace did not match with the
changes in its share in national output or income.
✓ Notwithstanding, the difference between the rural share in output and employment
increased from 22 percentage points in 1970–71 to 28 percentage points in 1999–2000.
4. ✓ After 1999–2000, growth rate of rural economy picked up pace and was at par with the
growth rate of urban economy. This led to stabilization in rural contribution in total NDP
at around 48%.
✓ The rural share in national NDP dropped slightly from 2004–05 to 2011–12 despite
acceleration in growth rate. Based on these evidences, we can conclude that the urban
economy has overtaken rural economy in terms of output but urban employment is less
than half of the rural employment.
✓ Higher dependency for employment in rural areas has serious implications such as wide
disparities in worker productivities between rural and urban areas.
✓ The gap in per worker productivity was 36.63 thousand in 1970–71, and it crossed 1.11
lakh during 2011–12 at 2004–05 prices.
✓ In relative terms, the disparity in productivity of urban and rural workers narrowed down
after 1999–2000, but still an urban worker produces 2.8 times the output of rural worker.
Share in output and employment across sectors
✓ The sector-wise disaggregation shows significant changes in the contribution of rural areas
in the national economy. Besides producing almost all agricultural produce, rural areas
contributed around one-third of non-farm output and 46% of total employment in the
country.
✓ The most striking change in rural share was observed in the case of manufacturing sector.
Between 1970–71 and 2011–12, the share of rural areas in output of the manufacturing
sector doubled and exceeded the manufacturing production in urban areas.
✓ Rural areas contributed 51.3% of manufactured output in 2011–12. However, this sharp
increase in share in output did not fetch any increase in employment share. On the contrary,
rural share in total manufacturing employment in the country declined by 4.1 percentage
points during the 40 years preceding 2011–12.
✓ Clearly, manufacturing sector was shifting to rural areas but without commensurate
increase in the employment.
✓ In the same period, the share of rural areas in construction sector output increased by 5.5
percentage points, while employment share increased by 10.0 percentage points.
✓ In the case of services sector, rural areas lost to urban areas in a big way after 2004–05 and
accounted for 35% of services output in the country in 2011–12.
✓ These changes indicate that rural employment has risen at a much faster rate in relatively
low paid construction activities. The underlying reasons and implications of these changes
are discussed in the later sections of the paper.
Structural Changes in Rural Economy
From 1970–71 to 2011–12, India’s rural economy expanded from 229 billion to 34,167
billion at current prices and from 3,199 billion to 21,107 billion at 2004–05 prices.
In the same period, employment expanded from 191 million to 336 million. Thus, despite
almost seven times increase in output in rural India, employment could not even double in
this long period of four decades.
5. The period 1970–71 to 1993–94 witnessed 2.57% annual growth in the NDP of agriculture
sector as compared to 5.7% annual growth in non-farm sectors. As a consequence, the share
of agriculture in the rural NDP declined from 72.4% to 57% by 1993–94.
Among the non-farm sectors, manufacturing, construction, and services sectors
experienced 5.18%, 3.94%, and 6.1% annual growth respectively, and their share in rural
NDP increased by 2, 2 and 10 percentage points during the pre-reforms period,
respectively.
During the post-reform period (1993–94 to 2004–05), growth in the agricultural sector
decelerated to 1.87%, whereas growth rate in non-farm economy accelerated to 7.93%. The
effect of the slowdown in agriculture on rural economy was offset by significantly higher
growth in non-farm sectors which accelerated growth rate in rural economy to above 5%
as compared to 3.72% during the pre-reforms period.
These changes further reduced the share of agriculture in rural economy from 57% in 1993–
94 to 39% in 2004–05. Thus, the rural economy became more non-agricultural than
agricultural by 2004–05.
Among the non-farm sectors, services, manufacturing, and construction sectors constituted
37.3%, 11.5% and 7.8% share in rural output in 2004–05, respectively.
During 2004–05 to 2011–12, the agriculture sector witnessed revival and registered
impressive annual growth rate of 4.27%. Similarly, non-farm sectors growth accelerated to
9.21%. Based on acceleration in growth in both agriculture and non-farm sectors, this
period is termed as the “period of economic acceleration.” Annual growth in the overall
rural economy during this period was 7.45%. It is worth pointing that this witnessed a much
higher increase in agricultural prices as compared to non-agricultural prices, and growth
rate in agriculture and non-farm sectors at current prices was almost the same.
Therefore, the share of agriculture in rural NDP did not decline further and stood at a
marginally higher level of 39.2% in 2011–12 over 2004–05. Within non-farm sectors the
growth in services sector output decelerated to 3.48% after 2004–05 as compared to 8.55%
during the preceding decade.
Manufacturing and construction sectors witnessed impressive growth of 15.87% and
11.49% respectively between 2004–05 and 2011–12.
Consequently, in these seven years, the share of services sector declined from 37.3% to
27% whereas the share of manufacturing in rural economy increased from 11.4% to 18.4%
and construction sector share increased from 7.8% to 10.5%.