An Analysis Of Move-Strategy Structure And Functions Of Informality In Philippine English Undergraduate Theses Implications For Teaching Academic Writing
The document discusses the impact of displacement phenomena on landscape identity using Janet Stephenson's Cultural Values Model. The model categorizes landscape into three components: forms (visible elements), practices (behaviors/functions), and relationships (collective meanings). Nine case studies from around the world are analyzed that experienced major displacement to one of the three components. The analysis aims to understand how the components interact over time and how displacement impacts landscape identity. Key findings show regular patterns in how displacement affects the structural and intangible systems that create or destroy a landscape's identity, beyond spatial and historical contexts.
This annotated bibliography provides an overview of literature relevant to exploring representations of the McRobies Gully landfill site in Tasmania. The literature is divided into three sections: geographies of waste, aesthetics and ecological relations, and making landscapes. Key sources discuss waste as dependent on human culture rather than an inherent quality; critique linear understandings of waste in favor of complex networks; and analyze landscape as encoding political power and shaping human relationships with place over time through complex interrelations. Gaps in the literature regarding non-human animals' relationships with waste are also noted.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
Space and place – two aspects of the human landscape relationship-2007iswoyo
some of the key theories of landscape experience and empirical research related to those theories.
They are grouped around three concepts: First, we survey theories dealing with landscapes perceived
as a physical space, covering topics such as environmental preference and the evolutionary
basis of the psychological processes through which preferences arise. Secondly, we summarize some
of the theories dealing with landscape perceived as place. Here we discuss concepts such as “sense of
place” and “place identity”.We emphasize that place identity is a particular element contributing to
sense of place.Thirdly, we discuss theory and research concerning the role of landscapes for psychological
restoration, which bridges the approaches that treat landscape as space and those which treat
it as place. In the conclusion, we provide some suggestions for further integrative work.
Data analysis in geography simply concerns the methodology for collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. It frequently involves the application of statistical techniques useful in several ways ― first, these help summarize the findings of studies (example: total rainfall during a period in a state), second, these help understanding of the phenomenon under study (example: rainfall is more in the southern districts), third, these help forecast the state of variables (example: draught is likely during the next year), fourth, these help evaluate performance of certain activity (example: more rainfall means more rice production), fifth, these help decision making (example: finding out the best location for a H.S. School), sixth, they also help to establish whether relationships between the characteristics of a set of observations are genuine or not, and finally, certainly all these can show that the results of the analysis make a valuable contribution to the body of geographical knowledge.
Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results. Geographers primarily use statistics in the following ways: to describe and summarize spatial data, to make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns, to estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location, to use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data (population), to determine if the magnitude or frequency of some phenomenon differs from one location to another, and to learn whether an actual spatial pattern matches some expected pattern.
PhD Research is very important as it is a means of acquiring distinction in the academia as well as a mean to be eligible for academic jobs and promotion. There are certainly various issues and concerns relating to it.
This document provides an overview of landscape biography as an approach to landscape research. It discusses how landscape biography aims to address increasing specialization and the divide between objectivist and constructivist approaches in landscape studies. The document then summarizes the development of biographical approaches from 1979 to present in human geography, social anthropology, and archaeology. It introduces key issues in further developing landscape biography, including who authors landscapes, whether landscapes are "socialized nature", how temporal dimensions of landscapes take shape, and how planning and design contribute to landscape histories.
This document provides an overview of the development of urban sociology from the Chicago School in the early 20th century to more recent trends. It discusses the key contributions and theories developed by scholars from the Chicago School like Robert Park, Louis Wirth, and Ernest Burgess. Their early studies focused on human ecology and analyzing how the social and physical environment of cities impacted their growth. The document also examines later political economic and postmodern approaches to urban sociology.
This annotated bibliography provides an overview of literature relevant to exploring representations of the McRobies Gully landfill site in Tasmania. The literature is divided into three sections: geographies of waste, aesthetics and ecological relations, and making landscapes. Key sources discuss waste as dependent on human culture rather than an inherent quality; critique linear understandings of waste in favor of complex networks; and analyze landscape as encoding political power and shaping human relationships with place over time through complex interrelations. Gaps in the literature regarding non-human animals' relationships with waste are also noted.
Anthropological Relocations And The Limits Of DesignJeff Nelson
This document summarizes Lucy Suchman's reflections on her experience working between anthropology and design. Some key points:
1) Suchman uses the concepts of "location" and "design" as touchstones to examine anthropology's history and positioning in relation to technological and social issues, as well as her own relocation into worlds of professional technology design.
2) She argues that while design has been proposed as a model for anthropology's future, it is better seen as a subject for anthropological study. A critical anthropology of design is needed to understand its cultural imaginaries and politics.
3) Drawing on her own experiences bridging the two fields, Suchman reflects on what insights they provide
Space and place – two aspects of the human landscape relationship-2007iswoyo
some of the key theories of landscape experience and empirical research related to those theories.
They are grouped around three concepts: First, we survey theories dealing with landscapes perceived
as a physical space, covering topics such as environmental preference and the evolutionary
basis of the psychological processes through which preferences arise. Secondly, we summarize some
of the theories dealing with landscape perceived as place. Here we discuss concepts such as “sense of
place” and “place identity”.We emphasize that place identity is a particular element contributing to
sense of place.Thirdly, we discuss theory and research concerning the role of landscapes for psychological
restoration, which bridges the approaches that treat landscape as space and those which treat
it as place. In the conclusion, we provide some suggestions for further integrative work.
Data analysis in geography simply concerns the methodology for collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. It frequently involves the application of statistical techniques useful in several ways ― first, these help summarize the findings of studies (example: total rainfall during a period in a state), second, these help understanding of the phenomenon under study (example: rainfall is more in the southern districts), third, these help forecast the state of variables (example: draught is likely during the next year), fourth, these help evaluate performance of certain activity (example: more rainfall means more rice production), fifth, these help decision making (example: finding out the best location for a H.S. School), sixth, they also help to establish whether relationships between the characteristics of a set of observations are genuine or not, and finally, certainly all these can show that the results of the analysis make a valuable contribution to the body of geographical knowledge.
Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results. Geographers primarily use statistics in the following ways: to describe and summarize spatial data, to make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns, to estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location, to use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data (population), to determine if the magnitude or frequency of some phenomenon differs from one location to another, and to learn whether an actual spatial pattern matches some expected pattern.
PhD Research is very important as it is a means of acquiring distinction in the academia as well as a mean to be eligible for academic jobs and promotion. There are certainly various issues and concerns relating to it.
This document provides an overview of landscape biography as an approach to landscape research. It discusses how landscape biography aims to address increasing specialization and the divide between objectivist and constructivist approaches in landscape studies. The document then summarizes the development of biographical approaches from 1979 to present in human geography, social anthropology, and archaeology. It introduces key issues in further developing landscape biography, including who authors landscapes, whether landscapes are "socialized nature", how temporal dimensions of landscapes take shape, and how planning and design contribute to landscape histories.
This document provides an overview of the development of urban sociology from the Chicago School in the early 20th century to more recent trends. It discusses the key contributions and theories developed by scholars from the Chicago School like Robert Park, Louis Wirth, and Ernest Burgess. Their early studies focused on human ecology and analyzing how the social and physical environment of cities impacted their growth. The document also examines later political economic and postmodern approaches to urban sociology.
developments of human centered theoriesPooja Kumari
This document provides information about behaviouralism in geography. It discusses how behaviouralism developed due to dissatisfaction with positivist models based on economic rationality. The behavioural approach emphasizes subjective and decision-making variables that influence human-environment relationships. It lists the objectives and fundamental arguments of behavioural geography, including that people have environmental images that influence decision-making. The document also provides details about humanistic geography and its criticisms of quantitative models.
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
The cultural-historical landmark of Shooshtar has traversed a very long distant since the ancient era. In fact it was the mutual corporation of history and nature that end up as a city like Shooshtar which is a combination of both tradition and culture, emerged authentically in a wild natural way through time; and taking the important historical landmarks under consideration, it is expected to become one significant tourism attraction district. Retaining the sustainable aspects of the city, this research aims to restore connection between natural and historical layers within the boundaries of natural city landscape restoration and its main purpose is to provide a range of principles and solutions for a sustainable development, natural resources‟ conservation, and retaining the historical sight of Shadorvan Bridge. Primary in this research, the issue and research method will be defined and afterwards, paraphrasing the keywords of historical landmark and the principles of landmark restoration would lead toward a series of principles for sustainable conservation in a historical landscape. Studying the site would be the next step and following the landscape restoration rules, some issues such as points of strength & weakness, opportunities, natural threats and vernacular culture will be concluded in a table, which all finally will indicate the criterions of preservation to the historical landscape restoration of Shadorvan Bridge. The total conclusion would reveal that the restoration of all the existing layers through the land and understanding the interconnections will guide us to a comprehensive & general restoration ways of the similar landmarks. The fulfillment of this research is achieved by means of descriptive-analytic method (with practical approach) in the context of library studies, harvest field and documents review, detailed plans, summary information and applied access to general principles.
This document provides an overview of geography as an academic discipline. It begins by defining geography as the study of the earth's physical features and human systems. It then covers various key concepts in geography like place, space, environment, interconnection, sustainability, scale and change. The document also discusses the history and evolution of geography as a field of study. It outlines the key elements of geography and discusses the relationships between geography and other social sciences. Finally, it provides descriptions of the sub-disciplines of physical geography and human geography.
Art makes society an introductory visual essay.pdfShannon Green
This article discusses how art helps constitute social relations in four key ways:
1) Art creates sites for shared social interaction and participation.
2) People use art to create and assert models for social relations and represent social groups.
3) Art serves as cultural capital, marking members of society through shared knowledge or access.
4) Art can be used for exclusion or resisting authority, challenging power relations.
The article aims to move beyond viewing art as objects for individual aesthetic appreciation, and instead considers how art is integrated in cultural practices and social life.
The document summarizes a lecture on the Landscape school of human geography and concepts of spatial analysis. It discusses key ideas from the Landscape school, including Sauer's focus on how cultural activities create distinct landscapes through time. It also reviews factors that shape natural and cultural landscapes, and how the landscape approach has evolved with less emphasis on determinism and a more holistic view. Spatial analysis is introduced as a parallel approach using quantitative methods to study relationships between physical and human geographic patterns.
This document discusses models and paradigms in archaeology. It defines a model as an orientation or conceptual structure that guides thinking and describes relationships. Paradigms are patterns or frameworks. The document outlines four paradigms used in archaeology: 1) Morphological focuses on artifact analysis, 2) Ecological reconstructs human-environment dynamics, 3) Anthropological derives models from ethnology, and 4) Geographical borrows from modern geography emphasizing spatial relationships. It provides David Clarke's work on the Mesolithic economy and Glastonbury site excavation as examples applying these paradigms.
This document summarizes an original research article that explores indicators of social change through an analysis of two planned communities - Sippy Downs, Australia and Masdar City, United Arab Emirates. The study uses Sorokin's theory of cultural dynamics and pendulum theory of social change as a framework. It analyzes the urban design, architecture, and values of the two communities to gain insights into cultural change dynamics. The results indicate that Western society is in the late sensate phase and postmodernism shares characteristics with this phase. Sustainability thinking appears to bridge to an emerging idealistic phase, though green technology is emphasized more than social innovation.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
This document discusses post-modernism in geography and the future of geography as a discipline. It provides context around the rise of post-modernism as a critique of modernism in the late 1980s. It outlines some key themes and pioneers of post-modernism geography. The document also discusses the development of geography in the 21st century, including tools used by geographers like GIS and remote sensing, as well as branches of geography like physical, human, and regional geography.
Class 12th Chapter 1(Human Geography Nature and Scope) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
About Memory A Study In The Work Of Clive RundleDaniel Wachtel
This document provides an overview and introduction to a research study on fashion and memory. It discusses frameworks for studying notions of memory in creative works, including art that references past events. It focuses on an analysis of the fashion design work of South African designer Clive Rundle to explore evidence of history and memory. The study aims to contribute to the academic discourse on South African fashion by providing an in-depth case study of Rundle's work and investigating conceptual and material traces of memory within his designs. It discusses theories of memory in objects and how fashion can negotiate the present while referencing the past.
A B S T R A C T
For centuries the aesthetic significance of space organization has been one of the significant subjects of study for most artists, architects, urban designers and philosophers. Cities which experience diverse stages of growth transmit dissimilar aesthetic values due to their locations, culture, history and background. This research will try to take out the aesthetic values of the traditional European cities through the literature on aesthetic of urban design. Accordingly, this study reflects the term urban aesthetics in spatial organization. It tries to answer the question of how space organization can lead to the aesthetic understanding of a place. The methodology for this study developed based on grounded theory study and qualitative assessments of European cities thorough the literature review. Overall, the study assessed integration, visual connectivity, vitality, spatial quality, as the main factors in shaping the aesthetic quality of the urban environment in European traditional cities. At the end, it proposed the findings to apply in contemporary urban designing.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 66-75. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3659
13LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TOLOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICEAnastaciaShadelb
This document summarizes an anthropological study examining climate action efforts in two diverse Chicago neighborhoods - South Chicago and North Kenwood/Oakland. The Field Museum conducted ethnographic research in these neighborhoods to understand sociocultural viewpoints on climate change and identify opportunities to engage residents in the city's climate action plan. The research found that while climate change may not be a top concern, there are ways to promote carbon reduction strategies by linking them to issues like environmental health, energy efficiency, and job creation that communities do care about. The research aims to help make climate action more relevant and effective at the local level.
This document provides a summary of 10 artworks that provide context for the project "Waste in Place: The McRobies Gully Tip as Landscape". The artworks are divided into two sections: 1) "Framing Waste", which discusses works that have used waste as a device to critique social, economic and environmental perspectives; and 2) "Transformational Relations", which discusses works that have sought to provoke consideration of human relations with animals, objects or place. The works discussed use a variety of media including sculpture, photography, video and installation. They address issues such as waste and consumption, human impact on the environment, and complex relationships between humans, objects and sites. The document concludes that these artworks
The Perspective and Association of Geography with Environment and Societypaperpublications3
Abstract: The study examines the relationship of the discipline of Geography with conceptual terms of Environment and society. Geography is seen as a spatial science, majorly concerned with spatial analysis, of how and why things differ from place to place and how observable spatial pattern evolved through time on the surface of the earth. The study adopts a survey of literature as its methodology. It is observable that every society has its individual physical and cultural attributes that distinguishing it from other societies; thus giving it unique character, potential and location. And it is found that in society cultural traits are more pronounced in changing the natural phenomena of the environment. The Environment is better understood when broken to its component: atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere and biosphere. Environment has all that is needed to sustain the society and all that is required for life sustenance. It provides the setting with which human action occurs, its shapes but not dictate, how people live in the society as well as their resource base. However, how resources are perceived and utilized is culturally conditioned in society. And virtually every human activity leaves its imprint on the environment. Environment and society form the laboratory for geographic operation. And its spheres form the space which is the major concern in geography and the concept of society introduces the important factor of culture which greatly has direct impact on the environment. The socio-cultural content of the society is influenced by the environment where it locates and the society modifies the content of the environment. There are interconnection between the environment and society which purposely produces spatial patterns with their hidden mechanism of spatial process, accessibility and connectively in addition to idea of location and distance. Advance level of interaction has produced globalization which has accelerated greater spatial diffusion of idea and material resources in the world. The major role of geography is to ensure harmonious spatial organization and inter relationship between and among societies on one hand and between society and its environment on the other. Thus, this is being pursued in geography through its traditions: Earth science, cultural-environment, the location (space), the areal analysis and various paradigms and spatial techniques. It is therefore recommended that for speedy development in developing nations particularly at combating the myriad of environmental challenges and appropriate exploitation and utilization of environmental resources, the spatial tool should be adopted as contained in the discipline of Geography.
This document discusses key concepts in the study and teaching of geography and sociology. It covers:
- The founders and early development of sociology as a field, including the contributions of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
- The four traditions of geography: spatial, area studies, human-environment interaction, and earth science.
- Key concepts in sociology like social interaction, symbolic interactionism, and the development of social classes and identity.
- Tools used in geography like maps and methods like fieldwork.
It provides an overview of important topics and thinkers that shaped the development of both geography and sociology as academic disciplines
How To Write Dialogue A Master List Of Grammar TechniquesDereck Downing
This document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
Writing Paper Service Educational Blog Secrets To Writing Blog EvenDereck Downing
The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and sources. Writers will bid on the request and their qualifications will be reviewed to select one for the assignment. The customer can then review and approve the work or request revisions until satisfied.
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developments of human centered theoriesPooja Kumari
This document provides information about behaviouralism in geography. It discusses how behaviouralism developed due to dissatisfaction with positivist models based on economic rationality. The behavioural approach emphasizes subjective and decision-making variables that influence human-environment relationships. It lists the objectives and fundamental arguments of behavioural geography, including that people have environmental images that influence decision-making. The document also provides details about humanistic geography and its criticisms of quantitative models.
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
The cultural-historical landmark of Shooshtar has traversed a very long distant since the ancient era. In fact it was the mutual corporation of history and nature that end up as a city like Shooshtar which is a combination of both tradition and culture, emerged authentically in a wild natural way through time; and taking the important historical landmarks under consideration, it is expected to become one significant tourism attraction district. Retaining the sustainable aspects of the city, this research aims to restore connection between natural and historical layers within the boundaries of natural city landscape restoration and its main purpose is to provide a range of principles and solutions for a sustainable development, natural resources‟ conservation, and retaining the historical sight of Shadorvan Bridge. Primary in this research, the issue and research method will be defined and afterwards, paraphrasing the keywords of historical landmark and the principles of landmark restoration would lead toward a series of principles for sustainable conservation in a historical landscape. Studying the site would be the next step and following the landscape restoration rules, some issues such as points of strength & weakness, opportunities, natural threats and vernacular culture will be concluded in a table, which all finally will indicate the criterions of preservation to the historical landscape restoration of Shadorvan Bridge. The total conclusion would reveal that the restoration of all the existing layers through the land and understanding the interconnections will guide us to a comprehensive & general restoration ways of the similar landmarks. The fulfillment of this research is achieved by means of descriptive-analytic method (with practical approach) in the context of library studies, harvest field and documents review, detailed plans, summary information and applied access to general principles.
This document provides an overview of geography as an academic discipline. It begins by defining geography as the study of the earth's physical features and human systems. It then covers various key concepts in geography like place, space, environment, interconnection, sustainability, scale and change. The document also discusses the history and evolution of geography as a field of study. It outlines the key elements of geography and discusses the relationships between geography and other social sciences. Finally, it provides descriptions of the sub-disciplines of physical geography and human geography.
Art makes society an introductory visual essay.pdfShannon Green
This article discusses how art helps constitute social relations in four key ways:
1) Art creates sites for shared social interaction and participation.
2) People use art to create and assert models for social relations and represent social groups.
3) Art serves as cultural capital, marking members of society through shared knowledge or access.
4) Art can be used for exclusion or resisting authority, challenging power relations.
The article aims to move beyond viewing art as objects for individual aesthetic appreciation, and instead considers how art is integrated in cultural practices and social life.
The document summarizes a lecture on the Landscape school of human geography and concepts of spatial analysis. It discusses key ideas from the Landscape school, including Sauer's focus on how cultural activities create distinct landscapes through time. It also reviews factors that shape natural and cultural landscapes, and how the landscape approach has evolved with less emphasis on determinism and a more holistic view. Spatial analysis is introduced as a parallel approach using quantitative methods to study relationships between physical and human geographic patterns.
This document discusses models and paradigms in archaeology. It defines a model as an orientation or conceptual structure that guides thinking and describes relationships. Paradigms are patterns or frameworks. The document outlines four paradigms used in archaeology: 1) Morphological focuses on artifact analysis, 2) Ecological reconstructs human-environment dynamics, 3) Anthropological derives models from ethnology, and 4) Geographical borrows from modern geography emphasizing spatial relationships. It provides David Clarke's work on the Mesolithic economy and Glastonbury site excavation as examples applying these paradigms.
This document summarizes an original research article that explores indicators of social change through an analysis of two planned communities - Sippy Downs, Australia and Masdar City, United Arab Emirates. The study uses Sorokin's theory of cultural dynamics and pendulum theory of social change as a framework. It analyzes the urban design, architecture, and values of the two communities to gain insights into cultural change dynamics. The results indicate that Western society is in the late sensate phase and postmodernism shares characteristics with this phase. Sustainability thinking appears to bridge to an emerging idealistic phase, though green technology is emphasized more than social innovation.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
This document discusses post-modernism in geography and the future of geography as a discipline. It provides context around the rise of post-modernism as a critique of modernism in the late 1980s. It outlines some key themes and pioneers of post-modernism geography. The document also discusses the development of geography in the 21st century, including tools used by geographers like GIS and remote sensing, as well as branches of geography like physical, human, and regional geography.
Class 12th Chapter 1(Human Geography Nature and Scope) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
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This document provides an overview and introduction to a research study on fashion and memory. It discusses frameworks for studying notions of memory in creative works, including art that references past events. It focuses on an analysis of the fashion design work of South African designer Clive Rundle to explore evidence of history and memory. The study aims to contribute to the academic discourse on South African fashion by providing an in-depth case study of Rundle's work and investigating conceptual and material traces of memory within his designs. It discusses theories of memory in objects and how fashion can negotiate the present while referencing the past.
A B S T R A C T
For centuries the aesthetic significance of space organization has been one of the significant subjects of study for most artists, architects, urban designers and philosophers. Cities which experience diverse stages of growth transmit dissimilar aesthetic values due to their locations, culture, history and background. This research will try to take out the aesthetic values of the traditional European cities through the literature on aesthetic of urban design. Accordingly, this study reflects the term urban aesthetics in spatial organization. It tries to answer the question of how space organization can lead to the aesthetic understanding of a place. The methodology for this study developed based on grounded theory study and qualitative assessments of European cities thorough the literature review. Overall, the study assessed integration, visual connectivity, vitality, spatial quality, as the main factors in shaping the aesthetic quality of the urban environment in European traditional cities. At the end, it proposed the findings to apply in contemporary urban designing.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 66-75. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3659
13LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TOLOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICEAnastaciaShadelb
This document summarizes an anthropological study examining climate action efforts in two diverse Chicago neighborhoods - South Chicago and North Kenwood/Oakland. The Field Museum conducted ethnographic research in these neighborhoods to understand sociocultural viewpoints on climate change and identify opportunities to engage residents in the city's climate action plan. The research found that while climate change may not be a top concern, there are ways to promote carbon reduction strategies by linking them to issues like environmental health, energy efficiency, and job creation that communities do care about. The research aims to help make climate action more relevant and effective at the local level.
This document provides a summary of 10 artworks that provide context for the project "Waste in Place: The McRobies Gully Tip as Landscape". The artworks are divided into two sections: 1) "Framing Waste", which discusses works that have used waste as a device to critique social, economic and environmental perspectives; and 2) "Transformational Relations", which discusses works that have sought to provoke consideration of human relations with animals, objects or place. The works discussed use a variety of media including sculpture, photography, video and installation. They address issues such as waste and consumption, human impact on the environment, and complex relationships between humans, objects and sites. The document concludes that these artworks
The Perspective and Association of Geography with Environment and Societypaperpublications3
Abstract: The study examines the relationship of the discipline of Geography with conceptual terms of Environment and society. Geography is seen as a spatial science, majorly concerned with spatial analysis, of how and why things differ from place to place and how observable spatial pattern evolved through time on the surface of the earth. The study adopts a survey of literature as its methodology. It is observable that every society has its individual physical and cultural attributes that distinguishing it from other societies; thus giving it unique character, potential and location. And it is found that in society cultural traits are more pronounced in changing the natural phenomena of the environment. The Environment is better understood when broken to its component: atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere and biosphere. Environment has all that is needed to sustain the society and all that is required for life sustenance. It provides the setting with which human action occurs, its shapes but not dictate, how people live in the society as well as their resource base. However, how resources are perceived and utilized is culturally conditioned in society. And virtually every human activity leaves its imprint on the environment. Environment and society form the laboratory for geographic operation. And its spheres form the space which is the major concern in geography and the concept of society introduces the important factor of culture which greatly has direct impact on the environment. The socio-cultural content of the society is influenced by the environment where it locates and the society modifies the content of the environment. There are interconnection between the environment and society which purposely produces spatial patterns with their hidden mechanism of spatial process, accessibility and connectively in addition to idea of location and distance. Advance level of interaction has produced globalization which has accelerated greater spatial diffusion of idea and material resources in the world. The major role of geography is to ensure harmonious spatial organization and inter relationship between and among societies on one hand and between society and its environment on the other. Thus, this is being pursued in geography through its traditions: Earth science, cultural-environment, the location (space), the areal analysis and various paradigms and spatial techniques. It is therefore recommended that for speedy development in developing nations particularly at combating the myriad of environmental challenges and appropriate exploitation and utilization of environmental resources, the spatial tool should be adopted as contained in the discipline of Geography.
This document discusses key concepts in the study and teaching of geography and sociology. It covers:
- The founders and early development of sociology as a field, including the contributions of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
- The four traditions of geography: spatial, area studies, human-environment interaction, and earth science.
- Key concepts in sociology like social interaction, symbolic interactionism, and the development of social classes and identity.
- Tools used in geography like maps and methods like fieldwork.
It provides an overview of important topics and thinkers that shaped the development of both geography and sociology as academic disciplines
Similar to An Analysis Of Move-Strategy Structure And Functions Of Informality In Philippine English Undergraduate Theses Implications For Teaching Academic Writing (20)
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This document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and sources. Writers will bid on the request and their qualifications will be reviewed to select one for the assignment. The customer can then review and approve the work or request revisions until satisfied.
1. The document discusses a case study about the Russian ice cream company Ice Fili.
2. It provides context on the Russian ice cream industry, noting opportunities for domestic producers after the 1998 financial crisis.
3. The analysis examines Ice Fili's external environment, including industry competitors and the threat of new market entrants.
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Here are the key points to consider in your situation analysis for Nirvana Pro Cleaning Services:
- Product/Services: High quality residential and commercial cleaning services including laundry, bag and shoe cleaning.
- Current Market: The cleaning services market is competitive with many established players. Customers value quality, reliability and affordability.
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This document describes an experiment to investigate the effect of surface area on the rate of a catalyzed reaction using the enzyme catalase. Catalase is an enzyme found in living cells that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The experiment will involve measuring the time taken for catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide at different surface areas of a catalase solution. Controls and repeated trials will help ensure accuracy and reliability of the results. Factors like temperature will be kept consistent to avoid their confounding effects on the reaction rate.
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- The program will track customer purchasing histories and allow customers to accumulate redeemable loyalty points that can be used for gifts or services from partner companies.
The document discusses the origins of simple belonging systems, noting that ancient Babylonians adopted the decimal system of mathematics from another early civilization, and that in 498 AD the Indian mathematician Aryabhatta introduced the modern ten-based decimal value system when he stated "place to place in ten times in value," which may have been the origin of using ten numbers with the Hindu decimal zero.
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The document provides instructions for students to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The document encourages choosing HelpWriting.net for original, high-quality content.
The film uses lighting in unconventional ways to create a surreal atmosphere and heighten the sense of unease, often employing low-key lighting styles and harsh contrasts between light and shadow to reflect the psychological disorientation and moral ambiguity of the Vietnam War. Scenes set at night or in remote jungle areas rely heavily on low-light filming techniques to build suspense and isolate characters in darkness.
The document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through this process.
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1. The document provides instructions for requesting an online essay writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: create an account, complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, choose a writer based on bids, review the completed paper, and request revisions if needed.
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This document discusses a target market for a proposed bioluminescent jellyfish daywear dress collection. The target market is petite fashion-forward women ages 18-30, who are part of Generation Y. This demographic buys clothing to fit in with peers and have an identity. They are adept with technology and social media. The target market trusts socially responsible companies and lives in Toronto, Canada in apartments over 5 stories. Most have a post-secondary education.
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This document outlines a 5-step process for getting writing help from the HelpWriting.net website. It explains how to create an account, submit a request with instructions and deadline, review bids from writers, choose a writer and make a deposit, and authorize payment after reviewing the completed paper. It notes that the site uses a bidding system and offers free revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
This document provides instructions for getting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
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The document discusses the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and choose one based on qualifications, 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased, and 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
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This document discusses the diversity and importance of soil invertebrates. It notes that soil invertebrates like arthropods and nematodes provide key ecosystem services such as nutrient recycling, soil structure formation, and decomposition. Common soil invertebrates that help with these processes include ants, dung beetles, earthworms, and slugs. Invertebrates as a whole may constitute up to 23% of the world's biodiversity. Their roles in seed dispersal and pollination are particularly important for food production and nutrient cycling. Without soil invertebrates, plant species would be more vulnerable to extinction.
This document discusses three different portrayals of climate change: The Day After Tomorrow, An Inconvenient Truth, and Field Notes from a Catastrophe.
The Day After Tomorrow uses sensationalist techniques like an instantly induced ice age and action scenes to portray climate change, sacrificing credibility. An Inconvenient Truth uses Al Gore's presentation style and graphics to persuade viewers factually about climate change. Field Notes from a Catastrophe uses first-hand observations to realistically portray the impacts already occurring from climate change.
24/7 Intouch Contact Centre is an award-winning call center that started as a small telephone services company. It provides customer service, sales, and other contact center services to small, mid-size, and enterprise businesses. Some of its clients include Lyft, Sephora, and Le Chateau. The company aims to provide positive customer experiences and uses technology to improve efficiency. It has locations in Canada, the US, Guatemala, and is opening a new branch in the Philippines.
The document discusses the origins and development of New Orleans jazz music. It states that jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century as a fusion of African and European musical traditions. Music was deeply ingrained in the culture of New Orleans and played at social events like funerals. Early New Orleans jazz was played by brass bands and incorporated collective improvisation. In the early 20th century, jazz began to spread to other cities as musicians migrated. New Orleans jazz styles like Dixieland jazz remained popular and influenced the development of later jazz styles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
An Analysis Of Move-Strategy Structure And Functions Of Informality In Philippine English Undergraduate Theses Implications For Teaching Academic Writing
1. 5
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
*Corresponding author: ashraf.ali@ktu.edu
Impact of Displacement
Phenomena on Landscape
Identity: Application of
Cultural Values Model Received
2020/09/17
Accepted after
revision
2020/11/10
Journal of Sustainable
Architecture and Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 / No. 28 / 2021
pp. 5-14
DOI 10.5755/j01.sace.28.1.27675
Impact of
Displacement
Phenomena on
Landscape Identity:
Application of
Cultural Values Model
JSACE 1/28
http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.28.1.27675
Ali Ashraf Mohamed Talat Ibrahim*, Jūratė Kamičaitytė
Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
Studentu st. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania
The research attempted to discover the impact of displacement phenomena on the identity of landscape, by
using Janet Stephenson’s Cultural Values Model to study and analyze cultural landscapes. The model was
chosen due to its universality, simplicity and embodiment of the relational concept of landscape perception and
evaluation. The result of landscape evaluation depends on the characteristics of both landscape and observer, as
well as on the relation of the object and subject. In order to understand the complexity and diversity of landscape
and its identity, these were analyzed through a ternary system, consisting of forms, practices, and relationships,
i.e. what is seen, what is happening and what it means to those who see and use it. The research represents
a feasible and pragmatic approach to understand the complexity of landscape and its identity, by tracing back
their retrospective changes due to the impact of displacement phenomena – a shift of objects, behaviours
or relationships. Through this theoretical and methodological model, multiple universal correlational patterns
were developing, in which the three components encountering the displacement behave and interact with each
other, leading to an ambiguous impact on landscape identity and the socio-cultural quality of the human living
environment. By studying and time-tracking different landscape cases that experienced major displacements
from around the world to one of landscape’s systemic components, the research results show some regular
patterns in landscape identity changes, and how its structural tangible and intangible system performs and
effects in creating, or destroying landscape identity, defying the limits of spatial and historical context.
Keywords: displacement phenomena, cultural values model, landscape, identity.
Introduction
The term “Landscape” is comprised of everything that is perceived, making the term an extremely
broad one, but that is also frequently associated with only the natural elements of our environ-
ment. (European Landscape Convention, 2000) defines landscape as an essential component of
people’s surroundings, an expression of the diversity of their shared cultural and natural heritage,
and a foundation of their identity.
Any landscape that is used by humans is inclined to get influenced by man-made objects and the
intangible subjective aspects of the human perception, transforming it into “Cultural Landscape”,
whereby an interplay connection between the tangible and the subjective aspects of landscape
occurs (Triandis, 2000).
To control this wide-ranging elements of landscape, Dr. Janet Stephenson’s Cultural Values Model
(2007) was used as a blueprint for identifying landscape and their elements. Selection of the Cul-
tural Values Model of Stephenson was based on its simplicity, comprehensiveness and its preci-
2. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
6
sion in modeling cultural landscape. The model works by categorizing and blending both material
objects of nature and man, their subjective aspects, and considering the physiological, and psy-
chological experience when utilizing, and perceiving landscape. The Cultural Values Model made
it possible to study and analyze landscape in a ternary view, dividing it into: 1) forms – all visible
elements, natural and man-made (man-made elements are divided into two main subcategories:
1A) Forms of Figures, sculptural or monumental forms, and 1B) Forms of Practices, forms that
can host functions, architectural buildings), 2) practices – all types of behaviours and functions
that occurs, and 3) relationships – all that is the collectively agreed subjective aspects, and their
significance. In addition, Stephenson took into account the temporality of landscape in the Model,
since time was perceived as having a role in shaping the identity of the landscape. Therefore, the
current visible and perceivable landscape is a result of the present layers and all the past layers
that are either evolved or overwritten by the present layers as the landscape will always maintain
a residue attachment to the past layers.
The research attempts to explore the development of landscape layers, identify their elements con-
nections, and how they interact with each other, to fill the gaps of knowledge regarding cultural
landscape’s behaviour; to find the answers to the questions if there is a specific dynamic those
three elements communicate, and is there a language, pattern or sequence of landscape’s identity
and how it behaves due to the occurrence of displacement phenomena – a shift of forms, practices
(functions) or relationships.
Methods
The chosen research method is a case study. Case studies were selected based on their capacity to
unveil previous embedded layers of landscape, and how these affected landscape’s identity when
it was visible. Selection of cases started from selecting cases that had major displacements. For
example, Ramses Square in Cairo was named after Ramses II statue that got displaced to the new
Egyptian museum but maintained its name. Similarly, to the displaced Ancient Egyptian object,
the other selected case was Place de le Concorde in France, where one of the obelisks from Luxor
Temple was displaced to the busiest square in Paris. The displaced objects and their influence led
us to study local case with similar situation like Grutas Park in Lithuania and study the impact
of removing Soviet sculptures from the city to natural green area in altering landscape’s identity.
The aim of these cases analysis was to allow us to study and understand the impact of displace-
ment of one of the landscape components (forms, practices, and relationships) on the other two,
which led to the selection of three cases of major displacement per each component, leading to a
selection of nine initial cases. For the analysis of displacement of forms Ramses Square in Cairo
Egypt, Grutas Park in Lithuania and Marble Arch in London were selected. For the analysis of dis-
placement of practices Wynwood Walls in Miami, United States (selected due to the displacement
of warehouses to art spaces, which led to economic development of the area), Frida Kahlo Mu-
seum in Mexico (changed from a private residential house to a museum), and provisional capital
Kaunas in Lithuania, experimenting historical tracing to city scale, were selected. And finally, for
the representation of relationships displacement, cases of uprising and revolutions were selected
such as Pearl Roundabout in Bahrain, Place de la Concorde in Paris, and the case of Luxor Temple
where four different religions existed in the same structural complex.
The interconnection of objects history and their displacement from or to different context, required
us to study these connections universally and not contextually. From this sequence of selections,
we managed to obtain universal language and behaviour of landscape identities from around the
world, ranging from America, Africa, Europe and Asia.
Overall, the research method was divided into five steps: collecting historical data (1), analyzing
the data through event timelines (2), transferring the data to displacement tables (3), creating land-
scape identity tracking system readings (4), and labelling landscape tracking systems (5).
3. 7
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
Detailed historical data about the studied objects were collected from multiple resources. The ob-
jects could either be for example an urban area, or a singular building. Then the data were filtered
and narrowed to the three elements of landscape identity: forms, practices, and relationships.
Historical data is the main determiner of landscape identity readings: the more informative and
granular they are, the more accurate the resultant readings will be. The most important histor-
ical data that should have been gathered in the context of this research were the changes that
occurred to one of the three studied elements (forms, practices, or relationships), and if possible,
their impact on each other.
It should be noted that the elements of forms and practices are relatively easy to trace, since the former
is related to the physical changes of the studied object, the latter is related to the change in the object’s
functions. In general, both elements are more readily available in the historical archives. As for the el-
ement of relationships, this has been derived by either how the society identified or named the studied
object, or by utilizing other manifest indicators, such as news of vandalism or ‘controversial’ reactions.
Below there is a case example of how three elements evolved and interacted over the time at Ram-
ses Square (Fig. 1). There were several pivotal changes that impacted the studied area, most notably:
Fig. 1
The evolution of Ramses
Square (from left to right):
Nahdet Misr Square,
Ramses Square with
Ramses II Statue, Ramses
Square without the statue
(Electronic Portal of Cairo
Governorate)
#
_ The development of the area from a vil-
lage named “Um Danin” to Cairo’s main
railway station, by building the station and
officially changing the name of the area to
“Bab Al Hadid” (The Iron Gate).
_ The placement of Nahdet Misr statue in a
central location within the square, an event
thatcreatedanadditionalrelationshipbyref-
erencing the square as Nahdet Misr Square.
_ The displacement of Nahdet Misr stat-
ue from the square to Giza, and then its
replacement with the Ancient Egyptian
statue of Ramses II, an event that led to
changing the name of both the square and
the railway station to Ramses Square and
Ramses Station
_ The displacement of Ramses II statue to the
Grand Egyptian Museum site in 2006. Un-
like the previous displacement, the square
and the train station maintained their name
which referenced the displaced statue.
To simplify the historical data, an event timeline
was created (Fig. 2) that indicates the displace-
ment of each one of the landscape elements,
and shows their influence on each other. The
event timeline allows us to indicate missing in-
formation from the collected data, and wheth-
er it is necessary to find them or not. Accuracy
of sudden impact of one element on the other
is not necessary, as the displacement of one
element can influence the other two months,
or few years later, or not at all.
4. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
8
Fig. 2
The event timeline of
Ramses Square
Fig. 2. The event timeline of Ramses Square
Developing an event timeline starts with the process of dividing historical data to the three components.
By mapping them out linearly, it allows us to see if there was an impact in the displacement or not.#In
#
Fig. 2. The event timeline of Ramses Square
Developing an event timeline starts with the process of dividing historical data to the three components.
By mapping them out linearly, it allows us to see if there was an impact in the displacement or not.#In
#
Developing an event timeline starts with the process of dividing historical data to the three com-
ponents. By mapping them out linearly, it allows us to see if there was an impact in the displace-
ment or not. In the initial state, we can see displacement of forms occurring but not affecting
either practices or relationships (Fig. 2). Effective displacement started when there was a shift in
more than one of the components, in this case all three components, and that was after the area
became Cairo’s main transportation point. Second and third displacements were between the
forms and relationships, while the practices remained stable.
A displacement table was then created in order to highlight further the displacement events and
their impact, thus showing the number of displacements and how they affected each element of
landscape, beginning from the initial studied state to the current state (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Example of a
displacement table (the
case of Ramses Square)
The red label indicates the initiator of displacement. In the case of Ramses Square, by chang-
ing the main practice of the area from the village to transportation point, one can ask: did the
occurrence change the physical features of the square? If yes, then forms get an X, if no, it can
be indicated with O. The same can be applied to the forms and relationships. The safest way to
indicate relationships and their displacement is according to the name of the square: did it change
how people identify and perceive the building? If yes, then relationships get an X, if no, it is indi-
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Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
cated with O. Ø indicates the absence or removal of the preceding component. For ex., in Ramses
Square the form of figure is no longer there, so it was indicated with the symbol Ø.
From the studied cases, there was an evident difference between sculptural forms (ones that do
not host functions), and functional forms (buildings that host functions), which were separated to
forms of figures (FF) and forms of practices (FP).
Later each initiated displacement and its influence was demonstrated by creating a model of land-
scape identity system. Through it we can see the communications and sequences in visible read-
ings (creating landscape identity tracking system readings), and by labelling them we can analyze
and study them quantitively (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Diagram of reading
Landscape Identity
Tracking System
Selection of forms of practices or forms of
figures depends on the current stage of time-
line that is being studied: if the form of figure
(statute or monument) or the form of practice
(building) is changing the landscape identity.
The red indicates the initiator, the arrow indi-
cates the sequence of impact, starting from the
initiator, according to the data of displacement
table. All readings indicate the displacements
that occurred to the studied objects. Displace-
ment readings that have the same figure are
labelled with a letter. Reading that precedes
with letter R, indicates “Result”, showcasing
situation pre- or post-displacement. R1 in the
example (Fig. 5) indicates the absence of form
of figure, while R5 indicates presence of all
three elements, representing the current state
of the building.
Fig. 5
The example of landscape
identity tracking model
(the case of Ramses
Square): yellow colour
represents practices, blue
– relationships, violet –
forms of practices, orange
– forms of figures
Fig. 5.
represents practices, blue – relationships, violet –
The labelling is a final stage by captioning the historical events of displacement readings, and the
results that occurred in the studied objects. All the collected data are summarized and represented
in one detailed diagram (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6
The example of landscape
identity tracking model
(the case of Ramses
Square): yellow colour
represents practices,
blue – relationships,
violet – forms of practices,
orange – forms of figures
6. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
10
The method outlined above, which has been undertaken on each of the nine case studies, made it
possible to understand how the main elements of landscape have developed or changed through-
out time.
Results
The analysis of all nine cases indicated that all cases that had sculptural or monumental forms
(forms of figures) have caused a direct impact on the identity of landscape, changing the relation-
ships to it. Except for Place de la Concorde, which was linked to the strong relationship belonging
to the aftermath of the French Revolution, however it was previously named Louis XV after the
statue of Louis XV, even after its destruction. This type of displacement is represented in the Fig.
7b, and it comprises thirty percent of all cases.
Fig. 7
Common Readings
It was seen in the cases of the statues of Ram-
ses and Nahdet Misr in Ramses Square, where
they both changed the name of the area in rela-
tion to them. Even the displacement of Nahdet
Misr statue to another square in Giza changed
the name of its street to Nahdet Misr. Statue
of Louis XV determined the previous name of
Place de la Concorde in Paris, Marble Arch in
London, Pearl Monument in Pearl roundabout
Bahrain, Stalin sculptures in Grutas Park also
known as Stalin Park. Equal common reading
was the displacement initiated by practices to
a) initiation of practice
displacement directly
influences forms of
practices, sequencing to
displacement of relation-
ships in the process;
b) displacement initiated
by forms of figures directly
causes a displacement of
relationships
Forms of Practices (Fig. 7a), that consequently changed the relationships. The railway station
created the relationship of Bab Al Hadid (the previous name of Ramses Square), public execution
space changed Tyburnia to Tyburn Tree (previous name of Marble Arch) relating to the gallows.
The warehouse of Wynwood after displacement to art galleries, changed the use of the area from
lower income residents to high income users, ultimately leading to the gentrification of the area.
By comparing the impact of ‘forms of practices’ and ‘forms of figures’ to the landscape identity,
through creating the association – naming of landscape, the analysis results showed that non-func-
tional forms (forms of figures) had higher influence than functional buildings (forms of practices)
(Fig. 7) on the landscape identity. 33% of the cases had ‘forms of practices’ relating landscape to
them, 22% of them were displaced after introducing form of figure to the landscape, 55% of the cases
had landscape identity associated to their ‘forms of figures’, and only 22% were displaced after their
destruction due relationship displacement.
The previous statement proves that relationships remain the most impactful and influential element
on landscape identity, their displacement can disrupt the stability of the landscape, which can cause
revival or erasure of the visible elements of landscape.
From all nine studied cases, we were able to indicate conditions of stability and instability of land-
scape identity. Different but complimenting relationships do not disturb stability of landscape iden-
tity, nor singular relationships. As it was seen in Frida Kahlo Museum case, which is known as The
Blue House to most locals and as Frida Kahlo’s House to tourists, or Grutas Park and Stalin Park.
The conflicting relationships in one society to a singular visible form cause the instability of land-
scape identity. It shows the case of Bahrain’s Pearl Roundabout, where a monument that symbol-
izes the unity of the five gulf countries was displaced to a symbol of the 2011 uprising, which led
to the decision to destroy it by the government. In Place de la Concorde, previously placed statue
of Louis XV was destroyed by French revolutionists, making it the square where the execution of
the monarch family took place.
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Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
The results of the readings of the Landscape Identity Tracking System varied a lot due to the differ-
ent historical events that took place in each case. However, 100% of the cases that had displace-
ment initiated by relationships when ‘forms of figures’ were present, caused their destruction,
occurring in 22% of total cases (Fig. 8) despite their historical and contextual differences.
Displacement of relationships due to the political systems and collective reactions, transformed
public squares into a space of uprising, leading to the destruction of main forms of figures (Fig. 8).
In Louis XV square, currently known as Place de la Concorde (Fig. 9), the sculpture was destroyed
by rebels, and in Bahrain Pearl Roundabout the government destroyed the monumental form that
became a symbol for the protestors after the exhaustion of the uprising (Fig. 10). Both uprisings
had different conditions and results, but ultimately both symbolic forms were razed. In addition, the
Fig. 8
Repeated pattern G with
displacement initiated
by relationships causes
danger to forms of
figures, resulting in
their displacement or
destruction
names of both areas changed, Louis XV to Place de la Concorde, and
Pearl Roundabout to Al Farooq Junction (Fig. 10). When compared to
the removal of Ramses II statue in Cairo, which was displaced due
to being threatened by pollution and the shaking of the underground
metro beneath, the name of Ramses Square retained. This indicates
the different displacement of forms of figures that is initiated by shift of
relationship in comparison to one that is initiated by practice.
Difference between the impact of conflicted relationships on ‘forms
of practices’ and ‘forms of figures’, shows that ‘forms of figures’ are
more subjected to get destroyed and displaced (Fig. 11). It can be
explained by the purpose of ‘forms of figures’ as being a symbol of
Fig. 9
Place de la Concorde
(Paris, France): present
features with Luxor
Obelisk in center (left)
(photograph: ArTo/
Fotolia), Louis XV
sculpture before the
French revolution painted
by Nicolas Pérignon
(1780) (right)
glorification and an objective representation of intangible aspects of societies or governments in
landscape. Conflicted relationships to ‘forms of practices’ could possibly lead to their destruction,
but the possibility of adaptation and reusing of these structures to the public purpose allows over-
Fig. 10
Displacement case of
Pearl Roundabout: Al
Farooq Junction after
the destruction of the
pearl monument in 2011
(left) (photographed by
Lewa’a Alnasr), Pearl
Roundabout prior to
the destruction (right)
(Photographed 2010 by
Sheyma Buali)
8. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
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Fig. 11
Forms of practices vs.
forms of figures with
conflicted relationship
subjecting forms of
figures to be destroyed
and displaced
coming such conflicts, that is something
‘forms of figures’ cannot possibly do, due
to their inability of hosting functions.
Destruction and displacement of ‘forms of
figures’ is a phenomenon that repeatedly
occurred throughout history, due to the rise
of conflict towards the symbols they repre-
sent, like the toppling of Saddam Hussein
Statue in Iraq in 2003, Louis XV during the
French Revolution, and it is currently being
witnessed with the most recent develop-
ment of the Black Lives Matter Movement
in 2020, against sculptures of colonial fig-
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12
Removal of statues of
colonial figures in the
United Kingdom: toppling
of Edward Colston by
Anti-Racist Protestors in
2020 (left) (Photograph:
NurPhoto/Getty Images),
removal of Robert
Milligan statue by local
authority 2020 (right)
(Photograph: AFP)
Conclusions
ures and slave traders across confederate states in America. For example, toppling statues of Robert
E. Lee and Jefferson Dennis, in Belgium statues of Leopold II were vandalized and displaced, in United
Kingdom statues of Edward Colston got toppled by protestors, and statue of Robert Milligan that was
officially removed (Fig. 12), and more countries that are taking the procedures of removing colonial
statues safely, including New Zealand and Greenland.
Landscape and its identity can be understood and studied through J. Stephenson Cultural Values
Model using three main elements of Forms, Practices (functions) and Relationships. In our research
we proposed to develop it in order to observe the communication and behaviour each element con-
ducts with the other, and what impact it has to user’s perception.
Visible landscape consists of two categories: Forms of Figures and Forms of Practices. Forms of
Figures are non-functional symbolic forms (sculptural or monumental) representing intangible
history of the place, and Forms of Practices are visible structures (buildings) that host functions
and make the built environment of landscape.
Forms of Figures help sustaining and manifesting relationships, and Forms of Practices sustain
daily economic and social life. Each differing on the way they influence the identity of landscape, and
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Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2021/1/28
Acknow-
ledgment
References
the challenges they face in the occurrence of conflicted perception. Symbolic weight and controllable
size of Forms of Figures highly subjects it to the destruction or displacement.
Creation of the landscape identity tracking system created the possibility of transforming unique
historical events into a readable uniform figure – pattern, providing readable diagrams. It allows us
to indicate the missing elements that detain effective visual identity of landscape, creating a different
approach to design solutions through two possible methods: one is by creating relationships out of
the existing visible elements, or constructing visible elements out of the existing relationships that
are not currently anchored by the visible environment.
The landscape identity tracking system can also allow us to compare other cases of displacement
that occur during political and social shifts. The historical events and displacement sequences have
similar progression and results, irrelevant to historical and spatial context, possibly allowing us to
predict outcomes when these similar events re-occur in different places. The development of re-
search in the future could be aimed at finding an explanation and deeper understanding of impact of
different types of displacement phenomena on landscape, that results in cultural amnesia, cultural
erasure, multiculturalism, gentrification, or urban segregation.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Jūratė Kamičaitytė for her interest and insightful input in
conducting this research for my master’s study. Indre Grazuleviciute-Vileniske who guided me to
J. Stephenson Cultural Values Model that eventually became the main blueprint to the research.
Kęstutis Zaleckis, who’s step-by-step guidance and input helped creating the content and find the
direction to the research. And lastly, Elizabeth Eden Harris, who’s words and creativity motivated
to continue the research productively.
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This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
About the
Author
ASHRAF MOHAMED
TALAT IBRAHIM ALI
Masters Student
Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Architecture
Main research area
Displacement, culture and Identity
Address
Taikos Pr. 34-43
Tel. +37062266113
E-mail: ashraf.ali@ktu.lt
JŪRATĖ
KAMIČAITYTĖ
Professor
Kaunas University of Technology,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Main research area
Landscape visual quality analysis, evaluation and
regulation, methods of planned activity or object
visual impact assessment, analysis of social
preferences evaluating landscape visual quality
and use of the analysis results in territory planning,
evaluation of the potential and dynamics of urban
structures, cityscape identity studies, expression of
sustainable development conception in architecture,
landscape architecture, town and territory planning.
Address
Studentu st. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania
Tel. +37061477082
E-mail: jurate.kamicaityte@ktu.lt