This document discusses multi-stage transistor amplifiers and differential amplifier circuits. It describes how multi-stage amplifiers can be formed by coupling multiple transistors directly or with capacitors. Differential amplifiers are formed from two common emitter amplifiers connected together. They amplify the difference between two input signals but not signals that are equal at both inputs. The document provides details on the operating principles, configurations, and modes of a differential amplifier.
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Introduction to feedback (block diagram and types of feedback) , Analysis at middle, low and high frequency of multi-stage amplifier with RC coupling and direct coupling, cascade amplifiers-Darlington Pair.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Multistage amplifiers and Name of coupling Name of multistage amplifierimtiazalijoono
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Name of coupling Name of multistage amplifier
1) RC coupling R-C coupled amplifier
2) Transformer coupling Transformer coupled amplifier
3) Direct coupling Direct coupled amplifier
AC-DC converters are widely used in industrial and domestic applications. Input AC voltage is rectified and
filtered using filtering circuit which consists of large electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors draw a large
amount of current and the efficiency of the converter system decreases drastically. large ripple factor have made the converter system inefficient .This paper
analyses about different converter topology and proposes a different design which is based on converting Ac signal to specified Dc signal of about 5V by which ripple factor can be reduced to make the system enough efficient. The implification of this project is for charging or operating semiconductor devices .The results of respective topologies are shown through P-simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (PSPICE) simulation and their
parameters are calculated. Three parameters are considered for the comparison of these topologies
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Introduction to feedback (block diagram and types of feedback) , Analysis at middle, low and high frequency of multi-stage amplifier with RC coupling and direct coupling, cascade amplifiers-Darlington Pair.
The performance obtainable from a single-stage amplifier is often insufficient for many applications, hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage, whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
thank u
Hansraj MEENA
Multistage amplifiers and Name of coupling Name of multistage amplifierimtiazalijoono
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Name of coupling Name of multistage amplifier
1) RC coupling R-C coupled amplifier
2) Transformer coupling Transformer coupled amplifier
3) Direct coupling Direct coupled amplifier
AC-DC converters are widely used in industrial and domestic applications. Input AC voltage is rectified and
filtered using filtering circuit which consists of large electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors draw a large
amount of current and the efficiency of the converter system decreases drastically. large ripple factor have made the converter system inefficient .This paper
analyses about different converter topology and proposes a different design which is based on converting Ac signal to specified Dc signal of about 5V by which ripple factor can be reduced to make the system enough efficient. The implification of this project is for charging or operating semiconductor devices .The results of respective topologies are shown through P-simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (PSPICE) simulation and their
parameters are calculated. Three parameters are considered for the comparison of these topologies
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
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K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
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2. Son circuitos electrónicos formados por varios transistores
(BJT o FET), que pueden ser acoplados en forma directa o
mediante capacitores. Algunos de estos son el par Darlington
(alta impedancia de entrada e incremento de la ganancia de
corriente), el par diferencial (Relación de rechazo en modo
común elevada), el amplificador cascode (alta impedancia de
salida). Todas estas etapas amplificadoras pueden ser integradas
y encapsuladas en un chip semiconductor llamado Circuito
Integrado (CI). En el CI las polarización de las etapas se hace
usando fuentes de corriente, debido a la mayor facilidad de
construcción (a través de transistores). La combinación de
distintas tecnologías permite mejorar la prestación de los
sistemas deseados.
3. PAR DE RETROALIMENTACIÓN
Un Amplificador con realimentación, es un circuito electrónico,
generalmente integrado, que tiene dos entradas y una salida. La
salida es la diferencia de las dos entradas multiplicada por un factor
de ganancia. El amplificador con realimentación es una alternativa a
los amplificadores con realimentación en voltaje, también llamados
operacionales.
Además, la realimentación puede clasificarse como positiva o
negativa. En el primer caso, cualquier aumento de la señal de salida
da origen a una señal de realimentación en la entrada tal que
aumenta más aún la magnitud de la señal de salida. Cuando la
realimentación provoca una disminución en la magnitud de la señal
de salida, se dice que el amplificador está realimentado
negativamente.
Por su parte, la realimentación (feedback en ingles) negativa es
ampliamente utilizada en el diseño de amplificadores ya que
presenta múltiples e importantes beneficios. Uno de estos
beneficios es la estabilización de la ganancia del amplificador frente
a variaciones de los dispositivos, temperatura, variaciones de la
fuente de alimentación y envejecimiento de los componentes. Otro
beneficio es el de permitir al diseñador ajustar la impedancia de
entrada y salida del circuito sin tener que realizar apenas
modificaciones. La disminución de la distorsión y el aumento del
ancho de banda hacen que la realimentación negativa sea
imprescindible en amplificadores de audio y etapas de potencia. Sin
embargo, presenta dos inconvenientes básicos: en primer lugar, la
ganancia del amplificador disminuye en la misma proporción con el
aumento de los anteriores beneficios. Este problema se resuelve
incrementando el número de etapas amplificadoras para compensar
esa perdida de ganancia con el consiguiente aumento de coste. El
segundo problema esta asociado con la realimentación al tener
tendencia a la oscilación lo que exige cuidadosos diseños de estos
circuitos.
Representación de cualquier conexión de
realimemntación de un sólo lazo, alrededor de un
amplificador básico.
4. CIRCUITO AMPLIFICADOR DIFERENCIAL
El amplificador diferencial básicamente está constituido como dos amplificadores
emisores comunes conectados entres sí; es un circuito versátil que sirve como etapa de
entrada para la mayoría de los amplificadores operacionales y también encuentra su
aplicación en circuitos integrados tan diversos como el comparador y compuertas lógicas
acopladas por emisor.
Este además, es un circuito de balance, amplificadores de una diferencia entre dos
entradas para cancelar los niveles de polarización. A su vez, suprime los efectos causados
por los cambios de temperatura cuando afectan por igual a ambas etapas. En general, no
amplifica señales que son iguales para ambas entradas (señal de modo común) pero si lo
hacen para señales que no lo son (señal de modo diferencial).
5. PRINCIPIO DE FUNCIONAMIENTO:
El amplificador diferencial básico tiene 2 entradas V1 y V2. Si la tensión de V1 aumenta, la corriente del emisor del
transistor Q1 aumenta (acordarse que IE = BxIB), causando una caída de tensión en Re. Si la tensión de V2 se mantiene
constante, la tensión entre base y emisor del transistor Q2 disminuye, reduciéndose también la corriente de emisor del
mismo transistor. Esto causa que la tensión de colector de Q2 (Vout+) aumente. La entrada V1 es la entrada no
inversora de un amplificador operacional. Del mismo modo cuando la tensión en V2 aumenta, también aumenta la la
corriente de colector del transistor Q2, causando que la tensión de colector del mismo transistor disminuya, (Vout+)
disminuye. La entrada V2 es la entrada inversora del amplificador operacional. Si el valor de la resistencia RE fuera muy
grande, obligaría a la suma de las corrientes de emisor de los transistor Q1 y Q2, a mantenerse constante,
comportándose como una fuente de corriente. Entonces, al aumentar la corriente de colector de un transistor,
disminuirá la corriente de colector del otro transistor. Por eso cuando la tensión V1 crece, la tensión en V2 decrece.
ETAPA DE AMPLIFICACIÓN:
El Amplificador diferencial se caracteriza por presentar dos transistores idénticos con similares
características, tanto internas como de las redes de polarización.
Ya que el circuito dispone dos entradas y dos salidas de señal, existen cuatro configuraciones posibles
realizando las distintas combinaciones entre entradas y salida.
6. CONFIGURACIONES:
Entrada y salida simétrica
Es la forma más típica de un amplificador diferencial, tiene dos entrada v1 y v2, El voltaje de salida se
obtiene de la diferencia entre las salidas de los colectores.
Entrada asimétrica y salida simétrica
En algunas aplicaciones sólo se usa uno de los terminales de entrada con la otra conectada a tierra,
mientras que la salida se obtiene entre los colectores de los dos transistores del circuito.
Entrada simétrica y salida asimétrica
Esta es la forma más practica y utilizada porque puede excitar cargas asimétricas o de un solo
terminal como lo hacen los amplificadores EC, emisor seguidor y otros circuitos. Esta etapa es la que se
usa para la etapa de entrada de la mayor parte de los Amplificadores Operacionales comerciales.
Presenta dos entradas de señal para las bases de cada transistor mientras que la salida se obtiene
únicamente de uno de los colectores respecto a masa.
Entrada y salida asimétrica
Esta configuración presenta tanto para la entrada como para la salida un único terminal. Este tipo de
configuración es útil para las etapas de acoplamiento directo donde se requiere sólo amplificar una
entrada. Esta configuración es la que se solicita en las especificaciones de la práctica.
7. MODOS DE TRABAJO DE UN AMPLIFICADOR DIFERENCIAL
Modo Diferencial
Para V1=V2 y suponiendo F>>1, las corrientes de colector y emisor de cada etapa son
iguales. Todas estas corrientes tienen magnitudes iguales (aproximadamente) a IEE/2
debido a la simetría del circuito y a la despreciable corriente que circula por RE. Si
incrementamos V1 en v/2 y simultáneamente disminuimos V2 en v/2, la señal de salida
aumenta en v advertir que el circuito funciona en modo lineal mientras v<4VT.
Modo Común
Consideremos que las dos tensiones V1 y V2 aumentan en v/2. La tensión diferencial Vd
permanece nula mientras que Ic1 e Ic2 son iguales. No obstante la tensión VE aumenta.
Por lo tanto dependiendo de la señal de entrada, el amplificador diferencial actúa o bien
como etapa en emisor común o bien como etapa en emisor común con resistencia de
emisor. Por lo tanto la ganancia de esta etapa es notablemente mayor en el funcionamiento
como modo diferencial que como modo común. Normalmente los amplificadores
diferenciales se diseñan de forma que a efectos prácticos sólo resulten amplificadas las
señales diferenciales.
8. EJERCICIOS :
1) Diseñe un amplificador como el mostrado si se desea un A𝑣𝑑𝐷 = 30 y CMRR≥100.
Tomando en cuenta los siguientes valores: Vcc =12v, Vee=9v, 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = 100,
Vbe1=Veb2=0.7v, ic1=ic2=2mA y ambas Rb=0.
Por lo tanto, el circuito tendría la siguiente forma:
9. Resolución:
Sabemos que A𝑣𝑑𝐷 =
1
2
𝑅𝑐∗ℎ𝑓𝑒
𝑅𝑏+ℎ𝑖𝑒
= 30, Además para tener un CMRR≥
100, es necesario conocer A𝑣𝐶𝐷, 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛: A𝑣𝑐𝐷 =
𝑅𝑐 ∗ℎ𝑓𝑒
𝑅𝑏+ℎ𝑖𝑒+2𝑅𝑒(ℎ𝑓𝑒+1)
Entonces se observa que se necesitan hallar los valores de Rc, Re y el de hie, lo cual se realizara a continuación.
Primero hallamos el valor de ib:
Ib=
𝑖𝑐
𝛽
=
2𝑚𝐴
100
= 20𝜇𝐴
Con este valor podemos hallar ie:
ie=ic+ib=2mA+20µA= 2.02mA.
Ya con el valor de ie, se puede calcular hie(el cual es igual para ambos transistores):
Hie=
26𝑚𝑉
𝑖𝑒
𝛽 =
26𝑚𝑉
2.02𝑚𝐴
100 ≅ 1.3kΩ
Ahora bien, para hallar el valor de Re, el camino de V2 hasta Vee se puede analizar como una malla o circuito
cerrado, el cual al hacer un LKV nos queda que:
Re=
𝑉𝑒𝑒−𝑉𝑏𝑒
𝑖𝑒
; pero el valor a utilizar debe ser el doble de ie, ya que a Re le llegan las dos corrientes de emisor, o las
corrientes de cada emisor:
∴ 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑒𝑒 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒
2𝑖𝑒
=
9𝑣 − 0.7𝑣
2 2.02 𝑚𝐴
= 2.054𝑘Ω
10. El valor que falta por calcular es Rc, el cual ya se puede obtener despejándolo de la
expresión de A𝑣𝑑𝐷 :
∴ 𝑅𝑐 =
2(𝐴𝑣𝑑𝐷)(𝑅𝑏 + ℎ𝑖𝑒)
ℎ𝑓𝑒
=
2(30)(0 + 1.3𝑘Ω)
90
= 866.6Ω
Ya con los valores de Rc, Re y hie hallados, se procede a calcular A 𝑣𝑐𝐷:
𝐴𝑣𝑐𝐷 =
𝑅𝑐 ∗ ℎ𝑓𝑒
𝑅𝑏 + ℎ𝑖𝑒 + 2𝑅𝑒(ℎ𝑓𝑒 + 1)
=
866.6Ω ∗ 90
0 + 1.3𝐾Ω + 2(2.54𝐾Ω)(91)
= 0.1687
Ya con los valores de A𝑣𝑑𝐷 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑐𝐷 se verifica si CMRR ≥100:
CMRR=
𝐴𝑣𝑑𝐷
𝐴𝑣𝑐𝐷
=
30
0.1687
= 177.83
Como si se cumplió dicho requisito, ya estaría culminado dicho ejercicio.
11. 2) Encuentre Ve, Vc1 y Vc2, con un Veb=0.7v, del siguiente circuito:
Analizando Q2, sabemos que:
Vb2=0 ^ Veb2= Ve – Vb2
∴ 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑒𝑏2 = 0.7𝑉
Ahora bien, analizando Q1 se observa que:
Veb1=Ve – Vb1=0.7v – 0.5v=0.2v
(Al ser Veb1<0.7v, nos dice que Q1 no esta conduciendo, por lo que ic1≈0).
Siguiendo con el análisis de Q1, vemos que:
VRc1= ic1(Rc1) o también VRc1= Vc1 – (-5v)
Pero como ic1≈0, entonces:
VRc1=0 ^ ∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 𝑉𝑅𝑐1 − 5 = 0 − 5 = −5𝑣.
12. Ahora se analizando de nuevo Q2 o la rama de Q2, vemos que:
VRc2= ic2(Rc2) o también VRc2= Vc2 – (-5v)
Por lo que:
Vc2= ic2(Rc2) – 5v.
Para calcular Vc2 se necesita obtener el valor de ic2, por lo que se procede a realizar
un LCK en el nodo del emisor:
iRe=ie1+ie2
Pero sabiendo que ic1≈ ie1, entonces ie1≈0.
iRe=0+ie2=ie2.
Donde además aplicando ley de ohm sobre Re vemos que la corriente que la cruza
viene dada por la siguiente expresión:
iRe=
5−𝑉𝑒
𝑅𝑒
=
5𝑉−0.7𝑉
1𝐾Ω
= 4.3mA = ie2.
13. Ya con ie2 calculada, debemos saber que ie2 ≈ ic2 , por lo que ic2 ≈ 4.3mA.
Ya con estos valores, se procede a calcular Vc2:
Vc2= ic2(Rc2) – 5v.
∴ 𝑉𝑐2 = 4.3𝑚𝐴 1𝑘Ω − 5𝑣 = −0.7𝑣.