Amniotic fluid analysis (2)
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The amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the amniotic sac provides protection, maintains temperature, and acts as a cushion. Amniocentesis is a procedure where a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed between 16-20 weeks of pregnancy using ultrasound guidance. Analysis of amniotic fluid can detect chromosomal abnormalities, neural tube defects, lung maturity, and other conditions.
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Amniotic fluid ppt
The amniotic fluid protects and nourishes the developing fetus in the womb. It cushions the fetus, regulates temperature, and allows for lung and muscle development through movement. The fluid is produced both by the mother's blood plasma passing through the fetal membranes and by fetal urine after the kidneys develop around 15-25 weeks. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume can impact fetal and birth outcomes. Too little fluid (oligohydramnios) or too much (polyhydramnios) present risks, while the fluid is carefully monitored through the pregnancy via ultrasound.
normal physiological haematological changes during pregnancy
The document summarizes key physiological and hematological changes in pregnancy. Blood volume increases by about 40-50% by 30-32 weeks due to increased circulatory demand of the developing uterus and placenta. Plasma volume increases by 1.25 liters by 30 weeks. Red blood cell mass increases by 20-30% to support increased oxygen transport needs. Neutrophil counts may increase up to 20,000/cu.mm during labor due to rising estrogen and cortisol levels. The immune system shifts from cell-mediated to humoral and innate responses. Coagulation factors increase pregnancy's hypercoagulable state, with fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate notably elevated.
Neonatal resuscitation
Neonatal resuscitation involves assessing newborns at birth and providing interventions to babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. About 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation including ventilation, chest compressions, or medications. The Apgar score is used to evaluate neonatal well-being at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Babies requiring resuscitation are initially stabilized, including warming, positioning, and clearing airways. Oxygen supplementation and positive pressure ventilation may then be provided if needed based on heart rate and respiration assessment.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. It originates from both maternal and fetal sources and its volume increases with gestational age, peaking around 36-38 weeks. Amniotic fluid regulates temperature and allows for fetal movement while preventing cord compression. Its analysis is clinically important for assessing lung maturity, fetal wellbeing, and detecting abnormalities. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) is commonly used to measure amniotic fluid volume by summing the deepest pocket from each uterine quadrant.
Amniotomy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. india
There are four main reasons for performing an amniotomy:
1. To induce labor or augment uterine activity, despite evidence showing lack of effectiveness. A 2013 Cochrane Review concluded, that "the evidence showed no shortening of the length of first stage of labour and a possible increase in caesarean section. Routine amniotomy is not recommended as part of standard labour management and care."[2] Another Cochrane Review could not draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of using amnioitomy as a means of induction when comparing amniotomy alone vs. expected management or amniotomy alone vs. oxytocin alone.[3]
2. To enable the doctor or midwife to monitor the baby's heartbeat internally. A scalp electrode is placed against the baby's head and an ECG of the baby's heart beat can be directly recorded. This provides a much more reliable indication of the fetal well being than external monitoring alone. Internal fetal monitoring is often performed if there is a complication such as maternal disease, or if there is fetal distress or if the mother is being induced.
3. To check the color of the fluid. If there is a suspicion of the presence of meconium (the contents of the baby's bowel), certain preparations must be made. Suctioning must be set up and more personnel are required to be in attendance.
4. To avoid having the baby aspirate the contents of the amniotic sac at the moment of birth. Most often, the amniotic sac will break of its own accord, most often by the beginning of the second stage of labor. If it remains intact, it is sure to break with maternal pushing efforts. But in a rare case, the baby can be born with an intact bag that must be quickly broken to allow the baby to breathe.
3rd stage of labour and its complications
The document discusses the third stage of labor and postpartum hemorrhage. It describes the stages of labor including the third stage which involves placental separation and expulsion. The events of the third stage and mechanisms of placental separation are explained. Active management of the third stage is recommended to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. The etiology, diagnosis, and management of primary postpartum hemorrhage are outlined. Prevention focuses on risk assessment and active management of labor and delivery. True postpartum hemorrhage is managed through resuscitation, arresting bleeding, and involvement of senior staff.
amniotomy, episiotomy.pptx
Amniotomy is a procedure to rupture the amniotic sac and release the amniotic fluid. It is usually performed to induce or expedite labor by increasing cervical dilation and effacement. Potential risks include cord prolapse, cord compression, and infection. Amniotomy may be contraindicated in cases of complete placenta previa, non-engaged fetal position, or transverse lie. The procedure involves using an amnihook or similar device to make a small opening in the amniotic sac while monitoring for complications.
LOCHIA.pptx
Lochia is the postpartum bleeding and discharge from the uterus after giving birth. It typically lasts 4 to 8 weeks and comes in three phases - lochia rubra (bright red bleeding), lochia serosa (pinkish discharge), and lochia alba (yellowish discharge). The causes of lochia include open blood vessels in the uterus where the placenta detached and the contractions that help the uterus return to its normal size. Breastfeeding can help reduce lochia by stimulating uterine contractions. Women should use heavy pads and avoid tampons for at least 6 weeks, and see a doctor if bleeding increases or has a foul smell, which could indicate infection.
Recommended
Amniotic fluid ppt
The amniotic fluid protects and nourishes the developing fetus in the womb. It cushions the fetus, regulates temperature, and allows for lung and muscle development through movement. The fluid is produced both by the mother's blood plasma passing through the fetal membranes and by fetal urine after the kidneys develop around 15-25 weeks. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume can impact fetal and birth outcomes. Too little fluid (oligohydramnios) or too much (polyhydramnios) present risks, while the fluid is carefully monitored through the pregnancy via ultrasound.
normal physiological haematological changes during pregnancy
The document summarizes key physiological and hematological changes in pregnancy. Blood volume increases by about 40-50% by 30-32 weeks due to increased circulatory demand of the developing uterus and placenta. Plasma volume increases by 1.25 liters by 30 weeks. Red blood cell mass increases by 20-30% to support increased oxygen transport needs. Neutrophil counts may increase up to 20,000/cu.mm during labor due to rising estrogen and cortisol levels. The immune system shifts from cell-mediated to humoral and innate responses. Coagulation factors increase pregnancy's hypercoagulable state, with fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate notably elevated.
Neonatal resuscitation
Neonatal resuscitation involves assessing newborns at birth and providing interventions to babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. About 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation including ventilation, chest compressions, or medications. The Apgar score is used to evaluate neonatal well-being at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Babies requiring resuscitation are initially stabilized, including warming, positioning, and clearing airways. Oxygen supplementation and positive pressure ventilation may then be provided if needed based on heart rate and respiration assessment.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. It originates from both maternal and fetal sources and its volume increases with gestational age, peaking around 36-38 weeks. Amniotic fluid regulates temperature and allows for fetal movement while preventing cord compression. Its analysis is clinically important for assessing lung maturity, fetal wellbeing, and detecting abnormalities. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) is commonly used to measure amniotic fluid volume by summing the deepest pocket from each uterine quadrant.
Amniotomy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. india
There are four main reasons for performing an amniotomy:
1. To induce labor or augment uterine activity, despite evidence showing lack of effectiveness. A 2013 Cochrane Review concluded, that "the evidence showed no shortening of the length of first stage of labour and a possible increase in caesarean section. Routine amniotomy is not recommended as part of standard labour management and care."[2] Another Cochrane Review could not draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of using amnioitomy as a means of induction when comparing amniotomy alone vs. expected management or amniotomy alone vs. oxytocin alone.[3]
2. To enable the doctor or midwife to monitor the baby's heartbeat internally. A scalp electrode is placed against the baby's head and an ECG of the baby's heart beat can be directly recorded. This provides a much more reliable indication of the fetal well being than external monitoring alone. Internal fetal monitoring is often performed if there is a complication such as maternal disease, or if there is fetal distress or if the mother is being induced.
3. To check the color of the fluid. If there is a suspicion of the presence of meconium (the contents of the baby's bowel), certain preparations must be made. Suctioning must be set up and more personnel are required to be in attendance.
4. To avoid having the baby aspirate the contents of the amniotic sac at the moment of birth. Most often, the amniotic sac will break of its own accord, most often by the beginning of the second stage of labor. If it remains intact, it is sure to break with maternal pushing efforts. But in a rare case, the baby can be born with an intact bag that must be quickly broken to allow the baby to breathe.
3rd stage of labour and its complications
The document discusses the third stage of labor and postpartum hemorrhage. It describes the stages of labor including the third stage which involves placental separation and expulsion. The events of the third stage and mechanisms of placental separation are explained. Active management of the third stage is recommended to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. The etiology, diagnosis, and management of primary postpartum hemorrhage are outlined. Prevention focuses on risk assessment and active management of labor and delivery. True postpartum hemorrhage is managed through resuscitation, arresting bleeding, and involvement of senior staff.
amniotomy, episiotomy.pptx
Amniotomy is a procedure to rupture the amniotic sac and release the amniotic fluid. It is usually performed to induce or expedite labor by increasing cervical dilation and effacement. Potential risks include cord prolapse, cord compression, and infection. Amniotomy may be contraindicated in cases of complete placenta previa, non-engaged fetal position, or transverse lie. The procedure involves using an amnihook or similar device to make a small opening in the amniotic sac while monitoring for complications.
LOCHIA.pptx
Lochia is the postpartum bleeding and discharge from the uterus after giving birth. It typically lasts 4 to 8 weeks and comes in three phases - lochia rubra (bright red bleeding), lochia serosa (pinkish discharge), and lochia alba (yellowish discharge). The causes of lochia include open blood vessels in the uterus where the placenta detached and the contractions that help the uterus return to its normal size. Breastfeeding can help reduce lochia by stimulating uterine contractions. Women should use heavy pads and avoid tampons for at least 6 weeks, and see a doctor if bleeding increases or has a foul smell, which could indicate infection.
AMNIOTIC FLUID PPT
The document discusses the physiology and composition of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is produced primarily through fetal urination by the second half of pregnancy. It serves to cushion and protect the fetus. The fluid volume is regulated through a balance of fetal urine production, swallowing, lung fluid secretion, and fluid transfer across fetal vessels and membranes. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume or composition can indicate problems with fetal or placental health.
Surgical Instruments in Gynaecology and Obstetrics by Dr UAK
Surgical Instruments in Gynaecology and Obstetrics by Dr UAK. Dr UAK is a practicing doctor in a Critical care unit at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi.
Assessment of fetal wellbeing
Majority of fetal deaths occur in the antepartum period.
There is progressive decline in maternal deaths all over the world. Currently more interest is focused to evaluate the fetal health. The primary objective of antenatal assessment is to avoid fetal death.
Placenta accreta
The document discusses placenta accreta, a condition where the placenta invades and attaches abnormally to the uterine wall. It has increased in incidence 10-fold over the past 50 years due to rising cesarean delivery rates. Risk factors include placenta previa, prior uterine surgery, and increasing maternal age and parity. Ultrasound and MRI can be used to diagnose placenta accreta prenatally based on signs like lack of a hypoechoic zone between the placenta and uterus. Management options for severe postpartum hemorrhage from placenta accreta include uterine packing, arterial ligation, hysterectomy, and the B-Lynch compression suture
TORCH INFECTION
This document discusses various perinatal and congenital infections including TORCH infections. It provides details on the causative organisms, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus, syphilis, malaria, and parvovirus infections. Timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired infections is important. Prevention strategies include maternal screening, vaccination, treatment of infected mothers, and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy and delivery.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid maintain the perfect homeostasis between mother and fetus. It protect both mother and fetus from various complications. Details is enclosed in presentation.
Icterus neonatorum presentation for students
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Assessment of normal newborn
The document discusses the assessment of a normal newborn infant. It describes the initial Apgar scoring at birth and transitional assessments during the first hours and days. A full physical examination is outlined assessing various body systems and measurements. Key reflexes and behaviors are also described including feeding, sleeping, and excretion that provide information on the infant's wellbeing. The summary provides an overview of the important aspects of newborn assessment covered in the document.
Mongolian spot
Neonatal skin provides physical protection and allies in fluid balance, immunosurveillance and thermoregulation, thus playing a crucial role in the newborn’s transition from an aqueous to an air dominant milieau. Quiet large number of changes from transient physiological to grossly pathological lesions are observed in the skin of a neonate. The majority of the disorders in the newborn are physiological, transient and self-limited and majorly require no therapy. Mongolian spot is found as blue, green spot majorly on the shoulders and lower part of the body, scientifically Mongolian spots can be delineated as deep dermal melanocytes present in the collagen bundle. The color is generally the same over the whole birthmark, with no lighter or darker areas as is sometimes seen in brown birthmarks. Mongolian blue spots are can differ in size, but most are a few centimeters across. They can appear anywhere on the body, but are most generally noted at the base of the spine, the buttocks or on the lower back. In addition, they are present on the back of the shoulder. It is very unusual for a child to have a Mongolian blue spot on the scalp or face.
Placenta examination
A placenta examination is performed after delivery to ensure the entire placenta and membranes have been expelled. It checks that the placenta is of normal size, shape, consistency and weight, and detects any abnormalities. The examination also evaluates the umbilical cord length and number of blood vessels. Key tools used include a bowl, weighing scale, and measuring tape. The placenta develops during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development through respiratory, alimentary, excretory and other vital functions.
Abhishek hd ENC
This document provides information on essential newborn care practices. It defines essential newborn care according to the WHO as care every baby needs regardless of location, including immediate care after birth and for the first 7 days. It describes healthy newborn characteristics and outlines key practices like maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, cord care, breastfeeding and immunizations. The document emphasizes keeping the baby warm, clean and with the mother to provide essential newborn care.
Placenta examination
The placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste. It has both fetal and maternal components that form during embryology. A clinical assessment of the placenta after delivery examines characteristics like size, color, thickness, blood clots, completeness and the umbilical cord properties. Abnormal findings could indicate issues like fetal growth problems, infections, or bleeding that provide important health information for the mother and baby. The placenta should be submitted for further analysis if any abnormalities are detected.
Abo incompatibility
The document discusses ABO blood group incompatibility between mother and baby. It explains that mothers with blood group O naturally have anti-A and anti-B antibodies that are mainly IgM and do not cross the placenta. However, if the baby's blood group is A or B, the mother will produce IgG antibodies upon exposure to the baby's red blood cells, and these antibodies can cross the placenta and cause mild hemolysis in less than 1% of incompatible babies. The jaundice is usually mild and appears within 24 hours of birth. Positive Coombs test occurs in only 3-4% of cases. Exchange transfusions are extremely rare for ABO incompatibility.
Manual removal of placenta
This document describes the procedure for manual removal of the placenta (MRP). MRP is performed when the placenta fails to deliver within 30 minutes of childbirth. It involves inserting fingers into the uterus to locate and detach the placenta from the uterine wall while supporting the fundus. Once detached, the placenta is withdrawn from the uterus while continuing to provide counter-traction. Oxytocin is administered to encourage uterine contraction and prevent hemorrhage. The placenta is examined for completeness and the uterus is checked for contraction to ensure the procedure was successful. Potential complications include shock, postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal sepsis, and inversion or hysterectomy.
Care of child with incubator
The document discusses the care of a child in an incubator. It begins by describing the purpose and functions of an incubator, which is to maintain an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for premature or sick infants. It then outlines the 5 key steps to nursing care of a child in an incubator: 1) preparing the incubator, 2) caring for the baby, 3) adjusting the incubator temperature, 4) monitoring the baby, and 5) using humidification if needed. Special considerations are also discussed such as maintaining sensory stimuli at a minimum and addressing fever in the incubator.
Amniotic fluid disorder prof.salah
The document discusses amniocentesis, which involves extracting a small amount of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac using ultrasound guidance to analyze fetal cells for chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, and lung maturity. Amniocentesis allows for diagnosis of conditions like Down syndrome and helps assess risks from factors like advanced maternal age or family history. While generally low risk, potential complications include abortion and uterine infection in rare cases.
Bleeding in early pregnancy, abortion
This document discusses different types of bleeding that can occur in early pregnancy, including threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, missed abortion, and septic abortion. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each type. The most common causes of early pregnancy bleeding are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and various maternal infections or issues. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms, ultrasound findings, and checking for fetal heart tones or movement. Treatment depends on the type and severity, and may involve rest, medication, or surgical evacuation of the uterus.
Who partograph
This document provides information about the WHO partograph, including:
- The partograph is a graphical record used to monitor labor progress and the condition of the mother and fetus. It was developed by the WHO.
- The history of the partograph is described, from Friedman's original version in 1954 to later refinements by Philpott and Castle in 1972 who introduced alert and action lines.
- The components of the modern partograph are outlined, including sections to monitor fetal condition, labor progress, and maternal condition. Key indicators like cervical dilation, fetal position, and uterine contractions are plotted over time.
- Guidelines for interpreting labor progress using the partograph and determining appropriate actions are provided, such as transferring or
Normal labour and management
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
Amniotic fluid
1. Amniotic fluid is produced by the fetus urinating and respiratory secretions into the amniotic sac. It allows room for fetal growth and protects the fetus from trauma.
2. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume include oligohydramnios (low volume) and polyhydramnios (high volume). Oligohydramnios can cause fetal deformities and pulmonary hypoplasia while polyhydramnios increases risks of preterm labor and fetal malpresentation.
3. Causes of the abnormalities include fetal anomalies, maternal diabetes, and premature rupture of membranes. Management involves monitoring for complications, treating any underlying causes, and possibly inducing labor if fetal lung
amniotic fluid analysis
Amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrients for the developing fetus. Analysis of amniotic fluid obtained through amniocentesis can be used to assess fetal lung maturity, detect fetal distress, and screen for genetic and infectious disorders. Tests of amniotic fluid measure surfactant levels, bilirubin levels, and concentrations of proteins like alpha-fetoprotein to evaluate lung development and identify issues like hemorrhage or neural tube defects. Precise collection and rapid processing of amniotic fluid specimens is important for obtaining accurate test results.
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AMNIOTIC FLUID PPT
The document discusses the physiology and composition of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is produced primarily through fetal urination by the second half of pregnancy. It serves to cushion and protect the fetus. The fluid volume is regulated through a balance of fetal urine production, swallowing, lung fluid secretion, and fluid transfer across fetal vessels and membranes. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume or composition can indicate problems with fetal or placental health.
Surgical Instruments in Gynaecology and Obstetrics by Dr UAK
Surgical Instruments in Gynaecology and Obstetrics by Dr UAK. Dr UAK is a practicing doctor in a Critical care unit at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi.
Assessment of fetal wellbeing
Majority of fetal deaths occur in the antepartum period.
There is progressive decline in maternal deaths all over the world. Currently more interest is focused to evaluate the fetal health. The primary objective of antenatal assessment is to avoid fetal death.
Placenta accreta
The document discusses placenta accreta, a condition where the placenta invades and attaches abnormally to the uterine wall. It has increased in incidence 10-fold over the past 50 years due to rising cesarean delivery rates. Risk factors include placenta previa, prior uterine surgery, and increasing maternal age and parity. Ultrasound and MRI can be used to diagnose placenta accreta prenatally based on signs like lack of a hypoechoic zone between the placenta and uterus. Management options for severe postpartum hemorrhage from placenta accreta include uterine packing, arterial ligation, hysterectomy, and the B-Lynch compression suture
TORCH INFECTION
This document discusses various perinatal and congenital infections including TORCH infections. It provides details on the causative organisms, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus, syphilis, malaria, and parvovirus infections. Timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired infections is important. Prevention strategies include maternal screening, vaccination, treatment of infected mothers, and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy and delivery.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid maintain the perfect homeostasis between mother and fetus. It protect both mother and fetus from various complications. Details is enclosed in presentation.
Icterus neonatorum presentation for students
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Assessment of normal newborn
The document discusses the assessment of a normal newborn infant. It describes the initial Apgar scoring at birth and transitional assessments during the first hours and days. A full physical examination is outlined assessing various body systems and measurements. Key reflexes and behaviors are also described including feeding, sleeping, and excretion that provide information on the infant's wellbeing. The summary provides an overview of the important aspects of newborn assessment covered in the document.
Mongolian spot
Neonatal skin provides physical protection and allies in fluid balance, immunosurveillance and thermoregulation, thus playing a crucial role in the newborn’s transition from an aqueous to an air dominant milieau. Quiet large number of changes from transient physiological to grossly pathological lesions are observed in the skin of a neonate. The majority of the disorders in the newborn are physiological, transient and self-limited and majorly require no therapy. Mongolian spot is found as blue, green spot majorly on the shoulders and lower part of the body, scientifically Mongolian spots can be delineated as deep dermal melanocytes present in the collagen bundle. The color is generally the same over the whole birthmark, with no lighter or darker areas as is sometimes seen in brown birthmarks. Mongolian blue spots are can differ in size, but most are a few centimeters across. They can appear anywhere on the body, but are most generally noted at the base of the spine, the buttocks or on the lower back. In addition, they are present on the back of the shoulder. It is very unusual for a child to have a Mongolian blue spot on the scalp or face.
Placenta examination
A placenta examination is performed after delivery to ensure the entire placenta and membranes have been expelled. It checks that the placenta is of normal size, shape, consistency and weight, and detects any abnormalities. The examination also evaluates the umbilical cord length and number of blood vessels. Key tools used include a bowl, weighing scale, and measuring tape. The placenta develops during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development through respiratory, alimentary, excretory and other vital functions.
Abhishek hd ENC
This document provides information on essential newborn care practices. It defines essential newborn care according to the WHO as care every baby needs regardless of location, including immediate care after birth and for the first 7 days. It describes healthy newborn characteristics and outlines key practices like maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, cord care, breastfeeding and immunizations. The document emphasizes keeping the baby warm, clean and with the mother to provide essential newborn care.
Placenta examination
The placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste. It has both fetal and maternal components that form during embryology. A clinical assessment of the placenta after delivery examines characteristics like size, color, thickness, blood clots, completeness and the umbilical cord properties. Abnormal findings could indicate issues like fetal growth problems, infections, or bleeding that provide important health information for the mother and baby. The placenta should be submitted for further analysis if any abnormalities are detected.
Abo incompatibility
The document discusses ABO blood group incompatibility between mother and baby. It explains that mothers with blood group O naturally have anti-A and anti-B antibodies that are mainly IgM and do not cross the placenta. However, if the baby's blood group is A or B, the mother will produce IgG antibodies upon exposure to the baby's red blood cells, and these antibodies can cross the placenta and cause mild hemolysis in less than 1% of incompatible babies. The jaundice is usually mild and appears within 24 hours of birth. Positive Coombs test occurs in only 3-4% of cases. Exchange transfusions are extremely rare for ABO incompatibility.
Manual removal of placenta
This document describes the procedure for manual removal of the placenta (MRP). MRP is performed when the placenta fails to deliver within 30 minutes of childbirth. It involves inserting fingers into the uterus to locate and detach the placenta from the uterine wall while supporting the fundus. Once detached, the placenta is withdrawn from the uterus while continuing to provide counter-traction. Oxytocin is administered to encourage uterine contraction and prevent hemorrhage. The placenta is examined for completeness and the uterus is checked for contraction to ensure the procedure was successful. Potential complications include shock, postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal sepsis, and inversion or hysterectomy.
Care of child with incubator
The document discusses the care of a child in an incubator. It begins by describing the purpose and functions of an incubator, which is to maintain an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for premature or sick infants. It then outlines the 5 key steps to nursing care of a child in an incubator: 1) preparing the incubator, 2) caring for the baby, 3) adjusting the incubator temperature, 4) monitoring the baby, and 5) using humidification if needed. Special considerations are also discussed such as maintaining sensory stimuli at a minimum and addressing fever in the incubator.
Amniotic fluid disorder prof.salah
The document discusses amniocentesis, which involves extracting a small amount of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac using ultrasound guidance to analyze fetal cells for chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, and lung maturity. Amniocentesis allows for diagnosis of conditions like Down syndrome and helps assess risks from factors like advanced maternal age or family history. While generally low risk, potential complications include abortion and uterine infection in rare cases.
Bleeding in early pregnancy, abortion
This document discusses different types of bleeding that can occur in early pregnancy, including threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, missed abortion, and septic abortion. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each type. The most common causes of early pregnancy bleeding are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and various maternal infections or issues. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms, ultrasound findings, and checking for fetal heart tones or movement. Treatment depends on the type and severity, and may involve rest, medication, or surgical evacuation of the uterus.
Who partograph
This document provides information about the WHO partograph, including:
- The partograph is a graphical record used to monitor labor progress and the condition of the mother and fetus. It was developed by the WHO.
- The history of the partograph is described, from Friedman's original version in 1954 to later refinements by Philpott and Castle in 1972 who introduced alert and action lines.
- The components of the modern partograph are outlined, including sections to monitor fetal condition, labor progress, and maternal condition. Key indicators like cervical dilation, fetal position, and uterine contractions are plotted over time.
- Guidelines for interpreting labor progress using the partograph and determining appropriate actions are provided, such as transferring or
Normal labour and management
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
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Amniotic fluid
1. Amniotic fluid is produced by the fetus urinating and respiratory secretions into the amniotic sac. It allows room for fetal growth and protects the fetus from trauma.
2. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume include oligohydramnios (low volume) and polyhydramnios (high volume). Oligohydramnios can cause fetal deformities and pulmonary hypoplasia while polyhydramnios increases risks of preterm labor and fetal malpresentation.
3. Causes of the abnormalities include fetal anomalies, maternal diabetes, and premature rupture of membranes. Management involves monitoring for complications, treating any underlying causes, and possibly inducing labor if fetal lung
amniotic fluid analysis
Amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrients for the developing fetus. Analysis of amniotic fluid obtained through amniocentesis can be used to assess fetal lung maturity, detect fetal distress, and screen for genetic and infectious disorders. Tests of amniotic fluid measure surfactant levels, bilirubin levels, and concentrations of proteins like alpha-fetoprotein to evaluate lung development and identify issues like hemorrhage or neural tube defects. Precise collection and rapid processing of amniotic fluid specimens is important for obtaining accurate test results.
Amniotic fluid
The amniotic fluid cushions the fetus, protects it from infection and trauma, and allows freedom of movement. It maintains a stable temperature and permits lung development. Amniotic fluid volume is normally 500-1000cc at term. It is produced by the amniotic membranes and passes across the fetal skin and through fetal urination, swallowing, and respiratory secretions. Abnormal volumes can indicate fetal problems and complications in pregnancy.
Placenta development
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
Amniotic fluid
The document discusses amniotic fluid analysis. It notes that amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus, provides protection, and allows for exchange of chemicals. Amniocentesis allows collection of amniotic fluid for analysis to assess fetal maturity and lung maturity, detect congenital disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, and diagnose conditions like cystic fibrosis or hemolytic disease. Analysis of amniotic fluid components like creatinine, lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, bilirubin, and alpha-fetoprotein can provide diagnostic information about fetal health and development.
Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrients for the developing fetus. It is regulated by a balance of fetal production and absorption. Amniocentesis extracts amniotic fluid for analysis of fetal health, maturity, and genetic abnormalities. Tests of amniotic fluid assess lung maturity through measurements of surfactant components like lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol that prevent lung collapse.
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Amniotic fluid analysis (2)
- 1. What is an amniotic fluid? • The fluid surrounding the fetus in the amniotic sac is Amniotic fluid. It is derived from maternal plasma in early pregnancy. • The fluid volume increases as the baby grows in size.
- 2. Functions of the amniotic fluid • 1. Provides protection to the fetus. • 2. Provides an even temperature. • 3. Acts as a cushion to external trauma. • 4. Allows the free movement for fetal growth.
- 3. Advantages of amniotic fluid analysis • 1. Detection of chromosomal abnormalities. • 2. Direct measurement of specific enzyme. • 3. To detect neural tube defects and lung maturity.
- 4. Amniocentesis ( procedure ) • Amniocentesis or amniotic fluid analysis is the procedure of removal of small amount of amniotic fluid from amniotic sac. • This is done between 16th and 20th week of pregnancy. • A needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and 30ml of the fluid is collected. • An ultrasonograph guided amniocentesis is done to avoid trauma to the fetus, abortion, infection or respiratory problems.
- 5. This tissue culture helps to detect the following: • 1. The sex of the fetus. • 2. Chromosomal disorders. • 3. Inherited enzyme deficiency. • 4. Rh positive typing.
- 6. Investigation using amniotic fluid • Alpha fetoprotein It is a glycoprotein produced by yolk sac in large amounts in the first trimester and by fetal liver in the second trimester during the intrauterine life. • Pathology Increase levels of alpha fetoprotein are seen in open neural tube defects like anencephaly, exomphalos and spina bifida. Increased levels are also seen in Turners syndrome.
- 7. • Phospholipids Dipalmitoyl lecithin and Phosphatidyl inositol appears at 24th week of gestation. It acts as a surfactant without which the lung collapses. Thus the levels of surfactants help to detect fetal lung maturity. Bile pigments An increase in bilirubin level helps to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn.
- 8. • Alkaline phosphatase An increase in the enzyme level helps in prenatal detection of cystic fibrosis. Tamm horsfall glycoprotein This glycoprotein is derived from fetal kidney which acts as an aid to assess renal function.