This document discusses the management of the first stage of labor. It recommends evaluating the patient's condition and reviewing records before beginning management. Management includes ensuring comfort, monitoring vital signs and fetal heart rate, and allowing rest and ambulation. Non-pharmacological pain relief methods like labor support, baths, sterile water injections, and positions are encouraged initially. Pharmacological methods like epidurals may be considered if needed but can prolong labor. The status of the cervix and membranes is assessed through vaginal exams to monitor labor progress.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, and methods. The key methods of medical induction discussed are prostaglandins like dinoprostone and misoprostol, oxytocin, and mifepristone. Prostaglandins work to ripen the cervix and stimulate contractions through local effects on cervical collagen and myometrium. Oxytocin stimulates contractions through receptor-mediated pathways. Mifepristone is a progesterone antagonist that blocks progesterone receptors to ripen the cervix. The document compares these methods and provides dosing and administration details.
The document describes the stages and phases of labor and delivery. It discusses:
1. The first stage consists of 3 phases - the latent phase (0-3cm dilation), active phase (4-7cm dilation), and transitional phase (7-10cm dilation). Contraction frequency and intensity increase through each phase.
2. Key aspects of nursing care in the first stage include monitoring maternal and fetal wellbeing, ensuring comfort and support, and teaching breathing and pushing techniques.
3. A partogram (partograph) is used to graphically monitor labor progress, contractions, and fetal conditions on one page to easily identify normal vs abnormal progress. It allows early recognition of issues like slow dilation.
This document provides guidance on nursing care during the first stage of labour. It discusses assessing vital signs, positioning, diet, bladder and bowel care, pain management techniques, monitoring labour progress using a partogram, and infection control measures. The partogram is a graph used to monitor parameters like cervical dilation, fetal heart rate, uterine contractions and helps detect any abnormalities in labour progression. It is initiated once active labour begins and involves regularly assessing and plotting these parameters to identify delays.
This document discusses the four stages of labor: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) baby moving through the birth canal, 3) delivery of the placenta, and 4) recovery of the mother. It focuses on the second stage where the baby moves from the uterus into the vagina and is born. Key events in this stage include uterine contractions every 2-3 minutes lasting 50-60 seconds and the baby descending through the pelvis. Nursing assessments and interventions are also outlined to monitor labor progress and support the mother through each stage.
Fourth stage of labor: The hour or two after delivery when the tone of the uterus is reestablished as the uterus contracts again, expelling any remaining contents. These contractions are hastened by breastfeeding, which stimulates production of the hormone oxytocin.
This document discusses normal uterine action during labor, which comprises 4 stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) delivery of the baby, 3) placental separation and expulsion, and 4) the first hour after delivery. It describes the major events during labor like increasing contractions, cervical effacement and dilation. Contraction characteristics like frequency, duration, intensity, and resting tone are defined. Abnormal uterine contractions can cause ineffective labor and are classified as coordinated issues like hyperfunction or hypofunction, or incoordinated issues like a colicky or tonic uterus.
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
nurses/doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, and methods. The key methods of medical induction discussed are prostaglandins like dinoprostone and misoprostol, oxytocin, and mifepristone. Prostaglandins work to ripen the cervix and stimulate contractions through local effects on cervical collagen and myometrium. Oxytocin stimulates contractions through receptor-mediated pathways. Mifepristone is a progesterone antagonist that blocks progesterone receptors to ripen the cervix. The document compares these methods and provides dosing and administration details.
The document describes the stages and phases of labor and delivery. It discusses:
1. The first stage consists of 3 phases - the latent phase (0-3cm dilation), active phase (4-7cm dilation), and transitional phase (7-10cm dilation). Contraction frequency and intensity increase through each phase.
2. Key aspects of nursing care in the first stage include monitoring maternal and fetal wellbeing, ensuring comfort and support, and teaching breathing and pushing techniques.
3. A partogram (partograph) is used to graphically monitor labor progress, contractions, and fetal conditions on one page to easily identify normal vs abnormal progress. It allows early recognition of issues like slow dilation.
This document provides guidance on nursing care during the first stage of labour. It discusses assessing vital signs, positioning, diet, bladder and bowel care, pain management techniques, monitoring labour progress using a partogram, and infection control measures. The partogram is a graph used to monitor parameters like cervical dilation, fetal heart rate, uterine contractions and helps detect any abnormalities in labour progression. It is initiated once active labour begins and involves regularly assessing and plotting these parameters to identify delays.
This document discusses the four stages of labor: 1) dilation of the cervix, 2) baby moving through the birth canal, 3) delivery of the placenta, and 4) recovery of the mother. It focuses on the second stage where the baby moves from the uterus into the vagina and is born. Key events in this stage include uterine contractions every 2-3 minutes lasting 50-60 seconds and the baby descending through the pelvis. Nursing assessments and interventions are also outlined to monitor labor progress and support the mother through each stage.
Fourth stage of labor: The hour or two after delivery when the tone of the uterus is reestablished as the uterus contracts again, expelling any remaining contents. These contractions are hastened by breastfeeding, which stimulates production of the hormone oxytocin.
This document discusses normal uterine action during labor, which comprises 4 stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) delivery of the baby, 3) placental separation and expulsion, and 4) the first hour after delivery. It describes the major events during labor like increasing contractions, cervical effacement and dilation. Contraction characteristics like frequency, duration, intensity, and resting tone are defined. Abnormal uterine contractions can cause ineffective labor and are classified as coordinated issues like hyperfunction or hypofunction, or incoordinated issues like a colicky or tonic uterus.
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
nurses/doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
The document discusses the stages and physiology of normal labor and delivery, beginning with an overview of the definition and stages of labor. It then provides details on the first stage of labor, including the phases, progression, and nursing management. The document also covers the second stage of labor focusing on recognition, phases, and the cardinal movements involved in delivery.
This document discusses drugs used in obstetric emergencies, categorizing them based on safety in pregnancy from Category A to X. Category A drugs like antibiotics are considered safest, while Category X drugs like chemotherapy are known to cause harm and should be avoided. Oxytocin is described as the first-line treatment for postpartum hemorrhage. Magnesium sulfate is recommended for preventing seizures in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Misoprostol and other prostaglandins may be used if oxytocin is unavailable for postpartum hemorrhage. Side effects and contraindications are provided for various uterotonic and tocolytic medications.
This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
Breech presentation occurs when the fetus lies longitudinally with the pelvic or podalic pole presenting at the birth canal instead of the head. It has an incidence of 3-15% depending on gestational age. There are various types of breech including complete, frank, and footling. Breech delivery can be managed through external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the fetal position and other risk factors. Vaginal breech delivery requires skilled assistance and maneuvers to safely deliver the fetus in stages starting with the buttocks and hips, shoulders, and finally the head. Complications for mother and baby can include injuries if not properly managed.
The first stage of normal labour begins with the onset of true labour pains and ends with full dilatation of the cervix. For primi-gravida women this stage typically takes 12 hours, and for multi-gravida women it takes around 6 hours. Nursing care during this stage includes admission assessment, perineal care, monitoring contractions and vital signs, allowing rest and ambulation as tolerated, and shifting the patient to the delivery table once full dilatation is reached. Evidence shows that practices like ambulation during labour, support from a companion, and restricted vaginal exams and enemas can help make the first stage of labour safer and more comfortable.
PREVENTION OF POST PARTUM HAEMORRHAGE BY DR SHASHWAT JANIDR SHASHWAT JANI
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage is critical as blood loss within 2 hours of onset can result in death if 25% of blood volume is lost. Regular antenatal care, identification of high risk cases, delivery in well-equipped hospitals, and active management of the third stage of labor can prevent most cases. Active management includes immediate administration of uterotonic drugs like oxytocin, delayed clamping of the cord, controlled cord traction, and examination of the placenta. Oxytocin is the preferred uterotonic as it is very effective and does not have the side effect profile of other medications.
The placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste. It has both fetal and maternal components that form during embryology. A clinical assessment of the placenta after delivery examines characteristics like size, color, thickness, blood clots, completeness and the umbilical cord properties. Abnormal findings could indicate issues like fetal growth problems, infections, or bleeding that provide important health information for the mother and baby. The placenta should be submitted for further analysis if any abnormalities are detected.
This document discusses induction of labor. It begins by defining induction of labor and listing its objectives. It then covers the indications and contraindications for induction, including maternal and fetal indications. It describes methods of induction, including natural non-medical methods, mechanical methods like hygroscopic dilators and balloon catheters, surgical methods like membrane stripping and amniotomy, and pharmacological methods using prostaglandins, misoprostol, mifepristone, and oxytocin. It provides details on techniques and risks of different methods. It emphasizes monitoring during inductions and lists side effects of pharmacological agents. The overall document is a guide for health professionals on selecting and performing appropriate induction methods for individual patients.
The document discusses lactation management and breastfeeding. It provides objectives of lactation management including reviewing public health impacts and understanding physiology. It outlines recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding for six months and continued breastfeeding for at least one year. Common breastfeeding problems like low milk supply, mastitis and breast abscess are identified. The physiology of lactation including galactokinesis, lactogenesis and galactopoiesis is explained. Benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant are highlighted. Drugs to improve milk production and positions for breastfeeding are outlined. Contraindications and problems in breastfeeding are also discussed.
Normal labor occurs spontaneously at term with the fetus presenting head first. It progresses through three stages: cervical dilation, birth of the fetus, and delivery of the placenta. The first stage consists of latent, active, and transitional phases defined by cervical dilation rates. Monitoring labor using a partogram allows for early detection of abnormalities like prolonged dilation or stalled progress. Midwifery care focuses on comfort, monitoring, and addressing any complications to achieve a healthy delivery.
The document discusses the physiology and management of the normal postpartum period, known as the puerperium. It begins immediately after delivery and lasts around 6 weeks. During this time, the body recovers from pregnancy and returns to a non-pregnant state. The uterus undergoes involution, decreasing in size over weeks. Other organs like the vagina, cervix, and breasts also undergo changes. The woman experiences vaginal bleeding called lochia that gradually decreases over weeks. Overall, the postpartum period involves a woman's body returning to its pre-pregnancy condition.
1. Bleeding in early pregnancy can be caused by miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or rare conditions like cervical cancer or polyps.
2. Miscarriage is the most common cause, and it is defined as the natural or spontaneous end of a pregnancy before 24 weeks. Early pregnancy assessment using transvaginal ultrasound and serum hCG levels can help diagnose the cause.
3. Ectopic pregnancies, which occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, should also be considered and ruled out as they can be life-threatening if ruptured. Transvaginal ultrasound and serial hCG measurements are used to diagnose ectopic pregnancies.
This document discusses abnormal labor and its management. It defines normal labor and describes abnormal labor as a difficult labor pattern that deviates from typical progression. Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with the cervix, uterus, maternal pelvis, or fetus. It further outlines the stages of labor and describes factors that can contribute to prolonged latent phase, dysfunctional labor, and dystocia. The management of abnormal labor may include amniotomy, oxytocin administration, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific issues present and labor progression. Close monitoring of labor and timely interventions are important to properly manage abnormal labor.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
This document discusses breech presentation, which occurs when a baby is positioned bottom or feet first in the uterus instead of head first. It defines the different types of breech positions and discusses risk factors, diagnosis, management options, and complications associated with vaginal breech delivery and cesarean section for breech babies. Management options include external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific situation. Risks and procedures for both vaginal delivery and cesarean section are outlined.
The document provides guidelines for managing the first stage of normal labor, including objectives like maintaining normalcy and detecting deviations, and principles like noninterference and careful monitoring. It outlines assessments and observations of the mother like vital signs and urine, and of the fetus like heart rate. Guidelines are given for supportive care during labor like positioning, mobility, nutrition, and pain relief.
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
This document provides information about preparing for labor and delivery. It defines normal labor and describes the three stages of labor. It discusses the signs that labor has begun like lightening, increased urination, and cervical changes. Contraction patterns and cervical dilation indicate true labor. Comfort measures during labor are also outlined like positions, diet, pain management options including narcotics, nitrous oxide, and epidural anesthesia. The responsibilities of midwives to provide physical, emotional and informational support for the laboring woman are emphasized. Essential items for the hospital bag are listed.
This document provides information on abnormal labor and labor induction. It discusses various types of abnormal labor including fetal-pelvic disproportion, prolonged latent phase, active phase disorders like protraction and arrest of dilation. It also covers complications of induction like uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring cesarean section. The document outlines the latest oxytocin induction protocol used in the local health setup, starting with low doses and increasing based on labor progress. It emphasizes getting informed consent and assessing cervical favorability before induction.
The document discusses the stages and physiology of normal labor and delivery, beginning with an overview of the definition and stages of labor. It then provides details on the first stage of labor, including the phases, progression, and nursing management. The document also covers the second stage of labor focusing on recognition, phases, and the cardinal movements involved in delivery.
This document discusses drugs used in obstetric emergencies, categorizing them based on safety in pregnancy from Category A to X. Category A drugs like antibiotics are considered safest, while Category X drugs like chemotherapy are known to cause harm and should be avoided. Oxytocin is described as the first-line treatment for postpartum hemorrhage. Magnesium sulfate is recommended for preventing seizures in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Misoprostol and other prostaglandins may be used if oxytocin is unavailable for postpartum hemorrhage. Side effects and contraindications are provided for various uterotonic and tocolytic medications.
This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
Breech presentation occurs when the fetus lies longitudinally with the pelvic or podalic pole presenting at the birth canal instead of the head. It has an incidence of 3-15% depending on gestational age. There are various types of breech including complete, frank, and footling. Breech delivery can be managed through external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the fetal position and other risk factors. Vaginal breech delivery requires skilled assistance and maneuvers to safely deliver the fetus in stages starting with the buttocks and hips, shoulders, and finally the head. Complications for mother and baby can include injuries if not properly managed.
The first stage of normal labour begins with the onset of true labour pains and ends with full dilatation of the cervix. For primi-gravida women this stage typically takes 12 hours, and for multi-gravida women it takes around 6 hours. Nursing care during this stage includes admission assessment, perineal care, monitoring contractions and vital signs, allowing rest and ambulation as tolerated, and shifting the patient to the delivery table once full dilatation is reached. Evidence shows that practices like ambulation during labour, support from a companion, and restricted vaginal exams and enemas can help make the first stage of labour safer and more comfortable.
PREVENTION OF POST PARTUM HAEMORRHAGE BY DR SHASHWAT JANIDR SHASHWAT JANI
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage is critical as blood loss within 2 hours of onset can result in death if 25% of blood volume is lost. Regular antenatal care, identification of high risk cases, delivery in well-equipped hospitals, and active management of the third stage of labor can prevent most cases. Active management includes immediate administration of uterotonic drugs like oxytocin, delayed clamping of the cord, controlled cord traction, and examination of the placenta. Oxytocin is the preferred uterotonic as it is very effective and does not have the side effect profile of other medications.
The placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste. It has both fetal and maternal components that form during embryology. A clinical assessment of the placenta after delivery examines characteristics like size, color, thickness, blood clots, completeness and the umbilical cord properties. Abnormal findings could indicate issues like fetal growth problems, infections, or bleeding that provide important health information for the mother and baby. The placenta should be submitted for further analysis if any abnormalities are detected.
This document discusses induction of labor. It begins by defining induction of labor and listing its objectives. It then covers the indications and contraindications for induction, including maternal and fetal indications. It describes methods of induction, including natural non-medical methods, mechanical methods like hygroscopic dilators and balloon catheters, surgical methods like membrane stripping and amniotomy, and pharmacological methods using prostaglandins, misoprostol, mifepristone, and oxytocin. It provides details on techniques and risks of different methods. It emphasizes monitoring during inductions and lists side effects of pharmacological agents. The overall document is a guide for health professionals on selecting and performing appropriate induction methods for individual patients.
The document discusses lactation management and breastfeeding. It provides objectives of lactation management including reviewing public health impacts and understanding physiology. It outlines recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding for six months and continued breastfeeding for at least one year. Common breastfeeding problems like low milk supply, mastitis and breast abscess are identified. The physiology of lactation including galactokinesis, lactogenesis and galactopoiesis is explained. Benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant are highlighted. Drugs to improve milk production and positions for breastfeeding are outlined. Contraindications and problems in breastfeeding are also discussed.
Normal labor occurs spontaneously at term with the fetus presenting head first. It progresses through three stages: cervical dilation, birth of the fetus, and delivery of the placenta. The first stage consists of latent, active, and transitional phases defined by cervical dilation rates. Monitoring labor using a partogram allows for early detection of abnormalities like prolonged dilation or stalled progress. Midwifery care focuses on comfort, monitoring, and addressing any complications to achieve a healthy delivery.
The document discusses the physiology and management of the normal postpartum period, known as the puerperium. It begins immediately after delivery and lasts around 6 weeks. During this time, the body recovers from pregnancy and returns to a non-pregnant state. The uterus undergoes involution, decreasing in size over weeks. Other organs like the vagina, cervix, and breasts also undergo changes. The woman experiences vaginal bleeding called lochia that gradually decreases over weeks. Overall, the postpartum period involves a woman's body returning to its pre-pregnancy condition.
1. Bleeding in early pregnancy can be caused by miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or rare conditions like cervical cancer or polyps.
2. Miscarriage is the most common cause, and it is defined as the natural or spontaneous end of a pregnancy before 24 weeks. Early pregnancy assessment using transvaginal ultrasound and serum hCG levels can help diagnose the cause.
3. Ectopic pregnancies, which occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, should also be considered and ruled out as they can be life-threatening if ruptured. Transvaginal ultrasound and serial hCG measurements are used to diagnose ectopic pregnancies.
This document discusses abnormal labor and its management. It defines normal labor and describes abnormal labor as a difficult labor pattern that deviates from typical progression. Abnormal labor can be caused by issues with the cervix, uterus, maternal pelvis, or fetus. It further outlines the stages of labor and describes factors that can contribute to prolonged latent phase, dysfunctional labor, and dystocia. The management of abnormal labor may include amniotomy, oxytocin administration, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific issues present and labor progression. Close monitoring of labor and timely interventions are important to properly manage abnormal labor.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
This document discusses breech presentation, which occurs when a baby is positioned bottom or feet first in the uterus instead of head first. It defines the different types of breech positions and discusses risk factors, diagnosis, management options, and complications associated with vaginal breech delivery and cesarean section for breech babies. Management options include external cephalic version, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section depending on the specific situation. Risks and procedures for both vaginal delivery and cesarean section are outlined.
The document provides guidelines for managing the first stage of normal labor, including objectives like maintaining normalcy and detecting deviations, and principles like noninterference and careful monitoring. It outlines assessments and observations of the mother like vital signs and urine, and of the fetus like heart rate. Guidelines are given for supportive care during labor like positioning, mobility, nutrition, and pain relief.
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
This document provides information about preparing for labor and delivery. It defines normal labor and describes the three stages of labor. It discusses the signs that labor has begun like lightening, increased urination, and cervical changes. Contraction patterns and cervical dilation indicate true labor. Comfort measures during labor are also outlined like positions, diet, pain management options including narcotics, nitrous oxide, and epidural anesthesia. The responsibilities of midwives to provide physical, emotional and informational support for the laboring woman are emphasized. Essential items for the hospital bag are listed.
This document provides information on abnormal labor and labor induction. It discusses various types of abnormal labor including fetal-pelvic disproportion, prolonged latent phase, active phase disorders like protraction and arrest of dilation. It also covers complications of induction like uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring cesarean section. The document outlines the latest oxytocin induction protocol used in the local health setup, starting with low doses and increasing based on labor progress. It emphasizes getting informed consent and assessing cervical favorability before induction.
The document discusses minor disorders and complications that can occur during the postpartum period (puerperium). It defines minor disorders as conditions that cause minor discomfort but do not alter the normal physiological process, while complications are more severe conditions that can be fatal. Some common minor disorders mentioned include afterbirth pains, excessive sweating, and breast engorgement. Major complications discussed include puerperal pyrexia, puerperal sepsis, subinvolution, urinary complications, breast complications, puerperal venous thrombosis, and psychiatric disorders. The document emphasizes the importance of proper care, aseptic techniques, counseling and early identification of complications to help manage conditions and prevent worsening during this period.
Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the genital tract that occurs as a complication of delivery. It is one of the leading causes of maternal death from childbirth. Common predisposing factors include malnutrition, preterm labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, and sexual intercourse during pregnancy. The infection is usually caused by normal vaginal flora such as streptococcus or staphylococcus that enter the uterus during delivery. Symptoms include fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and uterine tenderness. Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care, and management of any complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease or sepsis. Prevention focuses on proper hygiene during delivery and avoiding unnecessary interventions.
The document discusses palliative care and the treatment of cancer pain. It provides guidelines for assessing and managing Mrs. X's cancer pain, which is severe and not improving with previous medications. The physician will treat her pain with morphine according to WHO guidelines, while preventing side effects with anti-nausea medications. Her daughter expresses concern about morphine addiction, but the physician explains that tolerance, not addiction, develops with long-term opioid use for pain management.
This document discusses various methods of assessing fetal well-being during pregnancy, known as antepartum fetal monitoring. It describes tests such as fetal movement counting, non-stress tests, biophysical profiles, and Doppler velocimetry that evaluate factors like fetal heart rate, movement, tone and amniotic fluid to detect any complications. The goal is to allow intervention before fetal death or damage from hypoxia while avoiding unnecessary early delivery. Each test has benefits and limitations in accurately detecting issues with the placenta or fetus.
Induction of labour is an intervention to artificially initiate uterine contractions and birth. It may be indicated for conditions like hypertension in pregnancy, post-term pregnancy, or fetal growth issues. Methods include mechanical (balloon catheters, laminaria tents), natural (breast stimulation, intercourse), or chemical means like prostaglandins, oxytocin, or misoprostol. Risks include failed induction requiring C-section, uterine hyperstimulation, or fetal distress. The Bishop score evaluates cervical status to determine likelihood of successful induction. Close monitoring is important with any induction method.
The document discusses the normal vaginal anatomy and microbiota. It describes that the normal vaginal flora is predominantly made up of lactobacillus bacteria which produce lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This maintains the normal acidic vaginal pH between 3.8-4.5. Disruptions to the normal microbiota can result in conditions like bacterial vaginosis. The document outlines the causes, symptoms, and treatments for common vaginal infections including bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Microscopic examination of vaginal secretions is important for diagnosis of infections.
Extreme preterm newborns – survivorship and controversiesVarsha Shah
This document discusses extreme prematurity and the management and controversies surrounding extremely premature newborns. It defines extreme prematurity as babies born between 22-25 weeks gestation. It outlines the acute, stable, and late stage management of these newborns, focusing on interventions to address common medical issues like respiratory distress, IVH, feeding challenges, and more. The document also notes improved survival rates over the last 30 years but persisting neurodevelopmental morbidities.
This document summarizes minor disorders that can occur in newborns. It defines a newborn as an infant from birth until 28 days old. It then describes and provides treatment recommendations for common minor issues newborns may experience such as stuffy nose, sticky eyes, skin rashes, oral thrush, jaundice, engorgement of the breast, vomiting, diarrhea, hiccups, sneezing, failure to pass urine or meconium, excessive crying, excessive sleepiness, caput succedaneum, umbilical granuloma, pink eye, baby acne, and genital issues. The document stresses the importance of not neglecting minor health problems in newborns.
This document provides information on bronchiolitis, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment and management, disease course, and prevention. Some key points include:
- Bronchiolitis is defined as an acute inflammation of the small airways caused primarily by viral infections like RSV. It commonly affects infants under 1 year old.
- Clinical presentation includes cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and hypoxemia. Diagnosis is usually clinical without need for testing in uncomplicated cases.
- Treatment is generally supportive with supplemental oxygen and fluids. Nebulized bronchodilators may help in some cases. Antibiotics are not effective as
This document discusses induction of labour, which is defined as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of natural labour. It outlines the goals, indications, methods, and nursing responsibilities for labour induction. The main methods discussed are medical induction using prostaglandins or oxytocin, and surgical induction through membrane stripping or artificial rupture of membranes. The nursing responsibilities involve properly administering induction medications and procedures, monitoring the woman and fetus during labour induction, and providing general care and support to the woman and newborn.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Common symptoms include abdominal/pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is suggested by high beta-HCG levels and an empty uterus on ultrasound. Treatment options include expectant management for stable patients, medical management with methotrexate, or surgical intervention via laparoscopy or laparotomy for unstable patients or surgical candidates. The prognosis depends on the treatment, with methotrexate associated with higher subsequent intrauterine pregnancy rates compared to surgery.
This document discusses various methods for inducing labor, including natural, mechanical, and pharmacological methods. Natural methods include relaxation techniques, walking, nipple stimulation, and certain foods and herbs. Mechanical methods involve inserting balloon dilators or stripping the membranes to dilate the cervix. Pharmacological induction uses prostaglandins like dinoprostone (PGE2) and misoprostol (Cytotec) administered vaginally or orally, or oxytocin administered via IV infusion. The document outlines the procedures, effects, risks, and evidence for different induction methods to help providers select the most appropriate option for each patient.
The document discusses antenatal, intranatal, postnatal care and care of children. It covers components of antenatal care including antenatal visits, prenatal advice, health protection, mental preparation and pediatric components. Intranatal care includes domiciliary and institutional care as well as rooming in. Postnatal care focuses on care of the mother and newborn. Care of children sections discusses antenatal pediatrics, neonatal care including immediate newborn care, examinations and care of at-risk infants.
The document discusses anesthesia considerations for pregnant patients undergoing non-obstetric surgery. It notes that around 1-2.5% of pregnant women require such surgery each year. The risks to the fetus rise with procedures, so evaluation of risks vs benefits is important. The goals of anesthesia management are to maintain maternal oxygenation, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and uterine blood flow. Fetal monitoring may be used after 16 weeks to check for distress.
Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to rupture of membranes before the onset of labour. It can occur preterm (PPROM) or at term (TPROM). Accurate diagnosis is important to determine management. For term PROM, immediate induction with oxytocin is recommended to reduce infection risks. For preterm PROM, antibiotics are given and delivery often occurs soon after due to infection risks for mother and baby. Management depends on gestational age and involves weighing infection risks against benefits of prolonging pregnancy.
Induction of labour is indicated in several maternal and fetal conditions to reduce risks to the mother and baby. Prostaglandins like misoprostol and dinoprostone are commonly used for cervical ripening and induction. Oxytocin infusion is also used for labor induction and augmentation. The success of induction depends on factors like parity, gestation, and Bishop score. Combination methods using prostaglandins followed by ARM and oxytocin are often effective when the Bishop score is low. Care must be taken to monitor for complications like uterine hyperstimulation and fetal distress during induction.
Infection control protocol in nicu BY DR.PRITESH B PATELdrpriteshpatel1987
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Management of Labor
1. Evaluate volume of vaginal bleeding as stable or unstable per
the patient’s vital signs and uterine response .
Stable : vital signs within 20% of patient’s average readings and
uterus remains firm between assessment or quickly firms after
fundal massage
Unstable : vital signs vary greater than 20% from the patient’s
average readings or repetitive blood pressure readings below
90/60 mm Hg , pulse more than 110/min , respiration 24 to 26 /
min accompanied by continuous bleeding and a boggy uterine
tone
INCREASE PULSE RATE IS THE FIRST SIGN OF THE
HYPOVOLUMIA AND VHYPOTENSION IS LATE .
If bleeding continues and uterus is firm , notify health care
provider for evaluation of laceration or retained placental
fragments .
AUTOTRANSFUSION
1
2. SEMINAR
WHAT IS MEANT BY “ THE SEMINAR ” ?
A SMALL GROUP OF ADVANCED STUDENTS IN A
COLLEGE OR GRADUATE SCHOOL ENGAGED IN
ORGINAL RESEARCH OR INTENSIVE STUDY UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF PROFESOR WHO MEET REGULARLY WITH
THEM TO DISCUSS THEIR REPORTS AND FINDINGS .
2
4. CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC
PHASES OF LABOUR
MANAGEMENT OF FIRST STAGE
MANAGEMENT OF SECOND STAGE
CARE OF NEW BORN
MANAGEMENT OF THIRD STAGE
1. EXPECTANT
2. ACTIVE ( PREFERRED)
MANAGEMENT OF FOURTH STAGE
SUMMARY
4
5. OBJECTIVES
DEFINE LABOR .
DESCRIBE EVENTS OCCURING IN STAGES OF LABOR .
HIGHLIGHT PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIIVES OF MANAGEMENT OF
LABOR .
DISCUSS MANAGEMENT OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR
ELLABORATE MANAGEMENT OF SECOND STAGE OF LABOR .
EXPLAIN IMMEDIATE CARE OF NEW BORN .
DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT OF THIRD STAGE OF LABOR .
DISCUSS MANAGEMENT OF FOURTH STAGE OF LABOR
SUMMERIZATION OF TOPIC .
5
6. THE CHALLENGE IS, CAN YOU PROVIDE
VIGILANCE WITHOUT INTERVENTION….
You are the
only one ,
who can
help you in
best way .
6
7. DEFINING LABOR
SERIES OF EVENTS THAT TAKES PLACE IN THE GENITAL ORGANS IN AN
EFFORT TO EXPEL THE VIABLE PRODUCT OF CONCEPTION OUT OF THE
WOMB THROUGH VAGINA INTO THE OUTER WORLD IS CALLED AS
LABOR .
NORMAL LABOR (EUTOCIA)
LABOR IS CALLED AS NORMAL IF IT FULFILS FOLLOWING CRITERIA
1. SPONTANEOUS IN ONSET AND AT TERM
2. WITH VERTEX PRESENTATION
3. WITHOUT UNDUE PROLONG
4. NATURAL TERMINATION WITH MINIMAL AIDS
5. WITHOUT HAVING ANY COMPLICATIONS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF
THE MOTHER AND/OR THE BABY .
ABNORMAL LABOR (DYSTOCIA)
ANY DEVIATION FROM THE DEFINATION OF NORMAL LABOR IS CALLED
ABNORMAL LABOR
7
9. EVENTS IN FIRST STAGE OF LABOR
CHIEFLY CONCERNED WITH PREPARATION OF BIRTH CANAL SO AS TO
FACILITATE EXPULSION OF FETUS IN SECOND STAGE .MAIN EVENTS THAT
OCCURS IN THIS STAGE ARE :
DILATION AND TAKING UP OF CERVIX
THERE ARE DIFFERENT FEACTORS WHICH PREDISPOSE SMOOTH
DILATION OF CERVIX :
a) UTERINE CONTRACTION AND RETRACTION – CRVIX BECOMES
SHORTENED AND RETRACTED IN BUCKET HOLDING FASHION .
b) BAG OF MEMBRANE –
EFFACEMENT OR TAKING UP OF THE CERVIX : IS A PROCESS OF THINNING
OUT . NOTE THE FOLLOWING :
DILATION : HOW FAR THE CEVIX HAS BEEN OPENED ( IN CM )
EFFACEMENT : HOW THIN IS THE CERVIX ( IN CM OR % )
FULL FORMATION OF LOWER UTERINE SEGMENT
9
IN NULLIPARA THE FIRST STAGE MAY BE PROLONG UP TO 12 HOURS
WHILE IN MULTIPARA IT GET COMPLETED IN 4 – 6 HOURS .
11. EVEN TS IN SECOND STAGE OF
LABOR
THIS STAGE IS CONCERNED WITH THE DESCENT AND DELIVERY OF THE
FETUS THROUGH THE BIRTH CANAL , CERVICAL DILATION CONTINUES ,
WITH FULL DILATION OF CERVIX , THE MEMBRANES USUALLY RUPTURE AND
THERE IS ESCAPE OF GOOD AMOUNT OF LIQUOR AMNII .
UTERINE CONTRACTION AND RETRACTION BECOMES MORE STRONGER
EXPULSIVE FORCE OF UTERINE CONTRACTION IS ADDED BY
CONTRACTION OF THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES CALLED “ BEARING DOWN
” EFFORTS .
THE SECOND STAGE MAY LAST FROM 1 TO 4 HOURS IN NULLIPARA AND
LESS THAN 1 HOUR IN MULTIPARA .
11
12. EVENTS IN THIRD STAGE OF LABOR
THE THIRD STAGE OF LABOR COMPRISES THE PHASE OF PLACENTAL
SEPARATION ITS DECENT TO LOWEAR SEGMENT AND FINALY ITS
EXPULSION WITH MEMBRANES .
PLACENTAL SEPARATION : AFTER THE BIRTH SHAPE OF UTERUS
BECOMES DISCOID AND CAVITY IS MUCH REDUCED(20CMX10CM) .
AS THE PLACENTA IS INELASTIC IT CAN NOT KEEP PACE WITH SUCH
EXTENT OF RETRACTION AND RESULTS IN BUCKLING .
SEPARATION MAY BE MARGINAL MAY BE CENTRAL .
SEPARATION OF THE MEMBRANES
AFTER THE SEPARATION OF PLACENTA IT GET EXPELLED OUT .
THE THIRD STAGE MAY LAST FROM A FEW MINUTES TO 30 MINUTES .
12
13. PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIIVES OF
MANAGEMENT OF LABOR .
NON INTERFERENCE WITH WATCHFUL EXPECTANCY FOR NATURAL BIRTH .
MONITOR CAREFULLY SO AS TO DETECT ANY INTRAPARTUM
COMPLICATION .
ASSIST IN THE NATURAL EXPULSION OF THE FETUS SLOWLY AND STEADILY .
TO PREVENT PERINEAL INJURIES .
IMMEDIATE CARE OF NEWBORN .
ENSURE STRICT VIGILANCE .
TO FOLLOW THE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES STRICTLY IN PRACTICE
13
14. MANAGEMENT OF FIRST STAGE OF
LABOR
PRELIMINARIES
BASIC EVALUATION OF CURRENT CLINICAL CONDITIONS.
OBSTETRICAL AND GENERAL EXAMINATION INCLUDING
VAGINAL EXAMINATION TO EXCLUDE ANY ABNORMALITIES.
RECORDS OF ANTE NATAL VISITS , INVESTIGATION REPORTS AND ANY
SPECIFIC TREATMENT GIVEN ARE TO BE REVIEWED .
15. ACTUAL MANAGEMENT
General
ANTISEPTIC DRESSING
ENCOURAGEMENT , EMOTIONAL SUPPORT AND ASSURANCE
CONSTANT SUPERVISION
REST AND AMBULATION
BOWEL :ENEMA WITH SOAP AND WATER OR GLYCERINE SUPPOSITORY
DIET: FOOD IS WITH HELD DURING ACTIVE LABOUR.
BECAUSE DELAYED EMPTYING OF THE STOMACH AND LOW PH OF
GASTRIC CONTAIN IS REAL DANGER IF ASPIRATED FOLLOWING
GENERAL ANESTHESIA WHEN NEEDED UNEXPECTEDLY .
BLADDER CARE : ENCOURAGED TO PASS URINE BY HERSELF . IF PATIENT
FAILS TO PASS URINE SPECIALLY IN LATE FIRST STAGE , CATHETERIZATION
SHOULD BE DONE WITH STRICT ASEPTIC PRECAUTIONS .
15
16. MANAGEMENT OF LABOR PAIN
PAIN IS SUBJECTIVE , COMPLEX INTERACTION OF INFLUENCES :
a. PHYSIOLOGIC
b. PSYCHOSOCIAL
c. CULTURAL
d. ENVIRONMENTAL
NATURE OF LABOR PAIN –
1ST STAGE
VISCERAL PAIN
DIFFUSE ABDOMINAL CRAMPING
UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
17. NONPHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN RELIEF
1. CONTINUOUS LABOR SUPPORT
INCREASINGLY AVAILABLE AT HOSPITALS & BIRTH CENTERS
RECENT SURVEY (2002 - WHO)
6% OF WOMEN USED WARM WATER BATHS
49% FOUND THEM VERY HELPFUL
2. WARM WATER BATHS
LABOR MAY SLOW IF USED IN EARLY LABOR LESS THAN 5CM DILATION
3. STERILE-WATER INJECTIONS
INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF STERILE WATER IN THE SACRAL AREA
CAUSES A BURNING SENSATION
COUNTERIRRITATION
DECREASES BACK PAIN FOR 45-90 MINS.
4 .POSITIONS, TOUCH, & MASSAGE
18. 18
NON-MEDICAL CARE BY A TRAINED PERSON
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS/CRITERIA DEPENDING ON STUDIES:
a) “MINIMUM OF 80%” PRESENCE
b) PRESENCE “WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, EXCEPT FOR TOILETING”
VARIOUS TERMS: DOULA, LABOR ASSISTANT, BIRTH
COMPANION, MONITRICE
MAY REFER TO HUSBAND OR UNTRAINED FEMALE COMPANION
CONTINUOUS LABOR SUPPORT
19. EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
SUPPORT DURING LABOUR
Continuous Labor Support: Mechanism of Action from Hodnett (2007)
Negative
experiences
may impede
labor
Negative
experiences may
impede adjustment
to motherhood
Mitigates
potentially
harsh
environment
Positive impact
of
companionship
on mom
woman
uses
gravity &
position changes
fetopelvic
relationship
is enhanced
Mobility
encouraged by
support
person
fewer
abnormal
FHR
patterns
preserves
uterine
contractility
stress hormones
(epinephrine)
may be
reduced
Support
person
decreases
anxiety of mom
Physiologic
impact of
continuous
labor support
19
20. WHY ARE WE LOOKING TO DECREASE THE USE OF MEDICATION?
THE THEORY “NATURAL BIRTH” : BODY PRODUCES ENDORPHINS TO COPE WITH
PAIN . BABY‟S ENDORPHINS RAISE WHEN MOM‟S ENDORPHINS RAISE .
MEDICATIONS DECREASE NATURAL ENDORPHINS FOR BOTH .IT ALSO
STIMULATES THE BABY‟S ADRENAL GLANDS . “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” – HELPS TO
ADAPT TO LIFE OUTSIDE OF THE UTERUS . IT INCREASES BLOOD FLOW TO BABY .
STIMULATES IMMUNE SYSTEM (INCREASED WBC‟S) . MAKING BABY MORE ALERT
– FACILITATES BONDING . OXYTOCIN PEAKS JUST AFTER AN UNMEDICATED
BIRTH AND STIMULATES MATERNAL BEHAVIORS .
OPIODS AND NARCOTICS
CONTINUOUS LUMBAR EPIDURAL
PARACERVICAL BLOCK
50 / 50 NITROUS / OXYGEN
PSYCHOPROPHYLAXIS
HYPNOSIS
PHARMACOLOGICAL PAIN RELIEF
21. PARENTERAL OPIOIDS : MOTHER
LESS PAIN RELIEF AND SATISFACTION WITH PAIN RELIEF (ALL STAGES)
LOWER RATE OF OXYTOCIN AUGMENTATION
SHORTER STAGES OF LABOR
FEWER CASES OF MALPOSITION
FEWER INSTRUMENT-ASSISTED DELIVERIES
PARENTERAL OPIOIDS - INFANT
NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
DECREASED ALERTNESS
INHIBITION OF SUCKING
LOWER NEUROBEHARIORAL SCORES
DELAY IN EFFECTIVE FEEDING
LONG-TERM EFFECTS CANNOT BE EXCLUDED
22. EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
BALANCE BETWEEN PAIN RELIEF AND OTHER GOALS…
1. WALKING (1ST STAGE)
2. PUSHING EFFECTIVELY (2ND STAGE)
3. MINIMIZING SIDE EFFECTS MATERNAL AND NEONATAL
“WALKING EPIDURAL”
INTRATHECAL OPIOID INJECTION BEFORE CONTINUOUS EPIDURAL INFUSION
*OFTEN ARE UNABLE TO WALK…
1. SUBSTANTIAL MOTOR BLOCKADE
2. NEED CONTINUOUS FETAL MONITORING
ADVANTAGES:
1. RAPID ONSET OF PAIN RELIEF
2. POTENTIAL FOR THE INTRATHECAL MEDICATION TO SUFFICE
3. LIKELY TO DELIVER IN 2-3 HOURS
23. EPIDURAL ANALGESIA - EFFECTS
SLOWS LABOR (1ST AND 2ND STAGES)
INCREASES USE OF PITOCIN
OXYTOCIN AUGMENTATION
INCREASED PERINEAL TEARS
INCREASED INSTRUMENT-ASSISTED DELIVERY
FORCEPS/VACUUM EXTRACTION
INCREASED CESAREAN (?)
ESPECIALLY WHEN ADMINISTERED EARLY
MATERNAL FEVER
EPIDURAL – SIDE EFFECTS
COMMON:
HYPOTENSION
IMPAIRED MOTOR FUNCTION (INABILITY TO WALK)
NEED FOR CATHETERIZATION
UNCOMMON (<10%):
PRURITIS
NAUSEA & VOMITING
SEDATION
24. NITROUS OXIDE
WIDELY USED IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
a) >60% FINLAND AND UNITED KINGDOM
b) 50/50 BLEND NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN
FULL EFFECT 50 SECONDS AFTER INHALATION
USUALLY SELF-ADMINISTERED AS NEEDED
NITROUS OXIDE – SIDE EFFECTS
NAUSEA ,VOMITING ,POOR RECALL OF LABOR
1. NITRAZINE PAPER TURNS BLUE IN THE
PRESENCE OF ALKALINE AMNIOTIC
FLUID .
2. VAGINAL SECERITIONS ARE
NITRAZINE NEGATIVE AS THEY ARE
ACIDIC .
3. POOLING OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID
IN THE VAGINAL VAULT IS A RELIABLE
SIGN .
STATUS OF MEMBRANES
25. MONITORING FOR FETAL WELL-BEING: THE
EVIDENCE
25
EARLY LABOR, FOR LOW RISK
PATIENTS, NOTE THE FETAL HEART
RATE EVERY 1-2 HOURS.
DURING ACTIVE LABOR, EVALUATE
THE FETAL HEART EVERY 30 MINUTES
NORMAL FHR IS 120-160 BPM
PERSISTENT TACHYCARDIA (>160)
OR BRADYCARDIA (<120,
PARTICULARLY <100) IS OF
CONCERN
26. TO NOTE THE PROGRESS OF LABOR :
ABDOMINAL FINDINGS
1. UTERINE CONTRACTIONS- INTENSITY , FREQUENCY AND DURATION SHOULD
ASSESSED . PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN INTENSITY SIGNIFIES GOOD
PROGRESS OF LABOR .
2. PELVIC GRIP – GRADUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF POLES OF HEAD .
3. SHIFTING OF MAXIMUM IMPULSE OF FETAL HEART BEAT DOWNWARDS AND
MEDIALLY .
VAGINAL EXAMINATIONS
1. DILATION OF CERVIX
2. POSITION OF HEAD AND DEGREE OF FLEXION
FREQUENT VAGINAL EXAMINATIONS ARE STRICTLY CONDEMNED DUE TO
MATERNAL UNCOMFORT AND RISK OF INFECTIONS .
26
27. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
DEFICIT FLUID VOLUME RELATED TO DECREASE ORAL INTAKE , DIETARY
RESTRICTIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF LABOR .
ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO UTERINE CONTRACTIONS OR POSITION OF
THE FETUS AND NAUSEA AND VOMITING .
ANXIETY RELATED TO CONCERN FOR SELF AND THE FETUS .
IMPAIRED URINARY ELIMINATION RELATED TO EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
OR FROM PRESSURE OF THE FETUS .
INEFFECTIVE COPING RELATED DISCOMFORT .
RISK FOR INFECTION RELATED TO RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES .
IMPAIRED PHYSICAL MOBILITY RELATED TO MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
AND DISCOMFORTS .
INEFFECTIVE BREATHING PATTERN RELATED TO PAIN AND FATIGUE .
27
28. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
MAINTAINING NUTRITION AND HYDRATION
a) PROVIDING CLEAR LIQUID IN SMALL SIPS .
b) EVALUATE URINE FOR KETONE AND GLUCOSE .
c) ADMISTER I.V. FLUID AS INDICATED AND ORDERED
RELIEVING ANXIETY
a) PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT .
b) INFORM ABOUT THE MATERNAL STATUS FETAL STATUS AND LABOR
PROGRESS PERIODICALY .
c) ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND OFFER THE SUPPORT .
d) EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENTS USED DURING LABOR .
28
29. CONTROLLING PAIN
1. ENCOURAGE AMBULATION AS TOLERATED
2. ENCOURAGE DIVERSIONAL ACTIVITIES SREADING , TALKING
, WATCHING T.V. PLAYING CARDS …
3. TEACH PROPER BREATHING TECHNIQUE
SLOW CHEST BREATHING AVERAGE 10 TO 12 BREATHS PER MINUTE
MODIFIED PACED BREATHING AS LABOR PROGRESS SLOW CHEST
BREATHING IS NO LONGER EFFECTIVE THEN REGULAR SHALLOW
BREATHS WHILE CONTRACTION SHOULD USED
4 PROVIDING COMFORT MEASURES . GIVE BACK AND FOOT RUB .
ASSIST WOMAN IN CHANGING OF POSITION .
5 WARM SHOWER CAN BE ENCOURAGED SUCH LABORING WOMAN
SITTING ON CHAIR AND WATER RUNNING OVER HER LOWER BACK .
29
30. ENCOURAGE BLADDER EMPTYING :
1. ENCOURAGE TO VOID EVERY 2 HOURS AT LEAST 100 ML IF POSSIBLE
2. PALPATE THE LOWER ABDOMEN AND EVALUATE FOR BLADDER
DISTENTION .
3. PROVIDE PRIVACY TO PATIENT TO COMPLETE THE TASK .
4. CATHETERIZE THE PATIENT IF UNABLE TO VOID VOLUNTARILY .
5. MONITOR INTAKE OUTPUT AS PER THE FACILITY POLICY .
PREVENTING INTRA- UTERINE INFECTIONS :
1. TAKE VITALS EVERY 2 HOURS
2. PERIODICALLY CHANGE PAD AND LINEN WHEN WET OR SOILED.
3. PROVIDE PERINEAL CARE AFTER VOIDING AND WHEN NEEDED .
4. MINIMIZE VAGINAL EXAMINATIONS .
5. OBSERVE FOR FETAL TACHYCARDIA AND WARMTH OF MATERNAL SKIN
6. ASSES THE COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT AS INDICATED AND AVAILABLE
30
31. SECOND STAGE OF LABOR
TRANSITION FROM THE FIRST STAGE
TO SECOND STAGE IS EVIDENCE BY
FOLLOWING :
1. RUPTURE OF THE BAG OF MEMBRANES
WITH ESCAPE OF LIQUOR AMNII
2. INCREASING INTENSITY OF UTERINE
CONTRACTION
3. APPEARANCE OF BEARING DOWN
EFFORTS .
4. COMPLETE DILATION OF CEVIX
BIRTH
1. PERINEAL MANAGEMENT
2. ASK MOTHER TO FEEL THE BABY‟S HEAD
3. STAY FOCUSED ON WOMAN, NOT
TASKS
31
32. PRELIMINARIES
ALL OBSERVATIONS SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED ON THE PARTOGRAM.
OBSERVATIONS BY A MIDWIFE OF A WOMAN IN THE SECOND STAGE
OF LABOR INCLUDE:
• HOURLY BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE
• CONTINUED 4-HOURLY TEMPERATURE
• VAGINAL EXAMINATION OFFERED HOURLY IN THE ACTIVE SECOND
STAGE OR IN RESPONSE TO THE WOMAN‟S WISHES (AFTER ABDOMINAL
PALPATION AND ASSESSMENT OF VAGINAL LOSS)
• HALF-HOURLY DOCUMENTATION OF THE FREQUENCY OF
CONTRACTIONS
• FREQUENCY OF EMPTYING THE BLADDER
• ONGOING CONSIDERATION OF THE WOMAN‟S EMOTIONAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS.
32
33. POSITIONING
IT IS MOST BENEFICIAL FOR THE PRACTITIONERS WHO OFFERS LABOR
SUPPORT TO ENCOURAGE THE PATIENT TO UTILIZE POSITIONS IN ORDER
TO FACILITATE FETAL DESCENT . RESEARCH SUPPORTS THAT THE MOST
SUCCESSFUL POSITIONS IS THE SQUAT , ALTHOUGH OTHER POSITIONS
EXISTS . ADVANCED IMAGING TECHNIQUE HAVE VERIFIED THAT
DURING THE SQUAT POSITION THE PELVIC OUTLET INCREASES
APPROXIMATELY BY 1-2 CM .
ADDITIONAL POSITIONING ARE AVAILABLE TO ENCOURAGE FETAL
DESCENT : SIDE LYING , KNEE-CHEST , HANDS- AND- KNEE , AND
FORWARD LEAN ACCOMPANIED BY PELVIC TILT OR PELVIC ROCKING .
SUPINE POSITION IS INAPPROPRIATE DURING LABOR – AT ALL STAGES –
AS IT PROMOTES MATERNAL VENA CAVA COMPRESSION AND
SUBSEQUENT DEOXYGENATION OF THE MOTHER AND FETUS .
33
34. PUSHING TECHNIQUE
FOR OPTIMAL SUCCESS THE PUSHING TECHNIQUES SHOULD BE INITIATED
ONCE THE CERVIX IS FULLY DILATED , FETAL PRESENTING PART ON THE
PELVIC FLOOR , AND PATIENT HAS SENSE TO PUSH / BEAR DOWN (
FERGUSON'S REFLEX )
TWO METHODS OF PUSHING EXIST : PASSIVE PUSHING AND ACTIVE PUSHING
A . PASSIVE PUSHING : ( LABORING DOWN / REST AND
DESCENT )
TECHNIQUE OFFERS NO ACTIVE PARTICIPATION FROM THE PATIENT TO
FACILITATE DESCENT . THE NEED FOR THIS METHOD :
1. DUE TO EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA / ANALGESIA , THE WOMAN DOES NOT FEEL
THE URGE TO PUSH .
2. MATERNAL CLINICAL CONDITION , SUCH AS CARDIAC DISEASE , TRAUMA .
3. FETAL CLINICAL CONDITIONS , SUCH AS NON REASSURING FHR .
4. LACK OF NURSING PERSONNEL TO PROVIDE 1:1 SUPPORT .
5. MATERNAL EXHAUSTION .
34
35. B. ACTIVE PUSHING
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF THE PATIENT AND THE PRACTITIONER TO
ASSIST DESCENT OUT THE FETUS . IF PROLONGED THE TECHNIQUE MAY
NEGATIVELY IMPACT ON THE FETAL WELL BEING . STRATEGIES THAT
PROMOTE OXYGEN EXCHANGE IN THE MOTHER INCLUDE :
OPEN GLOTTIS PUSHING - THE TECHNIQUE ALLOW WOMAN TO
MAINTAIN HER AIRWAY PATENT FOR GAS EXCHANGE WHILE
ENHANCING BEARING DOWN EFFORTS WITH SEVERAL SHORTS , QUICK
BREATHS FOR CONTRACTIONS (60-90SEC) . SHORT BREATHS 4 – 6 SEC
FOLLOWED BY SLOW EXHALING WITH BEARING DOWN EFFORTS .
BIRTHING AIDS – BIRTHING BALLS , SQUAT BARS , BIRTHING STOOLS
, AND CUSHION MAY BE UTILIZED TO SUPPORT THE WOMAN .
35
36. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
A. FEAR OR ANXIETY RELATED TO IMPENDING DELIVERY .
B. ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO DESCENT OF FETUS .
C. RISK FOR INFECTION RELATED TO EPISIOTOMY AND TISSUE TRAUMA
36
NURSING INTERVENTION
MINIMIZING FEAR AND ANXIETY
1. MONITOR MATERNAL VITAL SIGNS AS PER FACILITY POLICY .
2. MONITOR FHR AND UTERINE CONTRACTIONS EVERY 15 MINUTE IN LOW –
RISK WOMAN AND EVERY 5 MINUTE IN HIGH – RISK WOMAN .
3. EXPLAIN PROCEDURE , BREATHING , AND EQUIPMENTS DURING THE
DELIVERY PROCESS .
4. PERIODICALLY INFORM ABOUT THE PROGRESS OF LABOR TO WOMAN OR
COUPLE .
5. PROVID FREQUEN POSITIVE ENCOURAGEMENT .
37. PROMOTING COMFORT
1. CHANGE POSITION FREQUENTLY TO INCREASE AND PROMOTE FETAL
DESCENT .
2. EVALUATE BLADDER FULLNESS AND ENCOURAGE VOIDING OR
CATHETERIZE AS NEEDED .
3. EVALUATE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ANESTHESIA AS INDICATED : NOTIFY IF
THE ALTERATION IN DOSING IS NEEDED .
PREVENTING INFECTION AND PROMOTING SAFETY
1. PREPARE BIRTHING ROOM WITH STERILE TECHNIQUES , ALLOWING AMPLE
TIME BEFORE THE DELIVERY .
2. PREPARE FETUS RESUSCITATION AREA : NOTIFY THE PEDIATRIC PERSONNEL
, IF APPROPRIATE , PER FACILITY POLICY .
3. PLACE ALL SIDES RAIL UP BEFORE MOVING AND INSTRUCT THE WOMAN
KEEP HER HANDS OFF THE RAILS MOVE BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS .
4. CLEAN THE VULVA AND PERINEAL AREA WHILE THE WOMAN IS
POSITIONING FOR THE DELIVERY .
5. PRACTICE STANDARD PRECAUTIONS DURING THE DELIVERY .
37
38. DELIVERY OF THE HEAD
-”CROWNING: : ENCIRCLEMENT OF THE LARGEST HEAD DIAMETER BY THE
VULVAR RING .
-UNLESS EPISIOTOMY ; SPONTANEOUS LACERATION .
-IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT AN EPISIOTOMY WILL INCREASE THE RISK OF A TEAR
INTO THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER AND THE RECTUM .
-UNLESS EPISIOTOMY. ANTERIOR TEARS INVOLVING THE URETHRA AND LABIA
ARE MUSH MORE COMMON .
RITGEN MANEUVER
- BY THE TIME THE HEAD DISTENDS THE VULVA AND PERINEUM ENOUGH TO
OPEN THE VAGINAL INTROITUS TO A DIAMATER OF 5 CM OR MORE
- ONE HAND: A TOWEL-DRAPED, GLOVED HAND MAY BE EXERT FORWARD
PRESSURE ON THE CHIN OF THE FETUS THROUGH THE PERINEUM JUST IN
FRONT OF THE COCCYX
THE OTHER HAND: EXERTS PRESSURE SUPERIORLY AGAINST THE OCCIPUT
CONDUCTION OF DELIVERY
39. DELIVERY OF SHOULDER
THE OCCIPUT : TURNS TOWARD ONE OF THE MATERNAL THIGH
FETAL HEAD: TRANSVERSE POSITION
EXTERNAL ROTATION: BISACROMIAL DIAMETER HAD ROTATED INTO THE
ANTERIO-POSTERIOR DIMETER OF THE PELVIS .
SUCKING THE NASOPHARINX OR CHECKING FOR A CORD
DOWNWARD TRACTION : ANT. SHOULDER UNDER THE PUBIS
UPWARD MOVEMENT: POST. SHOULDER IS DELIVERED
DELIVERY OF THE TRUNK
THE REST OF THE BODY ALMOST ALWAYS FOLLOWS THE SHOULDER WITHOUT
DIFFICULTY
PROLONGED DELAY : MORE TRACTON PRESSURE ON THE FUNDUS
TRACTION SHOULD BE EXERTED ONLY IN THE DIRECTION OF THE LONG AXIS
OF THE INFANT .
40. IMMEDIATE CARE OF THE NEWBORN
SOON AFTER THE DELIVERY OF THE BABY PLACE IT ON THE TRAY
COVERED WITH DRY LINEN WITH THE HEAD SLIGHTLY DOWNWARDS
(15DEGREE) .
IT FACILITATE DRAINAGE OF THE MUCUS ACCUMULATED IN THE
TRACHEO - BRONCHIAL TREE BY GRAVITY .
AIR PASSAGE SHOULD BE CLEARED IMMEDIATELY OF MUCUS AND
LIQUOR BY GENTLE SUCTION
A P G A R RATING : 1 MIN AND 5 MIN
40
41. PROVISION OF INTIAL CARE
MAINTAIN RESPIRATION AND INITIATE LUNG EXPANSION
a) POSITION- MODIFIED TRENDELENBERG
b) SUCTION PM
SUPPORTING THERMO REGULATION
a) WRAP INFANT BLANKET OR PLACE IN RADIANT WARMER
b) SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT WITH MOTHER TO PROMOTE BONDING
PROPHYLAXIS WITH NEOMYCIN AND VIT. „K‟
CORD CUTTING AND DRESSING AND IDENTIFYING THE INFANT
TAKING ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND PRINTING
GIVING THE FIRST BATH
41
42. IMMEDIATE NEWBORN ASSESSMENT AND
CARE (DELIVERY ROOM)
NURSING ASSESSMENT
MATERNAL HISTORY/LABOR DATA INDICATING
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH NEWBORN
APGAR SCORES
FINDINGS OF BRIEF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
PERFORMED IN THE DELIVERY ROOM
42
NURSING DIAGNOSES
INEFFECTIVE AIRWAY CLEARANCE RELATED TO NASAL AND ORAL
SECRETIONS FROM DELIVERY
INEFFECTIVE THERMOREGULATION RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT AND
IMMATURE ABILITY FOR ADAPTATION
RISK FOR INJURY RELATED TO IMMATURE DEFENSES OF THE NEWBORN
43. Plans and Interventions
WHEN THE HEAD IS DELIVERED BIRTH
ATTENDANT IMMEDIATELY SUCTION
SECRETIONS
WIPE MUCUS FROM FACE AND MOUTH
AND NOSE
ASPIRATE/SUCTION MOUTH AND NOSE
BULB SYRINGE
KEEP HEAD SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN THE
BODY
43
1. SUCTIONING IMMEDIATELY
CLEAN MUCOUS FROM THE FACE , MOUTH AND NOSE . ASPIRATION WITH
BULB SYRINGE AS PER NECESSARY .
NEONATAL RESUSCITATOR PROTOCOLS NO LONGER REQUIRE SUCTIONING
ON THE PERINEUM IF MECONIUM IS PRESENT IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID .
IF MECONIUM IS PRESENT AND BABY IS NOT VIGOROUS SUCTION THE
TRACHEA BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH OTHER STEPS .
44. 2. ASSESSING RESPIRATORY STATUS
A. ASSESS FOR 5 SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
1. RETRACTIONS
2. TACHYPNEA (RATE: >60 CPM)
3. DUSKY COLOR/CIRCUMORAL CYANOSIS
4. EXPIRATORY GRUNT
5. FLARING NARESB.
B. DO NOT HYPEREXTEND NECK AT ANYTIME (MAY CLOSE GLOTTIS)
1. PLACE INFANT IN “SNIFF” POSITION
2. NECK SLIGHTLY EXTENDED AS IF SNIFFING AIR OPENS AIRWAY
44
3.PREVENT HEAT LOSS
IMMEDIATELY DRY INFANT UNDER A RADIANT
WARMER OR SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT WITH THE
MOTHER
KEEP NEONATES HEAD COVERED
INFANT TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE ABOVE
36.4°C.
INFANTS LOSE HEAT THROUGH EVAPORATION,
RADIATION, CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION.
45. 4.APGAR SCORE
OBTAIN APGAR SCORING AT 1 MIN AND 5 MIN
APGAR TEST IS A SCORING SYSTEM DESIGNED BY DR. VIRGINIA APGAR,
AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST,
A SYSTEMATIC AND MEASURABLE METHOD TO ACCESS THE NEWBORN
IN THE CRUCIAL MINUTES AFTER BIRTH.
PURPOSES:
1. IDENTIFY NEONATES EVALUATE THE CONDITIONS OF THE BABY AT BIRTH.
2. DETERMINE THE NEED FOR RESUSCITATION.
3. EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESUSCITATIVE EFFORTS.
4. IDENTIFY NEONATE AT RISK FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY.
45
46. TEST 0 POINTS 1 POINT 2 POINTS
ACTIVITY (MUSCLE
TONE)
ABSENT ARMS & LEGS
EXTENDED
ACTIVE MOVEMENT
WITH FLEXED ARMS
& LEGS
PULSE (HEART RATE) ABSENT BELOW 100
BPM
ABOVE 100 BPM
GRIMACE (RESPONSE
STIMULATION OR REFLEX
IRRITABILITY)
NO
RESPONSE
FACIAL
GRIMACE
SNEEZE, COUGH,
PULLS AWAY
APPEARANCE (SKIN
COLOR)
BLUE-GRAY,
PALE ALL
OVER
PINK BODY
AND BLUE
EXTREMITIES
NORMAL OVER
ENTIRE BODY –
COMPLETELY PINK
RESPIRATION
(BREATHING)
ABSENT SLOW,
IRREGULAR
GOOD, CRYING
46
APGAR SCORE
47. APGAR SCORE
IF THERE ARE PROBLEMS WITH THE INFANT
• AN ADDITIONAL SCORE MAY BE REPEATED AT A 10-MINUTE
INTERVAL.
• FOR A CESAREAN SECTION:
• THE BABY IS ADDITIONALLY ASSESSED AT 15 MINUTES AFTER
DELIVERY.
SCORING
• 7-9 = FREE FROM IMMEDIATE DISTRESS; NORMAL
• 4-6 = MODERATELY DEPRESSED; MAY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL
RESUSCITATIVE MEASURES
• 0-3 = SEVERELY DEPRESSED; NECESSITATES IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION
NOTE: APGAR SCORE
IS STRICTLY USED TO DETERMINE THE NEWBORN‟S IMMEDIATE
CONDITION AT BIRTH AND DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE
FUTURE HEALTH OF YOUR BABY. 47
48. 48
CLAMPING AND LIGATURE OF THE
CORD
THE NEAR ONE IS PLACED 5 CM AWAY FROM THE UMBILICUS AND IS CUT IN
BETWEEN .
TWO SEPARATE CORD LIGATURE IS APPLIED WITH STERILE COTTON TREADS 1
CM APART USING REEF KNOT , THE PROXIMAL BEING PLACED 2.5 CM AWAY
FROM THE NAVAL . SQUEEZING THE CORD WITH FINGERS PRIOR TO APPLYING
LIGATURE . LEAVING BEHIND A LENGTH OF CORD ATTACHED TO THE NAVAL
NOT ONLY PREVENTS INCLUSION OF THE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES , IF
PRESENT , BUT ALSO FACILITATE CONTROL OF PRIMARY HAEMORRHAGE DUE
TO SLIPPED LIGATURE .THE CORD IS DIVIDED WITH SCISSOR 1 CM BEYOND THE
LIGATURE TAKING ASEPTIC PRECAUTIONS SO AS TO PREVENT CORD SEPSIS .
49. CLAMP THE CORD WITH TWO KOCHER‟S FORCEPS . THE CUT END IS THEN
COVERED WITH STERILE GUAZE PIECE AFTER MAKING SURE THAT THERE IS
NO BLEEDING.
PURPOSE OF CLAMPING OF CORD ON MATERNAL END IS TO PREVENTING
SOILING OF BED WITH BLOOD AND TO PREVENT FETAL BLOOD LOSS OF
SECOND BABY IN UNDIAGNOSED MONOZYGOTIC TWIN .
DELAY IN CLAMPING FOR 2-3 MIN OR TILL CESSATION OF THE CORD
PULSATION FACILITATES TRANSFER OF 80-100 ML BLOOD FROM
COMPRESSED PLACENTA TO BABY WHEN PLACED BELOW THE LEVEL OF
UTERUS .
QUICK CHECK IS MADE TO DETECT ANY ABNORMALITY AND THE BABY IS
WRAPPED WITH DRY WARM TOWEL . THE IDENTIFICATION TAG IS TIED TO
BOTH MOTHER AND BABY ON THE WRIST .
BABY WHEN PLACED BELOW LEVEL OF THE UTERUS . ITS BENEFICIAL FOR
MATURE BABY BUT CAN BE DELETERIOUS TO A PRE-TERM BABY DUE TO
HYPERVOLAEMIA .
49
50. THE UMBILICAL STUMP NEEDS PARTICULAR ATTENTION AS THERE ARE
RISKS OF BLEEDING AND INFECTION.
GOOD CORD CARE INCLUDES:
CUTTING CORD WITH STERILE EQUIPMENT OR A NEW RAZOR BLADE
DEPENDING ON THE SETTING
LIGATION WITH A STERILE PLASTIC CLAMP OR CLEAN THREAD
KEEPING CORD STUMP EXPOSED, CLEAN (WITH 70% ALCOHOL, 4%
CHLORHEXIDINE OR SIMPLE SOAP AND WATER) AND DRY
50
CORD CARE
EXAMINE CORD FOR PRESENCE OF 3 VESSELS AND DOCUMENT 2
ARTERIES AND 1 VEIN.
51. CORD BLOOD COLLECTION
MAKE SURE CORD BLOOD IS COLLECTED FOR ANALYSIS AND SENT TO
LABORATORY FOR CHECKING :
◦ RH
◦ BLOOD TYPE
◦ HEMATOCRIT
◦ POSSIBLE CORD BLOOD GASES
51
FOOT PRINTING
FOOTPRINTS ARE OFTEN TAKEN AND RECORDED IN THE MEDICAL RECORD.
53. VITAMIN K
ADMINISTER A PROPHYLACTIC VITAMIN K
◦ PREVENT NEONATAL HEMORRHAGE DURING FIRST FEW DAYS OF LIFE
BEFORE INFANT IS ABLE TO PRODUCE VIT. K
◦ RECOMMENDED ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: INTRAMUSCULAR
◦ DOSE:
1MG (OF KONAKION MM®, 2MG/0.2ML) BEING GIVEN AT BIRTH.
PRETERM INFANTS MAY RECEIVE 0.5MG.
◦ ALTERNATIVE ROUTE: ORAL
◦ DOSE:
2MG ORALLY AT BIRTH;
REPEAT DOSE (2MG) AT 3-5 DAYS AND AT 4-6 WEEKS OF AGE.
REPEAT DOSE IF THE INFANT VOMITS OR REGURGITATES WITHIN 1
HOUR
53
54. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
MEASURE WEIGHT, LENGTH, AND HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
HELPS DETERMINE IF A BABY'S WEIGHT AND MEASUREMENTS ARE
NORMAL FOR THE NUMBER OF WEEKS OF PREGNANCY.
SMALL OR UNDERWEIGHT BABIES, AS WELL AS VERY LARGE BABIES,
MAY NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION AND CARE.
54
55. LENGTH (FROM TOP OF HEAD TO THE HEEL WITH
THE LEG FULLY EXTENDED
55
AVERAGE RANGE:
18-22 INCHES (46-56 CM)
MEASURED FROM CROWN TO RUMP AND RUMP TO HEEL OR FROM CROWN
TO HEEL AT BIRTH
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (REPEAT AFTER
MOLDING AND CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM ARE
RESOLVED)
AVERAGE RANGE:
33 TO 35 CM (13-14 INCHES)
NORMALLY, 2 CM LARGER THAN CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
PLACE TAPE MEASURE ABOVE EYEBROWS AND STRETCH AROUND FULLEST
PART OF OCCIPUT AT POSTERIOR FONTANELE
56. WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
56
CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
(AT THE NIPPLE LINE)
AVERAGE RANGE:
30-33 CM (12-13 INCHES)
NORMALLY, 2 CM SMALLER THAN HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
STRETCH TAPE MEASURE AROUND SCAPULAE AND OVER NIPPLE LINE
57. NEWBORN IDENTIFICATION
BEFORE A BABY LEAVES THE
DELIVERY AREA, IDENTIFICATION
BRACELETS WITH IDENTICAL
NUMBERS ARE PLACED ON THE
BABY AND MOTHER.
BABIES OFTEN HAVE TWO, ON
THE WRIST AND ANKLE.
57
EXERCIESE :SAY TRUE OR FALSE
a. NURSING A NEWBORN WITH THE MOTHER RATHER THAN IN THE NURSERY
PREDISPOSES THE CHILD TO INFECTIONS
b. HAND WASHING WITH SOAP AND WATER BEFORE HANDLING A
NEWBORN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE RISK OF INFECTION IN THE BABY
c. FORTIFIED INFANT FORMULA IS SUPERIOR TO MOTHER‟S BREAST MILK IN A
SICK TERM NEWBORN .
d. NEWBORN BABIES CANNOT BE KEPT WARM WITHOUT THE USE OF
INCUBATORS
58. MANAGEMENT OF THIRD STAGE OF
LABOR
58
ENSURE SRTICT VIGILANCE AND
TO FOLLOW THE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES SRICTLY IN PRACTICE
IN ORDER TO PREVENT POST
PARTUM COMPLICATIONS , THE
IMPORTANT ONE BEING
HEMORRHAGE .
TWO METHODS OF MANAGEMENT
ARE CURRENTLY IN PRACTICE :
1. WATCHFUL EXPECTANCY
(15-20MIN)
2. ACTIVE MANAGEMENT
(PREFERRED)
59. TWO METHODS OF THIRD STAGE
MANAGEMENT
PHYSIOLOGIC (“EXPECTANT”) MANAGEMENT
OXYTOCICS ARE NOT USED
PLACENTA IS DELIVERED BY GRAVITY AND MATERNAL EFFORTS
SPONTANEOUSLY .
CONSTANT WATCH IS MANDATORY AND PATIENT SHOULD NOT BE LEFT ALONE
CATHETERIZE ONE MORE TIME IF THE BLADDER BECOMES FULL .
A HAND PLACED OVER FUNDUS :
a) TO RECOGNIZE THE SIGNS OF SEPARATION OF PLACENTA
b) TO NOTE THE UTERINE ACTIVITY – CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
c) TO DETECT CUPPING OF FUNDUS , THOUGH RARE ,WHICH IS AN EARLY
EVIDENCE OF INVERSION OF UTERUS .
DESIRE TO FIDDLE WITH THE FUNDUS OR MASSAGE THE UTERUS IS ONLY TO
MET DISASTER AND IS STRONGLY CONDEMNED . CORD IS CLAMPED
AFTER DELIVERY OF THE PLACENTA . A WATCHFUL EXPECTANCY CAN
BE EXTENDED UP TO 15-20 MIN .
59
60. ASSISTED EXPULSION
◦ FUNDAL PRESSURE FUNDUS IS PUSH DOWNWARD AND BACKWARD AFTER
PLACING FOUR FINGERS BEHIND THE FUNDUS AND THE THUMB IN FRONT OF
USING UTERUS AS SORT OF PISTON . THE PRESSURE MUST BE GIVEN ONLY WHEN
UTERUS BECOMES HARD .IF IT IS NOT THEN MAKE IT BY GENTLY RUBBING .IF BABY
IS MACERATED OR PREMATURE THIS METHOD IS PREFERABLE FOR CORD
CONTRACTIONS TENSILE STRENGTH OF CORD IS MUCH REDUCED IN BOTH THE
INSTANCES .
◦ PLACENTA DELIVERED BY CONTROLLED CORD TRACTION (CCT) ALSO CALLED
MODIFIED BRANDT – ANDREWS METHOD WITH COUNTER-TRACTION ON THE
FUNDUS THE PALMER SURFACE OF THE FINGERS OF THE LEFT HAND IS PLACED
ABOVE APPROXIMATELY AT THE JUNCTION OF UPPER AND LOWER UTERINE
SEGMENT . THE BODY OF UTERUS PUSHED UPWARD AND BACKWARD , TOWARDS
THE UMBILICUS WHILE BY THE RIGHT HAND STEADY TENSION IS GIVEN IN
DOWNWARD AND BACKWARD DIRECTION HOLDING THE CLAMP UNTIL THE
PLACENTA COMES OUTSIDE THE INTROITS .
60
61. PLACENTAL SEPARATION
61
1. INCREASED BLEEDING
2. LENGTHENING OF CORD
3. UTERUS RISES , BECOMES GLOBULAR
INSTEAD OF DISCOID
4. UTERUS ENLARGES , APPROACHING
UMBILICUS
NORMALY SEPARATES WITHIN A FEW
MINUTES AFTER DELIVERY OF FETUS .
SIGNS OF SEPARATION
FUNDAL MASSAGE AFTER DELIVERY OF PLACENTA WHICH FACILITATES THE
EXPULSION OF RETAINED CLOTS IF ANY .
NOTE THE FOLLOWING
MAKE SURE IT IS COMPLETE
LOOK FOR MISSING PIECES
LOOK FOR MALFORMATION
LOOK FOR AREA OF ADHERENT BLOOD CLOT
62. ACTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THIRD STAGE
THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES
EXCITE POWERFUL UTERINE CONTRACTION WITHIN ONE MINUTE OF DELIVERY
OF THE BABY BY GIVING PARENTERAL OXYTOCIC .
IT PRODUCE EARLY PLACENTAL SEPARATION AND ALSO PRODUCE EFFECTIVE
UTERINE CONTRACTION .
ADVANTAGES
MINIMIZE BLOOD LOSS UP TO 1/ 5 TH
SHORTEN DURATION OF THIRD STAGE TO HALF
ONLY DISADVANTAGE IS SLIGHTLY INCREASE INCIDENCE OF RETAINED
PLACENTA AND CONSEQUENT INREASED INCIDENCE OF MANNUAL
REMOVAL
62
63. OXYTOCIC(UTEROTONIC)
DRUGS
COMBINED ERGOMETRINE AND OXYTOCIN
1ML AMPOULE CONTAINS 5 INTERNATIONAL UNITS OF OXYTOCIN AND 0.5 MG
(500 MCG) OF ERGOMETRINE
INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF 1ML AT DELIVERY OF ANTERIOR
SHOULDER
NO MORE THAN 2 DOSES OF 0.5MG ERGOMETRINE SHOULD BE GIVEN .
OXYTOCIN COMPONENT ACTS ON OUTER REGION WITHIN 2-3 MINUTES AND
PRODUCES STRONG „PHYSIOLOGICAL‟ CONTRACTIONS
ERGOMETRINE ACTS ON INNER REGION WITHIN 6-7 MINUTES AND PRODUCES A
CONTINUOUS (TONIC) CONTRACTION LASTING UP TO 2 HOURS
COMBINED ACTION RESULTS IN A RAPID CONTRACTION ENHANCED BY A
STRONGER, SUSTAINED CONTRACTION
DELIVERY OF PLACENTA TIMED TO TAKE PLACE WITH THE CONTRACTION
CAUSED BY THE OXYTOCIN AND BEFORE ERGOMETRINE COMPONENT ACTS
OTHERWISE IT MAY BE RETAINED
64. PREVENTING HEMORRHAGE
1. ENSURE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF INTAKE AND OUTPUT MAINTAINED
THROUGH OUT THE LABOR AND DELIVERY .
2. IMMEDIATELY AFTER DELIVERY OF PLACENTA , ADMINISTER OXYTOCIN
(PITOCINE) AS DIRECTED BY FACILITY POLICY AND PROVIDER . INFUSE AS
BOLUS INITIALY , THEN TITRATE AS PER UTERINE RESPONSE ( I.E.. IF UTERUS IS
FIRM , DECREASE THE INFUSION AND IF BOGGY , INCREASE INFUSION ) .
OXYTOCINE SHOULD NEVER ADMINISTERED I.V. PUSH AS IT CAN CAUSE
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA AND DEATH .
3. IMMEDIATELY AFTER INITIATING OXYTOCINE , GENTLY MASSAGE UTERINE
FUNDUS PERIODICALLY TO PROMOTE FIRMNESS .
4. EVALUATE THE UNDERSIDE OF PLACENTA . INTACT COTYLEDON , CLOT
, MEMBRANE MAY ALSO STIMULATE THE BLEEDING . IF CLOT ARE NOT
EXPELLED DURING PERIODIC EVALUATION DURING FIRST HOUR
FOLLOWING DELIVERY , RISK OF HEMORRHAGE INCREASES .
64
65. 5. EVALUATE VOLUME OF VAGINAL BLEEDING AS STABLE OR UNSTABLE AS PER
THE PATIENT‟S VITAL SIGNS AND UTERINE RESPONSE .
STABLE : VITAL SIGNS WITHIN 20% OF PATIENT‟S AVERAGE READINGS AND
UTERUS REMAINS FIRM BETWEEN ASSESSMENT OR QUICKLY FIRMS AFTER
FUNDAL MASSAGE
UNSTABLE : VITAL SIGNS VARY GREATER THAN 20% FROM THE PATIENT‟S
AVERAGE READINGS OR REPETITIVE BLOOD PRESSURE READINGS BELOW
90/60 MM HG , PULSE MORE THAN 110/MIN , RESPIRATION 24 TO 26 / MIN
ACCOMPANIED BY CONTINUOUS BLEEDING AND A BOGGY UTERINE TONE .
INCREASE PULSE RATE IS THE FIRST SIGN OF THE HYPOVOLUMIA AND
VHYPOTENSION IS LATE .
6. IF BLEEDING CONTINUES AND UTERUS IS FIRM , NOTIFY HEALTH CARE
PROVIDER FOR EVALUATION OF LACERATION OR RETAINED PLACENTAL
FRAGMENTS .
7. AUTOTRANSFUSION
66. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
RISK FOR INJURY RELATED TO UTERINE ATONY AND HEMORRHAGE
DEFICIENT FLUID VOLUME RELATED TO DECREASE ORAL INTAKE , BLEEDING
AND DIAPHORESIS .
ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO TISSUE TRAUMA AND BIRTH PROCEESS ,
INTENSIFIED BY FATIGUE .
IMPAIRED URINARY ELIMINATION RELATED TO EPIDURAL AND SPINAL
ANESTHESIA AND TISSUE TRAUMA .
RISK OF IMPAIRED PARENTING RELATED TO INEXPERIENCE .
66
MANAGEMENT OF FORTH STAGE OF LABOR
EVENTS IN FORTH STAGE OF LABOR
LASTS FROM DELIVERY OF PLACENTA UNTIL POSTPARTUM CONDITION OF
WOMAN HAS BECOME STABILIZED
( TYPICALLY 1TO 2 HOURS AFTER DELIVERY )
67. 67
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
PROMOTING UTERINNE CONTRACTION AND CONTROLING BLEEDING
1. MONITOR VITAL SIGNS
2. SPECIALY TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE MONITOR EVERY 4 HOUR UNLESS
ELEVATED .
3. EVALUATE UTERINE FUNDAL TONE , HEIGHT , AND POSITION . THE UTERUS
SHOULD BE FIRM AROUND THE LEVEL OF THE UMBILICUS , AT THE MIDLINE
4 . AMOUNT OF VAGINAL BLEEDING (LOCHIA ) AT EACH INTERVAL OF
ASSESSMENT :
I. SCANT - BLOOD ONLY ON TISSUE WHEN WIPED OR LESS THAN 1 – INCH
STAINED ON PERINEAL PAD .
II. SMALL / LIGHT - LESS THAN 4 – INCH STAIN ON PAD .
III. MODERATE - LESS THAN 6 – INCH STAINED ON PERINEAL PAD
IV. HEAVY - SATURED PERINEAL PAD
68. 68
PERINEUM FOR EDEMA , DISCOLORATION , BLEEDING , ODOR OR HEMATOMA
FORMATION .
MAINTAINING FLUID VOLUME
I. MAINTAINING I.V. FLUIDS AS INDICATED .
II. PROVIDE ORAL FLUIDS AND SNACK OR MEAL AS TOLERATED IF VITALS
ARE STABLE AND BLEEDING IS CONTROLLED .
RELIEVING DISCOMFORT AND FATIGUE
I. APPLY THE COVERED ICE PACK TO THE PERINEUM PERIODICALLY DURING
FIRST 24 HOURS FOR EPISIOTOMY , PERINEAL LACERATION , OR EDEMA .
II. ADMINISTER ANALGESIC AS PER INDICATED .
III. ASSURE THAT EPIDURAL CATHETER HAS BEEN REMOVED .
IV. ASSIST WOMAN IN FINDING COMFORTABLE POSITIONS .
69. ENCOURAGING BLADDER EMPTYING
I. EVALUATE THE BLADDER FOR DISTENTION .
II. ENCOURAGE THE WOMAN TO VOID .
III. PROVIDE PRIVACY AND TIME.
IV. THE RUNNING TAP WATER MAY STIMULATE VOIDING .
V. CATHETER THE WOMAN IF THE BLADDER IS FULL AND SHE IS UNABLE TO
VOID .
PROMOTING PARENTING
I. SHOW THE NEONATE TO MOTHER AND FATHER OR SUPPORT PERSON
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BIRTH WHEN POSSIBLE .
II. TEACH THE MOTHER AND FATHER TO HOLD THE INFANT AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE .
III. ASSIST THE MOTHER WITH BREAST – FEEDING DURING THE FIRST 30
MINUTE THEN 2 HOURS AFTER THE BIRTH .
69
71. REFERENCES
TEXT BOOK OF OBSTETRICS – D. C. DUTTA – FIF TH EDITION
LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE – SECTION THREE –
MATERNAL AND NEONATAL NURSING – NINTH EDITION
ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRICS – O P GHAIS – SIXTH EDITION
INTERNET – www.nursingcrib.com
ENCYCLOPEDIA- GOOGLE SEARCH
MYLES TEXTBOOK OF MIDWIFERY – FIFTINTH EDITION
71