Amgad Elmahdi (IWMI) • 2019 IFPRI Egypt Seminar "Options for improving irrigation water efficiency"
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As part of the seminar held by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with IWMI, World fish and ICARDA “Options for improving irrigation water efficiency for sustainable agricultural development”.
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Amgad Elmahdi (IWMI) • 2019 IFPRI Egypt Seminar "Options for improving irrigation water efficiency"
- 1. Water and Agricultural Productivity Overview Dr Amgad Elmahdi Head of MENA Region-IWMI
- 2. Who we Are • Think tank conducting research to generative Innovative Water Solutions for Sustainable Development • Provider of science for a transformative agenda (science- based products and tools) Food – To improve food security will sustainably managing water resources and ecosystems. Climate – To adapt to and mitigate climate change while building resilience to water related disasters and disruption. Growth – To reduce poverty and advance inclusion with equality as agriculture transforms, energy transitions and urbanization intensifies. • Facilitator of learning to strengthen capacity and achieve uptake of research findings
- 4. Projected Demand in MENA by 2050 m3 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt GazaStrip Iran Iraq Israel Jordan kuwait lebanon libya Malta morocco Oman Qatar SaudiArabia Syria tunisia UAE WestBank Yemen Total Water Demand 2001-2010 Water Demand 2041-2050
- 5. Agricultural Water Productivity Water productivity: • Output (kg/$/kcal) in relation to water consumed • Multiple sources of water • Multiple scales • Multiple, sequential (re)use within a basin Objectives: • Meet rising demands for food from a growing, wealthier, and increasingly urbanized population, in light of water scarcity • Respond to pressures to re-allocate water from agriculture to cities and ensure that water is available for environmental uses • Contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth > 350 journal articles, reports and other documents on water productivity: methods, tools and applied research in diverse settings
- 6. Agricultural Water Productivity Lessons learned from 20 years of applied research Increase the productivity per unit of water consumed/withdrawn (e.g., change crop varieties or type, improve timing/application of water, non-water inputs) Reduce non-beneficial depletion (e.g., non-beneficial evaporation, flows to sinks) Reallocate water among users (e.g., from lower to higher value uses) Tap uncommitted flows (e.g., storage, water reuse) Policy change and donor investment Beyond Crop per drop To More Crop per drop and Kwat
- 7. Management of irrigation water at the command level: The water consumed by the rice plants is partitioned into transpired and evaporated components. Spatial assessments of WP are increasingly being used by IFIs to: • establish a baseline against which to evaluate changes in WP • identify opportunities for more efficient water management Water Accounting
- 8. Improving water production • Shift in cropping pattern (from rice to wheat) • Increasing irrigation efficiency (60% water losses in irrigation) - Water saving technologies and management • Use of non-conventional water sources: -treated waste water -de-salinated water • Drainage
- 9. Improving Agricultural Productivity At Rainfed: • Soil and water conservation techniques • Crop selection • Storage for supplemental irrigation At Farm: • improving water use efficiency • diversify crops At Scheme: • Irrigation modernization ( Social to productive, S to D, Cent to decent) • Empowering people ( state run to Farmer associations) At National and Int.: • Reform of national water and land policies • Transboundary agreements • Investments Capacity ICT Markets and Credits Investments Institutions & Governance Integrated Approach
- 10. Reducing the agricultural water productivity gap- Capacity Building Solutions-WAPOR Capacity needs assessment Develop, design, pilot and evaluate potential solutions to increase water productivity Identify solutions, build capacity to use them
- 11. Locally appropriate solutions: Wetting Front Detectors • Simple irrigation tools to improve the timing and quantity of water applied and to build farmer capacity • Quantification of the effect on crop and water productivity as well as soil moisture regimes. Water accounting to assess the extent to which water productivity increases have an effect on basin water use and availability Indicator up: Field capacity at the top layer is reached Indicator up: Field capacity is reached within the entire root zone: over irrigation 2/3rd of the effective root zone (cm) 1/2 of the effective root zone (cm)
- 12. Locally appropriate solutions: Chameleon Sensor Below 2/3 of the effective root zone Chameleon reader 1/2 of the effective root zone 1/3 of the effective root zone Wet soil Bed Furrow Gypsum blocks
- 13. Locally - Nationally appropriate solutions: ICT Field conditions Groundwater resource management Aquifer Surface water resource use and management Data collection, processing and analysis Crop water needs, ETO, soil moisture, weather LARI CNRS NGOs FAO Farmers
- 14. Take home messages • Development of land and water resources will need to be much more strategic; • Agriculture has to improve water productivity (more per drop and Kwat) • We have to empower the water users • Investments are needed • Integrated approach
- 15. Thank You Dr Amgad Elmahdi Head of MENA Region A.Elmahdi@cgiar.org
- 16. Effect of IE Improvements • On farm Crop per drop River flow
Editor's Notes
- This template is to be used for a STANDARD screen like older projection screens. If preparing a presentation for a WIDE screen or LED TV then please use the 16x9 format presentation template instead. All templates are available on the IWMI INTRAnet at https://intranet.iwmi.org
- 20 years of research reviewed in recent report – very relevant for the on-the-ground component of the project. Implementation of Component 4 builds on this previous work and the lessons learned. WP interventions must consider farmer adaptation strategies, their impacts at basin scales, and institutional arrangements to address possible trade-offs.
- As already said the major increase in food production will come from improved water efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Surface irrigation, is currently by far the most common technique since it doesn’t imply the use of sophisticated hydraulic equipment. It is particularly used in traditional irrigation and by small holders. It is expected that this trend will continue over the next 30 years. On average 60% of the water withdrawn for irrigation is loosed through channel leakage, seepage and evaporation although some of the lost water reaches rivers or aquifers. On average 40 % is effectively consumed by the crop. Drip irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are examples of lozalised irrigation is examples of an increasingly popular form of irrigation in which efficiency is maximized because water is applied only to the place where it is needed and little is wasted. For some countries it is expected that a change in cropping pattern will take place with considerable implications for the irrigation water requirements. In China, for example, a substantial shift from rice to wheat production is expected: Irrigation water requirements for rice are usually twice those of wheat. The major factor to reduce the amount of water per hectare is an increase in water use efficiency, produce the same (or more) amount of crop while applying less water (reducing seepage losses, reducing evaporation by avoiding mid-day irrigation, weed control, irrigation frequency) as well as crop selection. Treated waste water from farms, industries and urban areas can be used to irrigate, however respecting health rules and regulations. Water scarce countries, rely partly on water from unconventional sources. Egypt, for example, re-uses more than 8 cubic km of drainage to irrigate down-stream plots, which is about 14% of the total amount of fresh water resources available (58 cubic km). (OPTIONAL) However, the contributions expected from de-salinated water are very limited as the costs are very high. There are exceptional cases where cash-crops are irrigated with de-salinizated sea-water.(Potatos I Cyprus). To maintain favourable moisture conditions for optimal crop growth and to control soil salinity and water tables, drainage is often necessary on irrigated land. It is estimated that around 15 % of irrigated land is equipped with drainage, but that another 50 % is in need of drainage. The reason for that drainage has not been developed sufficiently is the lack of recognition of the benefits. (costs around 20-1000 US$ per ha)
- As already said the major increase in food production will come from improved water efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Surface irrigation, is currently by far the most common technique since it doesn’t imply the use of sophisticated hydraulic equipment. It is particularly used in traditional irrigation and by small holders. It is expected that this trend will continue over the next 30 years. On average 60% of the water withdrawn for irrigation is loosed through channel leakage, seepage and evaporation although some of the lost water reaches rivers or aquifers. On average 40 % is effectively consumed by the crop. Drip irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are examples of lozalised irrigation is examples of an increasingly popular form of irrigation in which efficiency is maximized because water is applied only to the place where it is needed and little is wasted. For some countries it is expected that a change in cropping pattern will take place with considerable implications for the irrigation water requirements. In China, for example, a substantial shift from rice to wheat production is expected: Irrigation water requirements for rice are usually twice those of wheat. The major factor to reduce the amount of water per hectare is an increase in water use efficiency, produce the same (or more) amount of crop while applying less water (reducing seepage losses, reducing evaporation by avoiding mid-day irrigation, weed control, irrigation frequency) as well as crop selection. Treated waste water from farms, industries and urban areas can be used to irrigate, however respecting health rules and regulations. Water scarce countries, rely partly on water from unconventional sources. Egypt, for example, re-uses more than 8 cubic km of drainage to irrigate down-stream plots, which is about 14% of the total amount of fresh water resources available (58 cubic km). (OPTIONAL) However, the contributions expected from de-salinated water are very limited as the costs are very high. There are exceptional cases where cash-crops are irrigated with de-salinizated sea-water.(Potatos I Cyprus). To maintain favourable moisture conditions for optimal crop growth and to control soil salinity and water tables, drainage is often necessary on irrigated land. It is estimated that around 15 % of irrigated land is equipped with drainage, but that another 50 % is in need of drainage. The reason for that drainage has not been developed sufficiently is the lack of recognition of the benifts. (costs around 20-1000 US$ per ha) To improve irrigation performances a change in the way irrigation is perceived and managed is necessary. The time of what some call “protective or social irrigation” is slowly moving out. The need to ensure sustainability and improve productivity requires a more productive vision of irrigation, where providing irrigation water is not any more seen as a supply driven exercise, but where it should be seen as a service delivered to farmers. Decentralisation and irrigation management transfer of the irrigation systems from the state-run institutions to the farmers organisation has been identified as the most viable solution for the sustainability and increased productivity of the irrigation systems. Therefore there is a need for policies that empowers people, the farmers, both men and women at the farm and scheme level. However, for irrigation management transfer to be successful, transfer should not include only the responsibilities and duties, but also the power, and the legal mechanisms to enforce sanctions against user not complying with the rules. Examples of good cases are: The South African Water Act of 1998, were Catchment Management Agencies have been formed with the participation of both poor men and women. In Turkey, the management of irrigation systems has been almost entirely handed over from government to farmer associations. In Mexico, the management of more than 85 percent of the 3.3 million hectares of publicly irrigated land has been taken over by farmers’ associations, most of which are now financially independent. Interventions at farm level include Improve farm water use efficiency and productivity. Usually this requires an integrated approach including an important element of training and information, and investment in water saving technologies, improved access to credit and markets for higher value crops.
- Water Productivity describes the conversion of consumptive use into food production This map shows the coverage of WaPOR. At level 1, which has lowest spatial resolution (250m) the coverage is the whole African continent and Middle East. Level 2 is for selected countries which are partners with Dutch Foreign Affairs Also at level 2 will be four selected basins: Litani/Jordan, Nile, Awash (Ethiopia), and Niger At level 3 there will be case studies at selected locations: Lebanon, Ethiopia, Egypt, Mali. These are pilot areas. The timespan of the data is from 2009 to present and continues till end of the project, 2019. Data in the database is created by consortium of Dutch/Belgium companies and research institutes, contracted by FAO.
- Tool helps farmers to stop irrigation when field capacity is reached (but provide little information on when to irrigate) Previous work has shown that they are a useful capacity building tool for WUAs Capacity building activities and approaches to enable locally relevant use of the water productivity data thus need to address both irrigated and rain-fed production systems Providing access to relevant information systems and building the capacity in the use of the data would help determine the amount and timing of water allocation to various crops, which is a crucial component in irrigated agriculture For rain-fed production systems, the results highlight the need for both improved access to fertilizers, and improved understanding of the appropriate application of these Increasing water productivity upstream, while maintaining existing levels of withdrawal, will increase the productive use of water, but, at the same time may deprive downstream water users who depend on return flow in rivers or groundwater aquifers fed from these returns. Through the Innovation Laboratory for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) and Africa RISING (both USAID funded projects) and LIVES (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chain for Ethiopian Smallholders) IWMI has introduced around 300 Wetting front Detectors in Ethiopia and 50 in Ghana to train and guide farmers and water user associations in irrigation scheduling. Depending on soil and irrigation application method savings up to 30% where introduced at individual farm level. In the last season the tool has been tested with Water User Associations under LIVES to achieve more optimal water usage at irrigation schemes. For potato improved water management led to a land expansion of 75% whereas for Onion 36% more land could be irrigated with the same amount of water released
- indicates the “easiness” for the crop to extract water from the soil. The sensors are installed in the soil at specific depths depending on the root zone development of the soil and connected to a WiFI reader that has 3 led lights (each light corresponds to one specific depth). Each led light has three color options: blue, green, red informing the farmer whether the soil is wet, moist or dry, -> Provides simple guidance to the farmer whether to irrigate and when sufficient water has been applied.
- There are several technologies available on the market that allow for either field based (in situ) or ICT based access to information that could help improve water productivity . Top left are in situ thermal images of leaves used to look at crop water stress (FLIR camera), middle top is the water stick, top right was your former project, bottom left is the chameleon and bottom right is the WFD Providing useful on the ground information to guide irrigation applications has been of interest in many parts of the world. - A variety of high-tech platforms have been developed using single or a combination of technologies mainly serving farmers in highly developed countries given its cost, complexity and demand for a good network coverage. - However, in developing countries suitable information systems are still lacking, too complex or not able to function under a sparse network coverage. Objective of the study is to evaluate which type of information is useful for farmers in Ethiopia and at which level this information can be shared under limited network availability.
- In an expansionary water economy with minimal competition for water, the changes resulting from the improved irrigation efficiency would likely matter relatively little beyond the farm level. For example, if no water production or consumption activities are taking place downstream, the decline in return flows from water spreading in case ii, or increase from the reduction in nonbeneficial consumption in case iv, would not affect the river flow much. However, the situation would drastically change in a mature water economy, where many additional users may be located downstream and depend on the water from the river—including the return flows from the upstream user. In that case, the additional return flows generated with the interventions in case iv would really represent conserved water for additional uses downstream.