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Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Water scarcity and low water use efficiency:Challenges and opportunities-- by Dr Kaushal K Garg

  1. Water scarcity and low water use efficiency: Challenges and opportunities Kaushal K Garg, Suhas P Wani and Team
  2. Water scarcity Physical water scarcity: Water is not abundant enough to meet all demands Economic water scarcity: lack of investment/capacity in water infrastructure Institutional water scarcity: Rights are not defined/clear
  3. Current and future freshwater demand in India
  4. Decreasing blue water availability with increasing demand Closing Krishna basin Source: IWMI
  5. Source: Hoekstra and Mekonnen, 2011 Water scarcity status of the important river basins in India
  6. Groundwater use status in India Details Values Total Agricultural Land 142 Million ha Rainfed area ~ 55-60% Irrigated area ~ 35-40% Surface water irrigated area 21 Million ha Groundwater irrigated area 27 Million ha Total groundwater withdrawal (1960) 25 Km3 Total groundwater withdrawal (2009) 250-300 Km3 Number of bore wells (1960) 1 Million Number of bore wells (2009) 20 Million
  7. Reason for low Water use efficiency Water use efficiency = Water utilized by plants/water available Rainfed system • Single cropping • Low inputs • Fallow lands • Rainy season fallow (Black cotton soil/water logging) • Rice-fallows Irrigated system • Flood irrigation methods • Calendar based irrigation scheduling protocol • Water logging, salinity and alkalinity • Poor institutional arrangement (at various levels) • Unlined canals, channels and high seepage (in command areas)
  8. How to Enhance WUE in rainfed areas • In-situ Interventions • Mulching • Drought tolerant crop cultivars • Inter-cropping (e.g., Maize/PP) • Water saving technology (e.g., DSR) • Fallow management • Agro-forestry • Dryland horticulture • Supplemental irrigation • Wasteland/pasture land development
  9. Rice-fallow areas in South Asia Source: Murali Gumma et al., 2016 Country Irrigated Rainfed Total Bangladesh 1.2 0.7 1.9 Bhutan 0.003 0.001 0.004 India 7.9 11.7 19.6 Nepal 0.2 0.1 0.3 Pakistan 0.01 0.1 0.1 Sri Lanka 0.2 0.0 0.2 Total 9.6 12.6 22.2 Rice-fallows in irrigated areas (43%) Rice-fallows in rainfed areas (57%) Area in Million ha
  10. Crop intensification by rice fallow management • Short/medium duration paddy cultivars in Kharif • Relay crop planting of pulses (chickpea, lintels, green gram etc) in Rabi • Use of Zero-till multiple planter/ minimum tillage for timely sowing of pulse • INM, IPM and best agronomic management interventions Parameter Improved system Traditional system Rainfall in monsoon (mm) 1100 (950+150) 1100 (950+150) Runoff (mm) 300 300 Residue soil moisture at end of Kharif (mm) 150 150 Crop cultivated Paddy-Chickpea Paddy Crop water use in Kharif (mm) 400 400 Crop water use in Rabi (ET) 250 0 Total evaporation losses (mm) 100 350 WUE (%) 80% 50% Crop yield (kg/ha) 3500 (paddy)+ 700 (Chick pea) 3500 (Paddy) Net benefit (INR/ha) 40,000-50,000 25000-30,000
  11. Rainy Season Fallow lands in Madhya Pradesh
  12. Water logged field Crop under BBF system Crop intensification by land form treatment in black Vertisols, Madhya Pradesh Parameter Improved system (Double cropping on BBF) Traditional system (Single crop in post-rainy season) Rainfall (mm) 904 904 Evaporation and other losses (mm) 172 406 Crop water use (ET) 602 271 Runoff (mm) 130 227 Total crop yield (Kg/ha) > 3000 1800-2500 WUE (%) 78 % 40%
  13. Study location/ Benchmark Site Interventions made Parameter identified/ estimated Before/ Without Interventions After/ With Interventions Sujala Watershed, Karnataka contour cultivation along with conservation furrows crop yields (t ha-1) 1.7 (1.2-3.4) 2.0 (1.4-3.9) Vidisha, Sagar, Guna, Sehore and Raisen (MP, Karnataka) (170 farmers) land form treatment (bbf) + micro nutrient application soybean yield (t ha-1) 1.9 (1.5-2.5) 2.3 (1.7-2.9) Andhra Pradesh micro-nutrient S, B, Zn + N P application maize yield (t ha-1) 2.6 4.3 micro-nutrient S, B, Zn + N P application ground nut yield (t ha-1) 0.75 1.1 Haveri, Karnataka contour cultivation (year 2006-2008) maize yield (t ha-1) 3.35 3.89 Dharwad, Karnataka contour cultivation (year 2006-2008) soybean yield (t ha-1) 1.47 1.8 Kolar, Karnataka contour cultivation (year 2006-2008) groundnut yield (t ha-1) 1.23 1.43 Effect of various in-situ interventions on crop yield
  14. How to Enhance WUE in irrigated areas • Improved drainage system • Land leveling • Promoting micro-Irrigation system (drip and sprinkler) • Controlling seepage losses • Proper institutional mechanism (e.g., users groups, WUAs) • Monitoring mechanism and Proper pricing • Control on power subsidy • Good quality power • Consistency in power supply • Need based Irrigation application
  15. Water Impact Calculator for need based irrigation scheduling • Simple and Excel based decision making tool • Computes field scale water balance at daily scale • Estimates crop water requirement and soil moisture availability • Generic tool which is applicable to field, horticulture and vegetable crops • Validated at different rainfall, soils and agro-ecological region • 20-30% water or more can be saved following need based water application
  16. Impact of Water Impact Calculator (WIC) • WIC is wested and validated at different rainfall, soils and agro- ecological regions (e.g., Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka) • It saved 20-30% irrigation water without comprising crop yield • Saved minimum two irrigation • Reduced 1500-2000 INR/ha cost of cultivation WIC based WIC based Traditional Method of Irrigation Drip Flood Flood Mota Vadala, Jamnagar, Gujarat Crop grown Wheat Wheat Wheat Irrigation water (mm) 460 520 950 No of Irrigation (-) 7 6 13 Crop Yield (t ha-1) 6.3 5.8 5.9 Water productivity (kg/m3) 1.36 1.11 0.62 Crop grown Chickpea Chickpea Chickpea Irrigation water (mm) 300 420 580 No of Irrigations (-) 5 6 9 Crop Yield (t ha-1) 2.2 1.8 1.8 Water productivity (kg/m3) 0.73 0.42 0.31 Dharola, Tonk, Rajasthan Crop grown Wheat Wheat Wheat Irrigation water (mm) 260 300 410 No of Irrigation (-) 5 4 5 Crop Yield (t ha-1) 3.5 3.4 3.5 Water productivity (kg/m3) 1.34 1.13 0.85 Kothapally, Ranga Reddy, Talangana Crop grown Tomato Tomato Tomato Irrigation water (mm) 400 590 700 No of Irrigation (-) 9 8 10 Crop Yield (t ha-1) 8.7 8.3 8.3 Water productivity (kg/m3) 2.1 1.4 1.2
  17. Scaling up: Irrigation scheduling protocols • Developed irrigation scheduling setup for different field and horticulture crops • Provided hands-on training on use of WIC to line department officials (more than 300 govt. officials trained in Karnataka in 2015-16) • Irrigation scheduling cards prepared for different Bhoo Sumruddi taluks
  18. Thank you! ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium
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