The document summarizes America's expanding influence around the world in the early 20th century. It discusses the US building the Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans after negotiations with Colombia failed. It also covers the US asserting control over the Caribbean and Latin America through the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary. Dollar diplomacy and several interventions in Latin America, including Mexico, aimed to protect American business interests. Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 on a platform of reform and attacking trusts and tariffs.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the Compromise of 1850, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the establishment of the underground railroad, the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the drafting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
events leading up to the civil war. MO Compromise, Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, Election of 1860.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the Compromise of 1850, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the establishment of the underground railroad, the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the drafting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
events leading up to the civil war. MO Compromise, Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, Election of 1860.
American history: From prehistory until 1900Rochil89
A short presentation of the history of America from the earliest ages until around 1900.
Main headings:
- Prehistory
- Colonial America; 1508 – 1763
- The American Constitution and Revolution; 1763 – 1793
- Expansion and Reform; 1793 – 1860
- The American Civil War; 1861 - 1865
- The Progressive Era / The Gilded Age; around 1870 – 1900.
Chapter 21 Realignment at Home and Empire Abroad 1877EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 21:
Realignment at
Home and
Empire Abroad
1877 to 1900
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, EIGHTH
EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN •
LYTLE • STOFF
22
Realignment at Home and
Empire Abroad 1877 to 1900
• “[M]any influential Americans argued that
like European nations, the United States
needed to acquire territory overseas. By the
end of the century the nation’s political
system had taken its first steps toward
modernization at home
and abroad. They included a major political
realignment and a growing overseas empire.”
33
What’s to Come
The Politics of Paralysis
The Revolt of the Farmers
The New Realignment
Visions of Empire
The Imperial Moment
44
The Politics of Paralysis (1)
Political Stalemate
• Margins of victory in presidential elections very
close
• Nearly 80 percent of eligible voters turned out
The Parties
• Both supported business and condemned radicalism
• Neither offered workers or farmers much help
• Ethnic and religious factors
• Third political parties rallied around a single cause
5
THE VOTING PUBLIC
Between 1860 and 1910 the population of the United States increased nearly threefold
while the number of eligible voters increased over fourfold. But as reforms of the early
twentieth century reduced the power of political machines and parties to turn out
voters, the percentage of eligible voter participation actually declined in presidential
elections through 1912. Photo: Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs
Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-19299]
66
The Politics of Paralysis (2)
The Issues
• “Bloody shirts”
• Each side blamed the other for the Civil War
• Pendleton Act
• 1883; reform of civil service
• McKinley Tariff
• Gold, silver, and greenbacks
• Currency divisive issue
• Bland-Allison Act
• 1878; silver coinage
77
The Politics of Paralysis (3)
The White House from Hayes to Harrison
• Hayes was the first of the “Ohio dynasty” (1876)
• Ended reconstruction and pursued civil service reform
• Garfield elected and then assassinated (1880)
• Dirty election of 1884
• Cleveland won; first Democrat since 1856
• In 1888, Harrison lost the popular vote but won the
Electoral College
• First billion-dollar peacetime budget (1892)
88
The Politics of Paralysis (4)
Ferment in the States and Cities
• State commissions
“Despite growing expenditures and more
legislation, most people expected little from the
federal government…. Experimental and often
effective, state programs began to grapple with
the problems of corporate power, discriminatory
railroad rates, political corruption, and urban
disorder.”
99
The Revolt of the Farmers (1)
The Harvest of Discontent
• Targets of farm anger
• Obvious inequalities; credit at the root of their problems
The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance
• Patrons of Husbandry
• Granger cases
• Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887
• Southern Alliance
• Colored Farmers’ Alliance
• Efforts often violently opposed by white ...
The presentation exposes key foreign policies strategies that the USA has practiced towards Latin America from the 19th century until the 21st century.
2. A New Canal to Connect the Oceans
• The Spanish-American War had
demonstrated the need to
shorten the distance between
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Two possible routes were
examined:
-through the isthmus of Panama
-through Nicaragua
• The route through Nicaragua
was preferred by many until a
volcano in the area erupted
3. Panama Canal
• The U.S. finally settled on
Panama as the nest
route. Panama was
controlled by Columbia.
• When negotiations with
Columbia failed, the U.S.
supported a Panamanian
revolution. The U.S. then
negotiated with Panama
for a canal zone.
4. Panama Canal continued…
• Building the Panama
Canal took more than 10
years (1904-1914) and
cost many lives lost to
disease.
• A U.S. doctor, William
Gorgas, led a campaign to
rid Panama’s swamps and
jungles of the mosquitoes
which carried the deadly
diseases.
5. American Interests in Latin America:
• Monroe Doctrine
(1823) - The U.S.
warned European
countries to
respect the
independence of
Latin American
countries
6. Extension of the Monroe Doctrine:
• When European nations
began to threaten
intervention in some Latin
American countries,
President Theodore
Roosevelt stated that the
U.S. should take on the
duties of an international
police force for the
Western Hemisphere.
• This would be known as
the Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine
7. Dollar Diplomacy:
• U.S. business investment in Latin America grew
dramatically in the early 1900s. To protect and
promote this investment, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
used money (such as loans to governments) as well as
diplomacy
• Venezuelan Boundary Controversy- 1895 When the
British challenged the boundary between Venezuela
and British Guiana and refused arbitration, President
Cleveland asked Congress to appoint a commission to
settle the matter.
• The British then agreed to arbitration. This enhanced
U.S. prestige and established the U.S. as a great power.
8. Intervention in Mexico:
• The U.S. had invested heavily in Mexican
business. When the Mexican Revolution
began in 1910, the U.S. became
concerned about our southern
neighbors.
• American troops landed in Veracruz in
1914 to try and calm the situation. The
troops were withdrawn when a more
moderate government took over.
• However, when Pancho Villa’s men
attacked Columbus, New Mexico,
President Wilson ordered General John
Pershing into northern Mexico to
capture Villa.
• The chase was abandoned when the U.S.
entered World War I in 1917
Raid on Columbus New
Mexico
9. U.S. Interest in Africa:
• The U.S. interest was primary in the expansion of
trade into African markets. This led to the
proposal for an:
• Open Door Policy-an appeal to allow all countries
to trade in western Africa on an equal basis.
• To win European support for this, the U.S. had to
agree to support the control of the Congo by
Belgium. However, the Belgians were cruel and
support of this cruel government in the Congo
tainted American action in Africa.
10. The Election of 1912
• The Republican party split
between progressives and
conservatives
• T. Roosevelt and his
followers would form a new
party called the Progressive
Party. (Bull Moose Party)
• The split would benefit the
Democratic party.
• The Socialist party would
also have a candidate. A Punch cartoon, by Leonard Raven-Hill
depicting the perceived aggression
between Taft and Roosevelt.
11. Results of the Election
• Progressive T. Roosevelt:
88 electoral votes
• Republican W. Taft:
8 electoral votes
• Socialist E. V. Debs
0 electoral votes
• Democrat W. Wilson
435 electoral votes
12. Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom
• His goal was to attack the “triple wall of privilege”
-trusts: Clayton Antitrust Act (add further substance to the U.S.
antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices)
& Federal Trade Commission Act (This commission was authorized to
issue “cease and desist” orders to large corporations to curb unfair
trade practices)
-tariffs: Underwood Tariff & 16th Amendment (re-imposed the federal
income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment
and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%)
-High finance (banks): Federal Reserve Act: (set up the Federal Reserve
System, the central banking system of the United States of America,
and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes)
13. World War One
• The war starts in Europe
(June 28th 1914) during
Woodrow Wilson’s first
term in office. The
United States maintained
a policy of non-
intervention.