Amending the constitution
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There are four formal ways to amend the US Constitution: 1) a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of state legislatures; 2) a proposal by Congress and ratification by state conventions in three-fourths of states; 3) a proposal by a national convention called by Congress and ratification by three-fourths of states; and 4) a proposal by national convention and ratification by state conventions in three-fourths of states. The Constitution can also be informally amended through legislative, executive, judicial, party practices, and customs that change how it functions without changing the text.
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Sub 8d the preservation and advancements of islam
Early Islamic civilization made many advancements in science, math, architecture, art, and other fields:
- Algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and the scientific method originated from Islamic scholars, as did advancements in astronomy, medicine, and surgery.
- Iconic Islamic architectural structures like the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem influenced building designs. Mosques with domes and minarets became central to Muslim communities.
- Muslims created intricate mosaic artwork and geometric patterns reflecting their beliefs. They also established early universities and translated ancient texts, expanding knowledge.
- Adopting concepts like Arabic numerals and creating algebra significantly advanced mathematics. Muslims also made strides in geography, medicine, and documenting new diseases
8d the preservation and advancements of islam
The document discusses the preservation and advancements of Islam. It overviewed how early Islamic civilization achieved scientific, mathematical, artistic, architectural and intellectual developments that transformed society. This included advancements in algebra, astronomy, medicine, surgery and the establishment of universities. The Islamic world influenced fields like architecture, art, geography and science. Mosques and the Dome of the Rock became important architectural and religious structures. Overall, the document outlines the significant cultural, educational and scientific contributions made by Islamic civilization.
8bc the geographic influences of islam
This document provides information about the spread of Islam between 600-1000 AD. It discusses the prophet Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, and the origins of Islam in the cities of Mecca and Medina. It then examines the geographic influences that facilitated the spread of Islamic civilization across great distances and through deserts and mountains, along trade routes. Key historical turning points are outlined, including the early conquests that expanded Muslim rule, the split between Sunnis and Shi'as after the death of Caliph Ali, and the Mongol destruction of Baghdad which ended the Islamic Golden Age. Students are then instructed to create a poster on how Islamic civilization improved one subject area such as science, math, architecture, or medicine.
8a the introduction and spread of islam
During the 600-1000 AD period, Islamic civilization expanded rapidly. The revelations received by the prophet Muhammad formed the basis of the new Islamic religion, which spread across the Middle East, northern Africa, and into Spain. Key beliefs include strict monotheism, following the teachings of the Quran, and practicing the Five Pillars of Islam. The new Muslim culture that developed over centuries helped drive the rapid spread and growth of Islamic civilization in this period.
7e the influence of the byzantine empire
This document discusses the influence and spread of Byzantine culture. It begins with a 5 question quiz about the Byzantine Empire, covering topics like the division between the Eastern and Western Church. It then explains how Byzantine civilization influenced neighboring regions through religion, culture, and trade. Trade routes were established between the Black Sea and Baltic Sea, Orthodox Christianity was adopted by Russia and Eastern Europe, and the Greek alphabet was adapted for Slavic languages. Byzantine architecture and religious art also spread, seen in structures like St. Basil's Cathedral which duplicated Byzantine church designs.
7cd the religion and culture of the byzantine empire
This document provides a 5 question quiz about the Byzantine Empire during the rule of Justinian. It asks about why Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the definition of a frontier, what is meant by the "seat" of an empire, how Justinian simplified Roman law, and how Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire. The document then provides the answers to each question, explaining that Constantinople provided more protection and was in a better economic/political position, a frontier is unsettled land, the seat is where the government is located, Justinian codified the 12 Tables of Roman law, and he reconquered lost territories to expand the Byzantine Empire.
7ab the geography and governemnt of the byzantine empire
This document discusses the geography and government of the Byzantine Empire. It describes how Constantinople provided political, economic, and military advantages as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople was protected by its location and fortified position. It also served as a center of trade and government for the Byzantine Empire until the Ottoman conquest. The document then explains that Emperor Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire's reach through military conquests while also codifying Roman law, establishing the basis for Western legal codes.
Sub6cd the roman republic and the punic wars
Rome was well protected from invaders due to its location surrounded by rivers. The arch was an important engineering development for Romans that allowed for large structures like aqueducts and buildings. The saying "all roads lead to Rome" refers to how Rome dominated trade and transportation routes throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. The Pantheon is a temple in Rome dedicated to all the gods of ancient Rome. The 12 Tables were Rome's earliest law code that established basic legal principles and is still influential today.
Sub 5g alexander the great
This document provides information about ancient Greece and the rise and fall of Greek power. It discusses the Golden Age of Greece and the use of epics in Greek society. It also outlines the Greek wars that led to the weakening of Greece and its conquest by Macedon under King Philip II. Alexander the Great then took power and established an vast empire from Greece to India, spreading Hellenistic culture throughout his realm.
Sub 5d the major wars of ancient greece
This document provides an overview of several wars in ancient Greece between Greek city-states and Persia. It describes the Persian invasion of Greece in the 5th century BC, including key battles like Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis, which resulted in a Greek victory. It then discusses the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta in the 5th-4th centuries BC, which ultimately weakened Greece and led to its conquest by Macedon.
Sub 4cd buddhism and hinduism
The document provides information about classical Indian civilizations through quizzes, videos, and sections on Hinduism, Buddhism, and Mandalas. It asks 5 questions about the influence of the Aryan Empire, contributions of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires, the caste system, and factors important to India's development. Sections explain Hindu beliefs in reincarnation, holy books, and spread; the founding of Buddhism by Siddhartha Gautama, its Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, and spread by Ashoka; and that Mandalas depict the universe through balance and order and are used for meditation.
Sub 4a persia notes
Ancient Persia had a large imperial bureaucracy that governed its vast empire from the Indus Valley to the Nile River. Bureaucrats were assigned to different provinces to administer on behalf of the king. The Persian government also built an extensive Royal Road system connecting major cities across the empire to facilitate communication and trade. Culturally, Persians followed a moral code emphasizing bravery, honesty and righteousness, and the dominant religion was Zoroastrianism which viewed the world as a battle between good and evil.
Sub 4ef culture, geography, and government of china
Classical China was geographically isolated along the Huang He River valley. Migratory invaders from the north prompted Qin Shi Huangdi to build the Great Wall for defense. China was ruled by a succession of dynasties, with rulers holding the Mandate of Heaven to rule as long as their rule was just. The Silk Road connected China to other cultures as far as Rome, and China contributed innovations like paper, porcelain, silk, and the civil service examination system.
3e river valley civilization language and communication
This document discusses the development of early written languages. It explains that pictograms were the earliest written symbols used for religious or educational purposes. Egyptian hieroglyphics were written on various surfaces and used symbols to represent sounds and ideas, though few were literate. Cuneiform was developed in Sumer as the first advanced written language using wedge-shaped markings on clay tablets. The Phoenicians then created the first alphabet using only 22 characters without vowels, allowing more widespread literacy.
3b the government of ancient civilizations
The document discusses early civilizations and their political, social, and economic characteristics. It notes that the earliest civilizations developed along river valleys in Mesopotamia and Egypt due to water and fertile soil for agriculture. It discusses important finds like the Rosetta Stone that helped scholars translate hieroglyphics. Political structures included hereditary rulers like dynasties and kings. Economically, metal tools and trade increased surpluses and specialization. Early states organized the first governments and legal codes.
3a river valley civilizations
Archaeologists study ancient human settlements and artifacts to learn about past civilizations. River valleys were sites of early permanent settlements during the Neolithic period due to their fertile soil, water sources, and natural protections. Key early civilizations included the Mesopotamians along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the Egyptians in the Nile River valley, the Indus civilization in the Indus River valley, and the Chinese in the Huang He valley.
Chapter 11 -government
The document outlines the different types of powers granted to Congress. Expressed powers are specifically enumerated in the Constitution, such as the power to tax, borrow money, coin money, regulate commerce, and establish rules of war and defense. Implied powers are not explicitly listed but are necessary and proper to carry out expressed powers, like establishing the postal service and immigration laws. Inherent powers are said to be fundamental aspects of government like controlling borders and acquiring new territories. Congress can interpret its powers both strictly, limiting itself to only what is written, or liberally, taking a broad view of what the Constitution permits. Non-legislative powers include investigating matters, approving appointments, impeachment, and electoral functions.
Ch. 16 financing government 2012 13
The US government finances its operations through taxes, non-tax revenues like fees, and borrowing. Congress has broad taxing powers but some constitutional limits, like that direct taxes must be proportional to population. Current major federal taxes include income tax on individuals and corporations, social insurance taxes, excise taxes, estate and gift taxes, and customs duties. The government also borrows regularly through public debt obligations. Federal spending is dominated by entitlement programs like Social Security. The annual budget process involves the President's budget proposal and congressional appropriations committees determining actual funding levels.
Interest groups
This document discusses interest groups and how they influence public policy. It defines interest groups as private organizations that try to persuade public officials to adopt policies that benefit their members. Interest groups are one way Americans influence government and a hallmark of American pluralism, as they represent many competing interests. The document outlines different types of interest groups and how they use propaganda techniques, public opinion, and lobbying of officials to achieve their policy goals.
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7cd the religion and culture of the byzantine empire
7cd the religion and culture of the byzantine empire
7ab the geography and governemnt of the byzantine empire
7ab the geography and governemnt of the byzantine empire
Sub 4ef culture, geography, and government of china
Sub 4ef culture, geography, and government of china
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3e river valley civilization language and communication
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- 2. –1. 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and then ratified (approved) by ¾ of state legislatures •26/27 Amendments were adopted this way
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- 4. • 3. Amendment proposed by national convention—called by Congress at request of States, once again ¾ of states have to ratify the amendment •This way has never been used!!
- 5. • 4. Amendment proposed by national convention and then ratified by conventions in ¾ of states –This method has never been used either!!
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