The US government finances its operations through taxes, non-tax revenues like fees, and borrowing. Congress has broad taxing powers but some constitutional limits, like that direct taxes must be proportional to population. Current major federal taxes include income tax on individuals and corporations, social insurance taxes, excise taxes, estate and gift taxes, and customs duties. The government also borrows regularly through public debt obligations. Federal spending is dominated by entitlement programs like Social Security. The annual budget process involves the President's budget proposal and congressional appropriations committees determining actual funding levels.
The revenue and expenditure of india,fiscal policyHuma Ansari
• Revenue – sources of revenue
• Tax revenue and non tax revenue
• Union budget analysis
• Expenditure of government
• Need, types, objectives of government expenditure
• What is fiscal policy
• Concept and types of fiscal policy
• Different measures to control fiscal deficit
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
- Define taxation and taxes.
- Enumerate and explain the three inherent powers of the state.
- Describe different internal revenue taxes.
- Explain the different characteristics of taxes.
- Describe the nature of taxation in the Philippines
The revenue and expenditure of india,fiscal policyHuma Ansari
• Revenue – sources of revenue
• Tax revenue and non tax revenue
• Union budget analysis
• Expenditure of government
• Need, types, objectives of government expenditure
• What is fiscal policy
• Concept and types of fiscal policy
• Different measures to control fiscal deficit
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
- Define taxation and taxes.
- Enumerate and explain the three inherent powers of the state.
- Describe different internal revenue taxes.
- Explain the different characteristics of taxes.
- Describe the nature of taxation in the Philippines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. The Power Tax
• Congress exercises the taxing power to
finance the costs of operating the Federal
Government as well as for non-revenue
purposes.
• Constitutional Limitations
– Taxes may be levied only for public purposes
– Taxes on Export are prohibited
3. • Constitutional Limitations cont.
– Direct taxes must be equally apportioned among
the States according to their populations (except
income tax)
• Ex. Tax on Land or Buildings paid by the property owner
– Indirect taxes must be levied at the same rate
throughout the country.
• Ex. Federal tax on liquor, is passed on to the distiller
but paid by the person buying the liquor.
• The Implied Limitation
– The Federal Government may not tax State or local
governments in the exercise of their formal governmental
functions, Ex. Schools, Furnishing health care
– Nongovernmental functions may be taxed
4. Current Federal Taxes
• The Income Tax- The income tax is flexible and
progressive and is levied on both individuals
and corporations.
• The Individual Income Tax
– A tax is levied on each person’s taxable income.
– Tax rates vary depending on the amount of
income a person receives.
5. • The Corporation Income Tax
– Corporations also pay income tax on their profits.
– Nonprofit organizations are not subject to this tax.
• Social Insurance Tax
– Social insurance taxes paid by employees and
employers finance social security, Medicare, and
unemployment compensation.
– These taxes are regressive, or laid at a flat rate
without regard to a taxpayer’s income
6. • Excise Taxes
– Excise taxes are taxes on the manufacture, sale, or
consumption of goods or services.
– These taxes are passed on to consumers by the
producers.
• Estate and Gift Taxes
– The estate tax is a tax on the estate of one who
dies.
– The gift tax prevents people from avoiding the
estate tax by giving their property away before
they die
7. • Custom Duties
– These are taxes on goods brought into the country
from abroad.
– Once the major source of federal income, custom
duties now make up only two percent of
government revenues
8. Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes
• Taxes are also used to regulate or discourage
activities that Congress considers harmful to
the public
– Ex. Certain guns and gas-guzzling
• There are constitutional limits to Congress’s
power to tax for such purposes.
10. Nontax Revenues
• The Federal Government earns more than $20
billion a year from nontax revenues.
• Nontax revenues come from many sources,
including earnings
– Federal Reserve System
– interest on loans
– fees charged by federal agencies
– monies from the sale of public lands
11. Borrowing
• Traditionally, the power to borrow was used
only to meet crises and to finance large-scale
projects that could not be paid for out of
current income.
• In recent decades, the government has
borrowed regularly in order to make up the
difference between what it spends and what
income it takes in—the deficit.
12. • The Federal Government can borrow at lower
interest rates than private borrowers because
it is considered a safe investment and because
interest on federal securities cannot be taxed
by State or local government
13. The Public Debt
• The public debt is all of the money borrowed
by the government and not yet repaid plus the
interest on that money.
• The public debt has increased rapidly in recent
years, causing great controversy because of
the burden it places on tomorrow’s taxpayers.
14. Spending and the Budget
Federal Spending
Ch. 16 Sec. 3
• The Federal Government spends the largest
amounts of money on social security
• Interest on the public debt is the second
largest object of current federal spending
15. • Controllable and Uncontrollable Spending
– About 20 percent of spending by the Federal
Government is controllable, that is, the President
and Congress decide how much will be spent each
year on theses expenditures
– About 80 percent of spending- such items as
interest on the national debt, social security
benefits, food stamps, and other entitlements- is
not controllable, that is, the government cannot
control the amount of these payments.
16. The Federal Budget
• The Budget Process
– The Budget is the joint responsibility of the
President and Congress
– The President proposes a budget and Congress
decides whether and in what amounts to
appropriate the funds the President asks for in
that budget
17. • The President and the Budget
– Each federal agency is required to submit detailed
estimates of its spending needs for the coming
year
– The office of Management and Budget reviews
the requests, holds hearings in which agencies are
required to justify their estimates, and fits all the
requests into the federal budget that is sent to
Congress.
• Congress and the Budget
– The President’s budget is referred to the Budget
Committee in each house
18. –The Congressional Budget Office helps
these committees study and make decisions
about the Presidents Budget.
–The President’s budget is also sent to the
House and Senate Appropriations
committees, which are responsible for
fashioning the bills that actually appropriate
the money.
19. • Congress tries to pass all of its appropriations
measures before the beginning of the fiscal
year (October 1), but seldom succeeds in
doing so and must then pass emergency
spending legislation to allow the government
to continue operating until the budget is
passed.