Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence
UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence
UNIT 1 : THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 2 : ANIMALS AND HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIT 3 : THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
UNIT 4 : THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 5 : THE SOUND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE
UNIT 6 : WORDS and WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
UNIT 7 : MORPHOLOGY
UNIT 8 : PHRASES and SENTENCES : GRAMMAR
UNIT 9 : SYNTAX
The Mental Process of Speech ComprehensionEko_Mulyono
Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study. Mental process itself means the process how human study langauge. Based on the psycholinguistics theory and taken English as its researching language, this paper tries to find out the mental processes of speech comprehension. In comprehending the meaning of utterances we face the following problems: How humans can understand a word, phrase, clause, sentence, or discourse they hear? Or how comprehension can be formed? Although listeners are typically in a position correctly to identify the distal sources of their acts of comprehension, through perception of productions of speech, it appears that they need not always be in that position.
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
it is the thoughts, beliefs, convictions and behaviors that
raise the value of a particular group or category at the
expense of other groups, based on inherited things related to
people's abilities, character or habits, and sometimes depend
on skin color, culture, place of residence, or Customs,
language, or beliefs .
An Apology for Poetry (or The
Defence of Poesy) is a work of
literary criticism by Elizabethan
poet Philip Sidney. It was written
in approximately 1580 and first
published in 1595, after his death .
Communicative Language Teaching is a set of principles about teaching including recommendations about method and syllabus where the focus is on meaningful communication not structure, use not usage.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. Structural ambiguity:
It has two distinct underlying interpretations
that have to be
represented differently in deep structure
An example of structural ambiguity:
1- Annie had an umbrella
and she bumped into a man with it
2- I Shot an elephant in my pajamas
5. 1- Lexical Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity is the most
commonly known form of 1- Lexical Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity is the most
commonly known form of ambiguity
1- Lexical Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity is the most
commonly known form of
ambiguity
6. l
2- Syntactic Ambiguity
Syntactic ambiguity is a structural
or grammatical ambiguity
of a whole sentence that occurs
in a sub-part of a sentence
9. Syntactic ambiguity generally results from poor word
choice
. If care is not used when selecting phrases that taken
in a connotative rather than a denotative context may
have more than one meaning, or if the sentences
in which they're used are not properly constructed
, the results can often be confusing for readers
or listeners. Here are some examples:
10. The professor said on Monday he would give an
exam
. This sentence means either that it was on
Monday
that the professor told the class about the exam
or that the exam would be given on Monday.
12. Globally ambiguou
A globally ambiguous sentence is one that has at least two distinct
interpretations. In this type of ambiguity, after one has read or heard
the entire sentence, the ambiguity is still present. Rereading the
sentence cannot resolve the ambiguity because no feature of the
representation (i.e. word order) distinguishes the distinct
interpretations. Global ambiguities are often unnoticed because the
reader tends to choose the meaning he or she understands to be more
probable. One example of a global ambiguity is "The woman held the
baby in the green blanket." In this example, the baby could be
wrapped in the green blanket or the woman could be using the green
blanket as an instrument to hold the baby
13. .Locally ambiguous
A locally ambiguous sentence is a sentence contains an
ambiguous phrase but has only one interpretation.[5] The
ambiguity in a locally ambiguous sentence briefly persists
and is resolved, i.e., disambiguated, by the end of the
utterance. Sometimes, local ambiguities can result in
"garden path" sentences, in which a structurally sound
sentence is difficult to interpret because one interpretation of
the ambiguous region is not the ultimate coherent
interpretation.
15. Grammar is a word that confuses considerably
. It has been approached and defined differently by different
scholars
and schools of linguistics. Etymologically, the term Grammar
goes back
(through French & Latin) to Greek word Grammatika
or Grammatical which may be translated as the art of 'writing
". But for a long time, this term has been used
very closely to incorporate the whole study of language.