This document discusses the structure, development, composition, histology, remodeling, and age-related changes of alveolar bone. It describes alveolar bone as consisting of alveolar bone proper surrounding tooth roots and supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone. Development begins in the second month of fetal life. The composition includes inorganic material, organic material, and water. Histologically, alveolar bone contains lamellae, osteons, and Haversian systems. Bone is continuously remodeled through formation and resorption, and aging leads to changes like thinner trabeculae and greater marrow spaces.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
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alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together.
The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
he skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.
The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.
Osteology, derived from the from Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bones', and λόγος (logos) 'study', is the scientific study of bones, practised by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics).[1]
Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for companies producing osteological reproductions in an academic context.
Osteology and osteologists should not be confused with osteopathy and its practitioners, osteopaths.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Alveolar bone simplified
1.
2. • CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF BONE
• ALVEOLAR BONE
• DEFINITION
• CLASSIFICATION
• STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR BONE
• DEVELOPMENT
• CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• BONE HISTOLOGY
• BONE REMODELING
• CONCLUSION
3. BONE -CLASSIFICATION
• ACCORDING TO SHAPE
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
ACCORDING TO DEVELOPMENT
• ENDOCHONDRAL BONES
• INTRAMEMBRANEOUS BONES
4. • According to structure
• A.Mature bone
• Compact bone (Cortical bone)
• Cancellous bone (Spongy bone)
• B. Immature bone (Woven Bone)
5. Composition of Bone
• Inorganic material: 65%
• Organic : 25%
• Water :15%
• Bone histology:
• Unmineralised bone is termed osteoid.
• Adult bones: Outer dense sheet is known as compact bone
• Inner cavity contains yellow/ red bone marrow with rich network of bony
trabecular.
• This network is called trabecular,spongy or cancellous bone
7. • Outer compact bone and inner spongy bone
• PERIOSTEUM AND ENDOSTEUM
• The outer surface of compact bone is covered by dense layer called
periosteum.
• Divided into two:
• Outer fibrous layer - Periosteal layer
• Inner osteogenic layer-Endosteal layer
8. LAMELLA
• Three types of lamella in
compact and trabecular bone
• 1. Circumferential lamella
• 2. Concentric lamella
• 3. Interstitial lamella
11. Concentric Lamellae
• Lamellae arranged in concentric layers around a central
neurovascular canal called Haversian Canal.
• Also called osteon - Osteon is the functional unit of Bone.
• The bulk of compact bone is made up of concentric lamella or
Osteons.
12. Interstitial Lamella
• Fills the space between adjacent concentric lamella
• They are the fragments or remnants of old concentric lamella after
bone Remodelling.
13. Haversian System / OSTEON
• The concentric lamella are arranged along a central vascular canal
termed Haversian Canal.
• The Haversian Canal contains capillaries and lined by a single layer of
bone cells.
• The Haversian canal along with the concentric lamella is known as
Haversian System or Osteon.
• 9-20 concentric lamella within each Haversian System.
• Longitudinally running Haversian canals are interconnected by
horizontal canals known as Volkmann’s Canal.
14.
15. • Alveolar process is the part of jaw bone in which teeth are found.
• It is dependent on the presence of teeth for development and
maintanence
16. Definition :
The part of maxilla or mandible that forms and
supports the socket of the teeth in which the teeth
are anchored.
17. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
• BUNDLE BONE
• LAMELLATED BONE
SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
• BUCCAL CORTICAL PLATE
• LINGUAL CORTICAL PLATE
• CENTRAL SPONGY BONE
18. STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR BONE
ALVEOLAR
BONE
ALVEOLAR
BONE
PROPER
LAMELLATED
BONE
BUNDLE
BONE
SUPPORTING
ALVEOLAR
BONE
CORTICAL
PLATE
SPONGY
BONE
19.
20.
21. Development:
• It starts in the second month of fetal life
• Ò Maxilla and mandible forms a groove that is open towards the
surface of the oral cavity.
• Developing tooth buds are enclosed in these grooves.
• Ò Major portion of the alveolar process begins with root formation and
eruption of the teeth.
• Ò During rapid growth alveolar crest shows characteristics of cartilage
and bone - CHONDROID BONE
22. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
It surrounds the root of the tooth and gives attachment to the periodontal
ligament fibres.
It consists of
Lamellated bone
Bundle bone
Lamellated bone consists of osteons.
Concentric lamellae along with a central blood vessel form an osteon.
23. BUNDLE BONE
Part of the alveolar bone where periodontal ligament fibres are inserted
(attached).
Bundle – bundles of fibres
Sharpeys fibres – principal fibres of the periodontal ligament that are
embedded in the bone or cementum.
Sharpeys fibres are seen perpendicular to the bundle bone.
Other fibrils are less and are arranged parallel to the bundle bone
surface
Radiographically is more radiodense due to presence of thick bone
without trabeculations and is called as “lamina dura”
Alveolar bone proper has many openings for blood vessels and nerves –
is perforated and is called as “cribriform plate”
Interdental and interradicular septa have canals known as canals of
“ zukerkandl and hirschfeld”
26. SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
It consists of two parts –
Cortical plates (Outer and inner)
Spongy bone
Cortical plates: these are made up of
compact bone & form the outer and
inner plates of alveolar bone.
Cortical bone varies in thickness in
different areas – it is thicker in the
mandible than in the maxilla and thicker
in the premolar-molar region than in the
anteriors.
27. Spongy bone: it fills the area between the cortical plates and the
alveolar bone proper.
It contains trabaculae of bone and marrow spaces.
Types of spongy bone (spongiosa) :-
Type I: the trabaculae are regular and horizontal like a ladder.This
is seen most commonly in the mandible.
Type II: irregularly arranged delicate and numerous trabaculae.
This is seen most commonly in the maxilla.
The spongy bone is very thin or absent in the anterior regions of both
the jaws.
29. BONE REMODELING AND RESORPTION
Bone is a dynamic tissue and is always undergoing changes to adapt
for functional forces, mesial drift, and eruption of teeth.
There is constant formation and resorption of bone. Periods of
resorption alternate with periods of rest and repair.
Lines seen in bone:
Resting line: these lines correspond to the resting period in the
process of continous bone formation.
Reversal line: when a period of bone resorption is followed by bone
formation, a dark line is seen which seperates the new bone from old
bone, this resembles the shape of howships lacunae.
31. AGE CHANGES IN ALVEOLAR BONE
Brittleness due to decreased water content
Sponge bone become thin trabecula , wide marrow spaces
Red bone marrow become fatty
Osteoporosis
Alveolar crest slope distally due to mesial tilting of teeth
With loss of teeth and resorption of alveolar ridge mental foramen
become very close also maxillary sinus in upper jaw
Thank you!!
32. • Structure of alveolar bone
• Development
• Physical and Chemical composition
• Bone histology
• Bone remodeling
• Age changes of alveolar bone .