This document provides an overview of India's geography, history, and natural resources. It discusses: - The physical geography of India, including the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, deserts, and coastal plains. - A brief history from ancient civilizations to British colonial rule and independence. - India's climate and seasonal patterns. - The country's extensive river systems originating in the Himalayas and peninsula. - An overview of India's mineral resources including coal, iron ore, bauxite, and precious stones.

1. WELCOME

2. INDIA
Presented By: Group “E”

3. Introduction
 History of India
 Geography of India
 Location of India
 Basic information
 Rankings of India

4. In the Beginning…
• Civilization developed
along the Indus River
around 2500 BCE
• Historically, the
subcontinent of India
includes Pakistan and
Bangladesh

5. Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE)
• Rigveda written in
Sanskrit
• Mahabharata &
Ramayana

6. Mughal Empire (1526-1858)
• 1500 – Central Asians, led
by Mugals, established a
kingdom in northern India
• Akbar (1556-1605)
 Conquest of central
India
 Religious tolerance
 Business and
commerce encouraged

7. British Colonial India
 British India 1613–
1947
• East India Company:
1612–1757
• Company rule in India:
1757–1857
• British Raj: 1858–1947

8. Indian Independence and a
Separate Muslim State
 Independence in 1947
 Hindu – Muslim
violence Kashmir
 Independence for
Pakistan

9. Geography of India
Area: Total: 3,287,590 sq
km
Land: 2,973,190 sq
km
Water: 314,400 sq km
Area : comparative:
slightly more than
one-third the size of
the US.
Land boundaries : Total
14,103 km

10. Absolute location of India
New Delhi 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E

11. Relative locations and land borders

12. Basic information
• Full name: Republic of India
• Population: 1.23 billion (2014 census) and density 381.1/km2
• Independence: 15 August 1947
• Capital: New Delhi
• Most-populated city: Mumbai (Bombay)
• Major languages: Hindi, English and at least 16 other official languages
• Major religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism
• States: 29
• Currency: Indiana rupee
• GDP: $7.277 trillion (2014)

13. Rankings of India
• Rank 1 : Largest democracy
• Rank 2 : Total population, size of arm
forces.
• Rank 3 : GDP (ppp) , Internet users
• Rank 4 : Television broadcast stations
• Rank 5 : GDP growth rate
• Rank 6 : Coffee Production
• Rank 7 : Total land area
• Rank 8 : Carbon dioxide emissions
• Rank 9 : Telephone lines in use
• Rank 10: Richest country.

14. THE PHYSICAL
FEATURES OF
INDIA

15. physical features of India can be
grouped under the following
physiographic divisions:
(i) The Himalayan Mountains
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands

17. (i) THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN
• The Himalayan ranges contain several high peaks. Mount
Everest is the highest peak in the world.
• Their length is about 2000 kilometers and width between
230 and 400 kilometers.

18. The Himalayas have three
main ranges That are:
(i)The greater Himalayas
(ii) The lesser Himalayas
(iii) The Shivalik hill ranges

19. The Greater Himalayas
The highest range of
the Himalayas is
known as the greater
Himalayas. It is also
called the Himadri.

20. The lesser Himalayas
The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the
most mountain system & known as Himachal or the
lesser Himalayas.
The altitude varies between 3700 & 4500 meters And
Average width is of 50 km.

21. The Shivalik Ranges
Shivalik Hills
Kedarnath (Shivalik)
A view of Shivalik Range

22. Northern Plains
 The narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes
of shiwalik are called Bhabar.
 The streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet ,swampy and
marshy region known as terai.
 The flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like feature is
known as bhangar.
 The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits known as khadar.

23. The Peninsular Plateau
 The peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old
crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
 It is formed due to the breaking and drifting of the
gondwana land.
 It has a broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills

24. Western Ghats

25. EASTERN GHATS

26. A place that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of
rain per year is considered a desert. Deserts cover more than
one fifth of the Earth's land, and they are found on every
continent. Deserts are.
INDIAN DESERT

27. The coastal plains

28. The Island
Lakshadweep
Andaman and
Nicobar

29. NEXT

30. Climate of India . . .
Part-I Climatic Diversity of India
Part-II Factors Affecting Climate of India
Part-III Rhythm of Seasons
Part-IV Distribution of Rainfall
Part-V Change of Climate

31. Climatic Diversity
Drass -450C in
December night
Tawang 190C in
June
Chennai 200C in
December night
Jodhpur 550C
in June
Cherrapunji &
Mawsynram have
1080cm rain
Jaisalmer
receives 9cm
rainfall
Kerala Diurnal
range of 80C
Thar desert
Diurnal range
of 300C

32. More diversities…
Churu in Rajasthan records a
temperature of 50°C or more on
a June day.
Snow fall over the Himalayas.
Most parts of India receives
rainfall during June to
September.
Tura of Meghalaya receives
rainfall in a single day is equal
to the total rainfall of Ten years
in Jaisalmer of Rajastan.
It is 19°C in Tawang
(Arunachal Pradesh) on the
same day.
Only rainfall over rest of India.
Tamilnadu coast remains dry
during these months.
Very low rainfall in North west
Himalayas and western
Rajastan which is equal to 10cm
per year.

33. Factors affecting Indian climate
RELATED TO LOCATION
& RELIEF
•Latitude
•Altitude
•Relief
•Distance from Sea
•The Himalayan Mt.
•Distribution of Land & water
RELATED TO AIR
PRESSURE & WIND
Surface pressure & wind
Upper air circulation
Western cyclones

34. Rhythm of Seasons
COLD WEATHER
HOT WEATHER
SOUTH WEST MONSOON
RETREATING MONSOON

35. ► It extends from December to
February.
► Vertical sun rays shift towards
southern hemisphere.
► North India experiences intense
cold where as this season is not
well defined in south India.
► Light wind blow makes this season
pleasant in south India.
► Occasional tropical cyclone visit
eastern coast in this season.
Cold Weather Season
100C`
150C
200C
250C
200C

36. ► It extends from March to
May.
► Vertical sun rays shift
towards Northern
hemisphere.
► Temperature rises
gradually from south to
north.
► Highest Temperature
experiences in Karnataka in
March, Madhya Pradesh in
April and Rajastan in May.
Hot Weather Season
May 480C
April 380C
March 300C

37. ► It extends from June to
September.
► Intense heating in north
west India creates low
pressure region.
► Low pressure attract the
wind from the surrounding
region.
► After having rains for a few
days sometime monsoon
fails to occur for one or
more weeks is known as
break in the monsoon.
SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON

38. ► It extends from October to
November.
► Vertical sun rays start shifting
towards Northern
hemisphere.
► Low pressure region shift
from northern parts of India
towards south.
► Owing to the conditions of
high temperature and
humidity, the weather
becomes rather oppressive.
This is commonly known as
the ‘October heat’
RETREATING MONSOON SEASON
LOW PRESSURE

39. DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

40. Rainfall and average temperature

41. ► India has long coast line and
rise of sea level will submerge
large area.
► A population of 7.1 million
living in coastal areas will be
affected.
► Production of crops like wheat,
rice etc will decrease.
► The natural disasters like
cyclone, floods and drought
will increase in frequency as
well as intensity.
CLIMATE CHANGE & INDIA
KOLKOTA
CHENNAI
MUMBAI

42. Indian River System

43. Indian rivers overview
Himalayan
and
Karkoram
Ranges
Vindhyas,
Satpuras,
Central
Plateau
Western
Ghats
Bay of
Bengal
Arabian
Ocean
India

44. Himalayan Rivers
River types
Peninsular Rivers

45. River system
of India
Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers
Indus
Brahmaputra Mahanadi Narmada
Ganga

46. THE HIMALAYAS ARE DRAINED BY 16
MAJOR RIVERS. THE MAJOR
HIMALAYAN RIVERS ARE THE INDUS,
GANGES, AND BRAHMAPUTRA. THESE
RIVERS ARE LONG, AND ARE JOINED BY
MANY LARGE AND IMPORTANT
TRIBUTARIES. HIMALAYAN RIVERS
HAVE LONG COURSES FROM THEIR
SOURCE TO SEA.
Himalayan Rivers

47. The Ganges River
 The head waters of The Ganges called
the ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by Gangotri
glacier.
 It emerges from mountains joined by
the Alaknanda and Devaparyag at
Uttarakhand.
 Flowing towards north- 1,500 km.
 Tributaries are – Kavi , Damodar,
Yamuna, Gomti, Kosi, Gandak.

48. Indus River
 The river Indus rises in
Tibet, near lake
Mansarovar.
 Flowing towards West –
2900 km Course.
 Enters India through
Ladakh district of J&K .
 Tributaries are- the
Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok &
hunza.

49. Brahmaputra river
 It rises in Tibet near the
Mansarovar lake. It is slightly
longer than the Indus.
 It flows from East to West and is
2900 (In India its 916)km.
 Tributaries are – Dibang, Lohit
etc. and many other.

50. Peninsular Rivers
 The main water divide
in the peninsular India
is formed by the
Western Ghats, from
the north and the south
close to the western
coast. Major rivers are
Mahanadi , Godavari,
flow eastwards and
drain into Bay Of
Bengal.

51. Mahanadi River
 The in the Mahanadi River
rises in the highland of
Chhattisgarh.
 It flows towards east and ends
its journey in the Bay of
Bengal
 Its course is 860 km.

52. The Narmada River
 It rises in the Amarkantak
hills in the Madhya Pradesh.
 Flowing towards West -1300
km course.
 Tributaries are- Banjar,
Tawa, Barna, Halon river.
 All the tributaries are short
of River Narmada river and
join the main stream at right
angle.

53. NEXT

54. Minerals of India
• India is quite rich in minerals. Substances which are found in
the rocks or are lying hidden under the ground are called
minerals. These substances are mined out or pumped out of the
earth.
• India has a large number of economically useful minerals and
they constitute one-quarter of the world's known mineral
resources.
• Almost all kinds of minerals are found in different places of
India.

55. Distribution of the Minerals of India

56. Types of Minerals of India
There are three kinds of Minerals in India. These are:
• Power Mineral Resource.
• Metallic Mineral Resource.
• Non-Metallic Mineral Resource.

57. Power Minerals of India
• Power resources is one of the most important natural resources
and is very essential for the economic development of a
country.
• The economy of India is enriched by the rich deposition of
different power minerals.

58. Types of Power Minerals of India
• Coal
• Petroleum And Natural Gas
• Nuclear Energy
• Hydel Power
• Wind Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Solar Energy
• Biogas.

59. Metallic Minerals of India
The metallic minerals are:
• Iron
• Copper
• Aluminum
• Manganese
• Gold

60. Non-Metallic Minerals of India
• India also produces a large number of non-metallic
minerals although only a few of them have assumed as
much industrial and economic importance as is done by
the metallic minerals.
• Different kinds of Non-Metallic Minerals of India are
described below.

61. Mica
• Mica is found in different places of India includes
01.Andrah Pradesh
02.Rajasthan
03.Bihar and Jharkhand
04.Gujarat
05.Kerala
06. Tamil Nadu etc.

62. Limeston
• Limestone is found in different places of India includes
01.Madhyaprodesh.
02. Rajasthan
03.Andra Pradesh
04.Gujrat
05.Chhattsgarh
06.Tamil Nadu
07.Karnataka etc.

63. Dolomite
• Dolomite is found in different places of India includes
01.Orissa
02.Chhattisgarh
03.Jharkhodo
04.Rajastan
05.Karnakto etc.

64. Asbestos
• Asbestos is found in different places of India includes
01.Rajastan
02.Andra Pradesh
03.Jharkhodo
04.Madhya Pradesh
05.Chhattisgarh
06.Tamil Nadu
07.Gujrat etc.

65. Magnesite
• Magnesite is found in different places of India includes
01.Tamil Nadu
02.Rajastan
03.Uttaranchal
04.Karnataka

66. Kyanite
• Kyanite is found in different places of India includes
01.Jharkondo
02.Maharastra
03.Karnataka
04. Orissa
05. Rajasthan
06.Tamil Nadu

67. Gypsum
• Gypsum is found in different places of India includes
01.Tamil Nadu
02. Jammu and Kashmir
03.Gujarat
04.Uttar Pradesh

68. Diamonds
• Gypsum is found in different places of India includes
01.Andhra Pradesh
02.Madhya Pradesh
03.Karnataka etc.

69. Forest of India
 India is a very big country and it houses different types of
forests and woodlands.
 These forests include protected forests or reserved forests.
 Prior to the independence of the country, the forests of the
country were protected under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.

70. The different types of forests of India
• Tropical rainforests
• Temperate deciduous forests
• Himalayan subtropical pine forests
• Indian tidal or mangrove forests
• Indian dry deciduous forests
• Humid deciduous forests of the eastern highlands
• Dry evergreen forests of the east deccan region
• Monsoon forests

71. Distribution of forests in Indian state

72. Economics
• Significant forest products of India include paper, plywood,
sawnwood, timber, poles, pulp and matchwood, fuelwood, sal
seeds, tendu leaves, gums and resins, cane and rattan, bamboo,
grass and fodder, drugs, spices and condiments, herbs,
cosmetics, tannins.
• Approximately 20% of the overall forest cover of India is
located in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
• States like Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh also house a considerable
volume of forest.

73. Biodiversity in Indian forests

74. Biodiversity in Indian forests
• Indian forests are home to some of earth's unique flora and
fauna.
• Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega bio diverse regions
of the world.
• Indian forests and wetlands serve as temporary home to many
migrant birds.

75. Forest right
• In 1969, forestry in India underwent a major change with the
passage of the Forest Right Act, a new legislation that sought
to address the needs of forest dwelling communities that
resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land
and resources. It also sought to bring in new forms of
community conservation.

76. NEXT

77. POPULATION

78. Current Population of India
India, with 1,236,344,631(2014) or 1.23 billion
people is the second most populous country in
the world, while China is on the top with over
1,350,044,605 (1.35 billion) people. .

79. Census of India 2011
Population of India in 2011 1,210,200,000 (1.21 billion)
Total Male Population in India 628,800,000 (628.8 million)
Total Female Population in India 591,400,000 (591.4 million)
Sex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 males
Age structure0 to 25 years 50% of India's current
population
India's Population in 2011 1.21 billion
India's Population in 2001 1.02 billion
Population of India in 1947 350 million

80. 51 children are born in
every 1 minute.....
51 51=

81. Percent(%) of World Population
Country
Percent(%)
of World
Population
China 19.4
India 17.5
USA 4.5
Indonesia 3.4
Brazil 2.8
Pakistan 2.7
Bangladesh 2.4
Nigeria 2.3
Russia
Federal
2.0
Japan 1.9
Others 41.2

82. Sr. No. State Name Population
Percent(%) of
India
Density
1 Uttar Pradesh 19,95,81,477 16.49 828
2 Maharashtra 11,23,72,972 9.29 365
3 Bihar 10,38,04,637 8.58 1,102
4 West Bengal 9,13,47,736 7.55 1,029
5
Andhra
Pradesh
8,46,65,533 7.00 308
6
Madhya
Pradesh
7,25,97,565 6.00 236
7 Tamil Nadu 7,21,38,958 5.96 555
8 Rajasthan 6,86,21,012 5.67 201
9 Karnataka 6,11,30,704 5.05 319
10 Gujarat 6,03,83,628 4.99 308
Top Ten States of highest Population in
India as per India Cencus 2011

83. India Population (in millions): 1901-2011

84. India Population Density

85. Birth rate & Death rate

86. Age composition
The population of a
nation is generally
grouped into three
broad categories:
 Children (generally
below 15 years)
 Working Age (15-59
years)
 Aged (Above 59 years)

87. India is projected to overtake
China as the world's most
populous nation by 2030. India's
population growth has raised
concerns that it would lead to
widespread unemployment and
political instability.
Year Population
2020: 1,326,093,000
2030: 1,460,743,000
2040: 1,571,715,000
2050: 1,656,554,000

88. INDIAN ECONOMY

89. Economic Indicators
GDP at market prices US $ 1.01 trillion
GDP at PPP US $ 4.16 trillion
Per Capita Income US $ 1000
GDP per capita growth % 9.4 %
Exports (Feb - YTD) US$ 78 Bn
Imports (Feb - YTD) US$ 115 Bn
Foreign exchange reserves US$ 200 Bn
Current account balance US$ 11.8 Bn
Currency: 1 Indian Rupee (INR) 100 Paisa
Trade organizations: WTO, G-20 and others

90. Japan - 6.1
Germany 3.7
UK - 3.1
France - 2.8
Italy - 2.6
Russia - 2.6
Brazil - 2.5
Spain - 1.8
Canada - 1.7
S Korea - 1.7
Mexico - 1.7
Turkey - 1.0
China - 15.8
US - 19.3
India - 6.4
Indonesia - 1.4
Australia - 1.0
Iran - 0.9Taiwan - 1.0
Thailand - 0.9
US - 19.3 China - 15.8 India - 6.4 Japan - 6.1 Germany 3.7 UK - 3.1 France - 2.8
Italy - 2.6 Russia - 2.6 Brazil - 2.5 Spain - 1.8 Canada - 1.7 S Korea - 1.7 Mexico - 1.7
Indonesia - 1.4 Taiwan - 1.0 Australia - 1.0 Turkey - 1.0 Iran - 0.9 Thailand - 0.9
SHARE OF WORLD GDP

91. Sectors contributing to GDP

92. Import and Export
 Export goods petroleum products, precious
stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals,
vehicles, apparel
 Import goods crude oil, precious stones,
machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel,
chemicals
 Main export partners US 12.6%, UAE
12.2%, China 8.1%, Hong Kong 4.1%
(2009)
 Main import partners China 12.4%, UAE
6.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, US 5.7%,
Australia 4.5% (2009)

93. Economy operating sectors
 Industry and services
 Textile
 Services
 Retail
 Tourism
 Mining
 Agriculture
 Banking and finance

94. A MAP SHOWING REGIONS FOR INDIAN EXPORTS
Global trade relations

95.  The eleventh plan has the
following objectives:
 Income & Poverty
 Education
 Health
 Women and Children
 Infrastructure
 Target growth:8.33%
achieved:7.94%

96. Education Of India

97. India is a well educated country ;literacy rate of
India is 74.04% (2011).There is a wide gender
disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective
literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were
82.14% for men and 65.46% for women.

101. Problems In Indian Education
Lack of money.
Lack of qualified teachers.
Insensitive school personnel.
Differing expectations of education programs
Lack of involvement in and control of educational
matters.
Difficulties of students in higher education.
Too many instant-Indian education

102. NEXT

103. Languages Of India

104. The List major languages of India
Sanskrit
Hindi
English
Gujarati
Punjabi
Bengali
Assamese
Dogri
Urdu
Oriya
Marathi
Kannada
Tamil
Telugu
Malayalam

105. Language Map of India

106. Language Counts
The number of individual languages listed for
India is 461. Of these, 447 are living and 14
are extinct. Of the living languages, 63 are
institutional, 130 are developing, 187 are
vigorous, 54 are in trouble, and 13 are dying.

107. RELIGION OF INDIA

108. Major Religions In India
HINDUISM
ISLAM
CHRISTIANITY
SIKHISM
BUDDHISM
JAINISM
ZOROASTRIANISM
JUDAISM

109. Religion Map Of India

111. Religions of Indian Origins
HINDUISM
SIKHISM
BUDDHISM
JAINISM

112. HINDUISM
Origin: Indus valley,
about 1500BC.
Originators: Persian
settlers influenced by
Aryan invaders.
Holy city: Varanisi, on
the river Ganges.
Followers: 650 million.
About 80% of all Indians
are Hindi.

113. BUDDHISM
Origin: North India,
5th century BC, a
Hindi protest group.
Originator: Prince
Siddhartha
Gautama (563-
483BC), Buddha.
Main text: Three
Followers: 307
million.

114. JAINISM
Origin: 6th century
India.
Originator: Break
away group of
Hindus led by
Mahavira.
Main text:
Siddharta.
Followers: 4
million.

115. SIKHISM
Origin: India 16th
century.
Originator: Guru
Nanak (1469-
1539).
Main text: Guru
Granth Sahib.
Holy city:
Amritsar in the
Punjab.
Followers: 16.5
million.

116. Wildlife In India

117. • It is home to Bengal tigers, deer, pythons, wolves, foxes,
bears, crocodiles, camels, wild dogs, monkeys, snakes,
antelope species and varieties of bison and not to mention
the mighty Asian elephant.
• 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of reptilian,
and 6.0% of flowering plant speciesamong Indian species,
only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic,
contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of
amphibians
• The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound
impact on the region's popular culture.

120. National Parks and wildlife
Sanctuaries of India

121. Major Wild Animals In India

122. Indian Asiatic Lion
Asiatic Lions once used to roam around the area, stretching from northern
Greece, across Southwest Asia, to central India. However, today the natural
habitat of the majestic animal has been reduced to the Gir forests of India
only, making the Asiatic Lion almost synonymous with the Indian Lion.
Bengal Tiger
Bengal tiger is a subspecies of tiger, which is found in the Bengal region of the
Indian subcontinent. One of the most common tiger subspecies of asia.
Indian Black Bear
Indian black bear is also known by the names of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus
thibetanus), Tibetan black bear, Himalayan black bear and Moon bear. They grow
to a length of approximately 4 to 6 feet, right from the nose to the tail.

123. NEXT

124. Indian Agriculture

125. One of the strong sector of Indian economy.
• Around 58 % population of India depends on Agriculture.
• Average growth rate of agriculture and allied sector in 2006-07
& 2007-08 has been 4% per annum.
• 140.7 million hectare area is available for sown.
• Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed,
cotton, jute, tea.

126. History
• Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early
cultivation of plants.
• Double monsoon leads two harvest in a year.
• The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the
Integrated Production Program (1950s) focused on food
and cash crops supply respectively.
• In 1960s Green revolution took place. Agriculture
production rose. Export increased at 10% in 1990s.

127. Contribution of Agriculture In India
• India ranks second worldwide in farm
output
• Total Geographical Area - 328 million
hectares
• Net Area sown - 142 million hectares
• Gross Cropped Area – 190.8 million
hectares
• Major Crop Production » Rice 94.1
million tones » Wheat 74.8 million tones
» Coarse Cereals 36.1 million tones »
Pulses 219.3 million tones » Oilseeds
340.3 million tones » Food Grains 27.2
million tones
• Contributes to 14% of GDP
• Provides food to 1Billion people
• Sustains 65% of the population : helps
alleviate poverty
• Produces 51 major Crops
• Provides Raw Material to Industries
• Contributes to 1/6th of the export
earnings

130. Strength
• Indian agriculture is famous for its rich bio-
diversity
• Almost 60% of Indian land comprises of
agricultural land
• Climate is suitable for agriculture
• Strong and well dispersed research and
extension system

131. Weakness
• Average yield in India is just 30% to 50% of the
highest average yield in the world
• Agriculture in India is not technically developed
• Irrigation facilities are inadequate, which
results in farmers still being dependent on
rainfall
• Illiteracy and socio-economic backwardness
results in low productivity in India
• Share of agriculture in GDP has declined in past
few years

132. Industrialization in India:

133. Since independence to 1980:
During this period there was restrictive growth of private
sector and government's permission was required to set up
any private enterprise in India. Despite this the GDP grew at a
rate of 1.4% per annum from 1940 – 1970. Other factors such
as poverty and famine lowered India's economic growth rate
during this period and with the presence of very few top
producers of major industrial goods the absorption of
domestic productivity was greater, which lead to
monopolisticpricing.

134. 1980 to mid-1990s:
Post 1980s India saw liberalization and achieved further
impetus in Mid-1991. The nation witnessed historical upsurge
in per capita GNP. In 1994-95 the industrial output-growth
registered 8.4% growth and the exports rose by 27%. This
resulted in a 10% drop in inflation in the mid-1990s.
1990s to 2000s:
Since its liberalization policy, India has opened several public
sector enterprises. The exports saw a 17% rise in 1994 and
28% in 1995-96. Over 90% of India's imports are backed by
export revenues. At present the current account arrears is
less than 1% of GDP and foreign-exchange profits are
soaring at $20 billion. The food stocks have witnessed an all-
time increase of 37m tonnes.

135. Since independence to 1980:
During this period there was restrictive growth of private
sector and government's permission was required to set up
any private enterprise in India. Despite this the GDP grew at a
rate of 1.4% per annum from 1940 – 1970. Other factors such
as poverty and famine lowered India's economic growth rate
during this period and with the presence of very few top
producers of major industrial goods the absorption of
domestic productivity was greater, which lead to
monopolisticpricing.

136. Major Industries in India
1. Textile Industry
2. Food processing industry
3. Chemical Industry
4. Cement Industry
5. Steel Industry
6. Software Industry
7. Mininig Industry
8. Petroleum Industry
 Cotton Textiles
 Silk Textiles
 Woolen Textiles
 Readymade Garments
 Hand-crafted Textiles
 Jute and Coir

137. Fig: India textile industries Fig: location of indian steel industries
Fig: Location of indian software industries Fig: location of indian cement plants

138. Transportation in India

139. The Railways in India provide the principal mode of
transportation for freight and passengers. It brings together
people from the farthest corners of the country and makes
possible the conduct of business, sightseeing, pilgrimage and
education. Indian Railways is the largest railway system in the
world under a single management.
Railways

140. Roads
India has one of the largest road networks in the world,
aggregating to about 33 lakh kilometers at present. The
country's road network consists of National High-ways, State
Highways, major/other district roads and villages/rural
roads. The National Highways have further been classifed
depending upon the carriageway width of the Highway.
Generally, a lane has a width of 3.75 m in case of single lane
and 3.5 per lane in case of multilane National Highways.

141. SHIPPING
Shipping plays an important role in the transport sector of
India's economy. Approximately, 90 percent of the
country's trade by volume (70 per cent in terms of value) is
moved by sea. India has the largest merchant shipping fleet
among the developing countries and ranks 20th amongst
the countries with the largest cargo carrying fleet with 8.83
million GT as on 01.06.2008 and the average of the fleet
being 18 years.

142. Ports
The coastline of India is dotted with 12 Major Ports and about
200 Non-major Ports. The Major Ports are under the purview
of the central while the Non-major Ports come under the
judrisdiction of the respective State Governments.

143. NEXT

145. Family
Family plays a significant role in the Indian culture. For
generations, India has had a prevailing tradition of the
joint family system. It is a system under which extended
members of a family – parents, children, the children’s
spouses and their offspring, etc.
Marriage
For centuries, arranged marriages have been the
tradition in Indian society though men and women
have always had the choice of who they want to
marry. Even today, the vast majority of Indians
have their marriages planned by their parents and
other respected family-members.

146. The Guest is God
Atithi Devo Bhava literally means "be one for whom the
Mother is God, be one for whom the Father is God, be
one for whom the Teacher is God, be one for whom the
guest is God” is a Sanskrit verse, taken from an ancient
Hindu scripture which became part of the "code of
conduct" for Hindu society. Atithi Devo Bhava regards a
procedure of the Host-Guest relationship.
ATITHI DEVO BHAVA

147. NATIONAL ANIMAL
Tiger
NATIONAL BIRD
Peacock
NATIONAL FLOWER
Lotus

148. INDIAN CLOTHING
Traditional clothing in India greatly varies
across different parts of the country
It is influenced immensely by local culture,
geography and climate.
Popular styles of dress include draped
garments such as sari for women and Dhoti
or lungi for men; in addition, stitched
clothes such as churidar for women and
kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers
and shirts for men, are also popular.

149. Indian Dance Forms
•India has thousands of year old tradition of
fine arts and classical and folk music and
dances.
•Some of the world-famous dance forms that
originated and evolved in India are
Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi,
Manipuri, Mohiniattam and Odissi.
•All these dance forms were originally
performed in the temples to entertain various
Gods and Goddesses.

150. Different Dances

151. Famous Festivals Of India
 India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society,
celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions.
 The three national holidays in India, the Independence Day,
the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated
with zeal and

152. • DURGA PUJA, THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVAL OF WEST
BENGAL, IS MARKED BY CELEBRATIONS THAT LAST FOR
FIVE LONG DAYS.
• IT IS CELEBRATED DURING SEP – OCT EVERY YEAR.
Durga Puja

153. • DIWALI, ALSO TERMED AS DEEPAVALI, IS WIDELY CELEBRATED
AND THE MOST FAMOUS INDIAN FESTIVAL. IT HAS ITS MENTION
IN THE GREAT INDIAN EPIC RAMAYANA AND IS CELEBRATED TO
COMMEMORATE THE VICTORY OF LORD RAMA OVER RAVANA.
• IT IS THE FESTIVAL OF LIGHT.
• CELEBRATED DURING OCT – NOV, EVERY YEAR.
Diwali

154. • HOLI IS THE FESTIVAL OF COLOURS .
• THE DAY ‘BASANTA PANCHAMI’ IS MARKED AS THE
FIRST DAY OF SPRING.
• OBSERVED IN MARCH.
Holi

155. • THIS FESTIVAL IS CELEBRATED IN ORISSA MAINLY.
• GOD JAGANNATHA LEAVES HIS TEMPLE AND GET OUT ON
ROAD ON HOLY CHARIOT TO MEET THE MASS.
Ratha Yatra

156. • DEVOTED TO THE BEAUTIFUL RELATIONSHIP SHARED BY
BROTHERS AND SISTERS. IT SPEAKS ABOUT UNDYING LOVE
BETWEEN TWO OF THEM, RAKSHA BANDHAN IS A PROMISE TO
PROTECT THIS SACRED BOND FOREVER.
• DURING PARTITION OF INDIA, TAGORE CELEBRATED RAKSHA
BANDHAN TO STRENGTHEN THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PEOPLE
OF ALL RELIGIONS.
Raksha Bandhan

157. • EID IS AN ARABIC WORD THAT MEANS FESTIVITY. MUSLIMS IN
INDIA PRIMARILY CELEBRATE TWO EIDS – EID UL-FITR AND EID-
UL-ZUHA.
• EID UL-FITR MARKS THE END OF RAMADAN AND IS A THREE-DAY
MUSLIM CELEBRATION. RAMADAN IS THE ISLAMIC HOLY MONTH
OF FASTING DURING WHICH FOLLOWERS OF MUSLIM RELIGION
OBSERVE A STRICT FAST FROM DAWN-TO-SUNSET. EID UL-FITR IS
THUS CELEBRATED WITH GREAT ENTHUSIASM
Eid

158. Indian Architecture
• Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of
expressions over space and time, constantly
absorbing new ideas.
• The result is an evolving range of architectural
production that nonetheless retains a certain amount
of continuity across history.

159. Architecture during Mauryan and Gupta Empire
• Several Buddhist Architectural complexes, such as Ajanta and Ellora Caves
and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built.

160. South Indian Architecture
• South India produced several Hindu temples like:
i. Chennakesava Temple at Belur
ii. The Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu
iii. The Kesava Temple at Somanathapura
iv. Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur
v. The Sun Temple, Konark
vi. The Buddha stupa at Bhattiprolu

161. Mughal Architecture
• With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was
adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.
• Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are
creations of this era.

162. Indian Foods

163. EATING HABITS
• Climate
•Ingredients available
• Wealth
• Water
• Livestock
•Religious / Cultural
customs

164. Rajasthan – Thar Desert
 Extremely hot and dry area
 Food had to be curried to preserve it
 High use of dairy products – water is scarce
 Few vegetable ingredients

165. Goa
• Formerly a Portuguese colony
• Most famous for the Vindaloo
• This is actually a Portuguese meal called vinho de alho
• Goan food also has lots of coconut milk and seafood

166. Mumbai/ Marathi cuisine
• Lots of vegetables
• Rich in spices
• Lots of peanuts and cashew nuts
• Fertile farming region so the food is far more elaborate
• Lots of contact with Europe so a real fusion of food.

167. Kashmir / Punjab - North
 These are the types of Indian food most commonly cooked in UK
restaurants
 Flat breads such as Naan
 Tandoori cooking – the tandoor is a large, circular oven
 Samosas and pakoras
 Korma, Pasanda, Rogan Josh

168. Southern coast
• Very spicy food
• Lots of coconuts used
• Seafood – Indian Ocean is plentiful
• Traditionally Banana leaves are used as plates

169. Eastern India / Kolkatta
• Very little meat – animals are scarce, farmers farmed
crops not livestock.
• Food is dominated by fish and rice.
• Lots of mangoes grown here.

170. British influences
 During colonial times Indian
food was toned down to make it
more acceptable to the British.
 Migration to the UK from India
saw the growth of Indian food
in the UK.
 Chicken Tikka is often
described as our most popular
food.
 The hottest dish – the phall – is
believed to have been created
for the British colonists.

173. Gilli-Danda is an amateur
sport played in the rural areas
and small towns all over India
and Pakistan as well
as Cambodia and Italy. The
game is played with two
sticks: a large one called
a danda, which is used to hit a
smaller one, the gilli.

174. • Kabaddi is a wrestling sport
from India.
• India has taken part in
four Asian Games in
kabaddi, and won gold in
all of them.
• So far India is the
unbeaten champion in
Kabaddi World Cup.

175. Kancha
Pittu Garam (Seven Stones)traditional South
Asian game played between two teams. The game
requires a tennis ball and set of seven stones
which can be stacked up to form a small tower.
The aim of the game is to be able to break the
tower and then rebuild it before getting hit by one
of the opponent.

176. Sports played in modern india are
Cricket
Hockey
Tennis
Football
Chess
Atheletics

178. FOOTBALL
• Football was introduced in India during the British Rule and
in some parts of the country, it is equally popular as cricket.
• India was an Asian powerhouse in 1960’s, finishing as
runners-up in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup.
• India ranks 154th in the FIFA rankings as of February 29th,
2012.

179. THE NATIONAL SPORT
HOCKY

180. The Most Popular Game
Cricket is the most popular sport in India. It is played by many people in open
spaces throughout the country.[The Indian national cricket team won the 1983
Cricket World Cup, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and the 2011 Cricket
World Cup, the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, and shared the 2002 ICC
Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka.

182. Ghats in Varanasi
Ghats in Varanasi
are the most
holiest places of
the city situated
along with the
banks of holy river
Ganges.

183. Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal, a
beautiful white
marble Monument
located in the city
of Agra on the
banks of the holy
river Yamuna in
the state of Uttar
Pradesh.

184. The Golden Temple
The Golden Temple is
known as Harmandir
Sahib is a Sikh
Gurdwara located in
the Amritsar, Punjab.

185. The Mahabodhi Temple
The Mahabodhi
Temple or Great
Awakening
Temple is a
Buddhist temple
located in the
Gaya district of
Bihar state.
Mahabodhi
Temple is count
on one of the 7
wonders of
India.

186. Brihadishwara Temple
Brihadishwar
a Temple also
called Periya
Koyil or Big
Temple is one
of the India’s
largest temple
located in the
Thanjavur at
the Indian
state of Tamil
Nadu.

187. The Shore Temple
The Shore
Temple is
situated on the
shore of the Bay
of Bengal at
Mahabalipura
m,in the state of
Tamil Nadu.
which are
UNESCO
World Heritage
Site.

188. The Lotus Temple
The Lotus
Temple of
Delhi is
called Bahai
Temples,
situated near
kalka Ji.

189. Hawa Mahal
The great
monuments
of the royal
Rajputs of
Rajasthan,
Hawa Mahal
also Palace
of Winds is
situated in
the heart of
pink city and
the capital of
Rajasthan,Ja
ipur.

190. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Chhatrapati
Shivaji
Terminus or
Victoria
Terminus is a
historic
railway
station
situated in
the dream
city of India
Mumbai,
Maharashtra.

191. The Victoria Memorial
The Victoria
Memorial Hall
is located in
the capital of
West Bengal,
Kolkata and
dedicated to
Queen
VictoriaVictor
ia Memorial
was declared
as one of the
UNESCO
World
Heritage Site
in India.

192. Great Indian
Personalities

193. FATHER OF THE NATION
• Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi ( 2 October 1869 –
30 January 1948) was the
preeminent leader
of Indian
nationalism in British-ruled
India. Employing non-
violent civil disobedience,
Gandhi led India to
independence and inspired
movements for civil rights
and freedom across the
world.

194. He invented the Zero. Also invented
Aryabhatta cipher to calculate
trigonometric ratios.
Aryabhatta

195. Great Indian Mathematician
Postulated and proved 3,542
Theorems
Ramanujana

196. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
He is a scientist and ex-
president of India from
years 2002-2007. Also
invented the defense
missile AGNI-V

197. Rabindranath Tagore
1913 – Nobel Prize in
Literature

198. 1930 - Nobel Laureate in Physics .Work
on scattering of light and Raman effect
C.V. Raman

199. Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa founded
the Missionaries of
Charity, a Roman
Catholic religious
congregation, which in
2012 consisted of over
4,500 sisters and is
active in 133 countries.
She received Nobel
Peace Prize in 1973.

200. The Little master Sachin
Tendulkar is an Indian cricketer,
greatest batsmen of all time. He
holds the records for the most
cumulative runs in One-Day
Internationals, and the most
number of centuries scored in
both One-day Internationals and
Test cricket. He made his
international debut against
Pakistan in 1989 at the age of
sixteen, becoming India's
youngest Test player.
Sachin Tendulkar

201. Indian Astronauts
Kalpana Chawla Rakesh Sharma

202. Indian Beauties
Aishwarya Rai
Bachchan, Miss
World 1994.
Sushmita Sen,
Miss Universe
1994
Priyanka Chopra,
Miss World
2000

203. RENOWNED FILMSTARS