Alkenes
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An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond that cannot freely rotate like single bonds. The double bond consists of one sigma and one pi bond, making rotation difficult. Ethene and propene are examples of alkenes, with ethene containing a double bond between two carbons each bonded to two hydrogens, and propene containing three carbons where the first and second are double bonded and each attached to varying numbers of hydrogens. Alkenes can act as monomers that join end to end through addition polymerization to form polymers.
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Alkenes 2
Alkenes contain a double carbon-carbon bond that results in trigonal planar molecular geometry around the C=C bond. The double bond restricts rotation due to overlapping pi orbitals, unlike single bonds that allow free rotation. This lack of rotation makes portions of alkene molecules flat and two-dimensional rather than three-dimensional like alkanes with single bonds.
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Alkenes 2
Alkenes contain a double carbon-carbon bond that results in trigonal planar molecular geometry around the C=C bond. The double bond restricts rotation due to overlapping pi orbitals, unlike single bonds that allow free rotation. This lack of rotation makes portions of alkene molecules flat and two-dimensional rather than three-dimensional like alkanes with single bonds.
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Iupac nomenclature of alkenes❤
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have the general molecular formula CnH2n and a trigonal planar molecular geometry at the double bond. Naming alkenes involves identifying the parent chain containing the double bond, adding the "-ene" suffix, and specifying the position of substituents. Key properties of alkenes include the restricted rotation and ability to break the pi bond of the carbon-carbon double bond.
L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20
1. Carbon exists in Earth's crust and atmosphere and forms millions of compounds due to its ability to catenate and be tetravalent. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds except oxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.
2. Berzelius proposed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms, but Wohler synthesized urea in the laboratory in 1828, disproving this vital force theory.
3. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons in stable octet configurations, allowing it to form diverse chains, rings, and functional groups that exhibit properties ranging from nonpolar to ionic.
Saturated hydrocarbons alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. They have a tetrahedral shape and bond angles of 109.5 degrees, allowing the carbon-hydrogen sigma bonds to rotate freely. While all alkanes contain only carbon and hydrogen and have single bonds, their complete structural formulas differ based on the number and placement of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Butane, 2,3-dimethylhexane, and ethyl pentane were provided as examples to illustrate different alkane structures. When alkanes combust completely, they produce carbon dioxide and water.
X chemistry full notes chapter 4
Carbon forms covalent bonds and a large number of compounds due to its tetravalency and ability to catenate. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points and are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Carbon-carbon single bonds result in saturated hydrocarbons while double and triple bonds produce unsaturated varieties. Hydrocarbons can be classified as aliphatic or cyclic and aromatic compounds have benzene rings. Functional groups impart specific properties to compounds and change names based on prefixes or suffixes. Soaps and detergents clean through micelle formation, with detergents avoiding hard water scum due to different charged ends.
CL1810 Week 3
1) The document introduces cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes including their nomenclature, conformations, and cis-trans isomerism.
2) Cyclohexane can exist in chair conformations and ring flipping interconverts between these conformations. Substituted cyclohexanes prefer the equatorial position to avoid 1,3-diaxial interactions.
3) Alkenes and alkynes are named based on parent chain and location of multiple bonds. Cis-trans isomers exist for cycloalkanes and alkenes when two substituents are on the same or opposite sides of the ring or double bond.
polyolefins (1).ppt
The document discusses the production and properties of polypropylene. It describes how polypropylene is produced using Ziegler-Natta catalysts containing titanium and aluminum compounds. It then explains how newer metallocene catalysts allow for higher molecular weight polypropylene with more control over tacticity. The metallocene catalyst system uses a zirconium compound between two cyclopentadienyl ligands to regularly insert propylene monomers and produce isotactic polypropylene.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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Alkenes
- 2. What is an Alkene? ❏ An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a double bond. ❏ The double bond in the carbon chain cannot rotate freely as the single bonds in an alkane can. ❏ The molecular geometry around the C=C bond in an alkene is linear. Since the molecular geometry is linear the bond angle around the double bond is 180 degrees. ❏ The double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. ❏ This diagram shows why the double bond in C=C does not rotate freely. The sigma bond connects the to carbons and the pi bonds connect the hydrogens making it very difficult for the bond to rotate.
- 3. Ethene ❏ Ethene has a double bond between two carbons. ❏ The two carbons are both bonded to two hydrogens.
- 4. Propene ❏ Propene contains three carbons and six hydrogens. ❏ There is a double bond between the first and second carbon ❏ The first carbon is attached to two hydrogens. ❏ The second carbon is attached to one hydrogen. ❏ The third carbon is attached to three hydrogens.
- 5. Structural Isomers for C4H8 1. 1-Butene 2. 2-Butene 3. 2-methyl1propene
- 6. Alkenes Fun Fact ❏ Alkenes can act as monomers because they contain a double bond. They can join end to end in a reaction called addition polymerisation ❏ Monomers are small molecules that when put together make polymers. ❏ Example: Multiple Chloroethene combine to become Polychloroethene, also known as PVC.