The document provides mechanisms for several reactions involving addition of reagents such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and osmium tetroxide to various alkenes and alkynes. It also provides structures of products expected from these reactions.
Alcohols and ethers contain the C-O functional group. Alcohols have an O-H bond while ethers do not. The C-O bond in alcohols and ethers is inert to heterolytic cleavage but can undergo substitution reactions under acidic conditions via protonation of the oxygen. Ether chemistry follows similar mechanisms to alcohol chemistry involving C-O bond cleavage and substitution. Alcohols can act as weak acids via protonation of the O-H bond or as nucleophiles. Common reactions of alcohols include oxidation to form carbonyl compounds, conversion of the O-H to a better leaving group followed by substitution, and elimination reactions to form alkenes
The document discusses various topics related to states of matter and adsorption isotherms. It begins by explaining the particulate theory of matter proposed by Democritus and developed by Dalton. It then describes the three traditional states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and how their properties, such as density, differ. A fourth state of matter, plasma, is also introduced. The document then discusses adsorption isotherms and models such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms that describe the relationship between gas or liquid concentration and adsorption. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these isotherm models.
1) Dokumen tersebut merupakan makalah tentang pembelajaran e-learning mata pelajaran kimia SMA semester 2 yang membahas tentang senyawa karbon organik sederhana berdasarkan gugus fungsionalnya.
2) Senyawa karbon organik sederhana dibahas meliputi alkohol, eter, alkanal, alkanon, asam alkanoat, dan alkil alkanoat.
3) Diskusi meliputi rumus umum, penamaan, sifat-sifat, dan contoh seny
Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
The chapter outlines key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Systems can exchange energy but not matter (closed systems) or both energy and matter (open systems)
2) The first law relates changes in internal energy (ΔE) to heat (q) and work (w)
3) The second law introduces entropy (S) as a measure of disorder
4) Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines spontaneity and is related to ΔH and TΔS
The chapter discusses coupled processes that drive unfavorable reactions, energy transduction via ATP and NADPH, and high-energy molecules like phosphates. Hydrolysis of high-energy bonds
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sifat gas ideal dan gas nyata. Gas ideal memiliki sifat yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan gas nyata dan hanya berlaku untuk tekanan rendah dan temperatur tinggi, sedangkan gas nyata mempertimbangkan volume molekul dan gaya tarik antar molekul. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan hukum Boyle, Gay-Lussac, Charles, Avogadro, dan persamaan Van der Waals untuk memodelkan sifat gas nyata.
Alcohols and ethers contain the C-O functional group. Alcohols have an O-H bond while ethers do not. The C-O bond in alcohols and ethers is inert to heterolytic cleavage but can undergo substitution reactions under acidic conditions via protonation of the oxygen. Ether chemistry follows similar mechanisms to alcohol chemistry involving C-O bond cleavage and substitution. Alcohols can act as weak acids via protonation of the O-H bond or as nucleophiles. Common reactions of alcohols include oxidation to form carbonyl compounds, conversion of the O-H to a better leaving group followed by substitution, and elimination reactions to form alkenes
The document discusses various topics related to states of matter and adsorption isotherms. It begins by explaining the particulate theory of matter proposed by Democritus and developed by Dalton. It then describes the three traditional states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and how their properties, such as density, differ. A fourth state of matter, plasma, is also introduced. The document then discusses adsorption isotherms and models such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms that describe the relationship between gas or liquid concentration and adsorption. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these isotherm models.
1) Dokumen tersebut merupakan makalah tentang pembelajaran e-learning mata pelajaran kimia SMA semester 2 yang membahas tentang senyawa karbon organik sederhana berdasarkan gugus fungsionalnya.
2) Senyawa karbon organik sederhana dibahas meliputi alkohol, eter, alkanal, alkanon, asam alkanoat, dan alkil alkanoat.
3) Diskusi meliputi rumus umum, penamaan, sifat-sifat, dan contoh seny
Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
The chapter outlines key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Systems can exchange energy but not matter (closed systems) or both energy and matter (open systems)
2) The first law relates changes in internal energy (ΔE) to heat (q) and work (w)
3) The second law introduces entropy (S) as a measure of disorder
4) Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines spontaneity and is related to ΔH and TΔS
The chapter discusses coupled processes that drive unfavorable reactions, energy transduction via ATP and NADPH, and high-energy molecules like phosphates. Hydrolysis of high-energy bonds
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sifat gas ideal dan gas nyata. Gas ideal memiliki sifat yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan gas nyata dan hanya berlaku untuk tekanan rendah dan temperatur tinggi, sedangkan gas nyata mempertimbangkan volume molekul dan gaya tarik antar molekul. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan hukum Boyle, Gay-Lussac, Charles, Avogadro, dan persamaan Van der Waals untuk memodelkan sifat gas nyata.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Semester - I B) Reactive Intermediates by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
The document discusses various reactive intermediates in organic chemistry, focusing on carbocations and carbanions. It defines carbocations as organic ions with a positively charged carbon atom and carbanions as organic ions with a negatively charged carbon atom. It describes their structures, methods of generation, stability orders, and factors affecting stability such as inductive and resonance effects. Carbocations are more stable with electron-donating groups or resonance, while carbanions are more stable with electron-withdrawing groups or resonance. The document also provides examples and practice questions related to these reactive intermediates.
This document is a chemistry module for grade 11 students covering types of reaction enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond energy concepts. It contains 3 learning activities that discuss different types of reaction enthalpy including formation, decomposition, combustion, neutralization, vaporization, fusion, sublimation, and solvation enthalpies. Students will learn how to determine enthalpy of reaction based on experiments and standard state enthalpy changes. Hess's Law is also explained, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of each step in the reaction. Bond energy is defined as the energy associated with bond breaking or formation in chemical reactions.
The document is from Sonatrach, Algeria's national oil company, and discusses activities in their upstream division for oil and gas production in the Hassi R'Mel region. It contains design drawings of infrastructure that were output from CADWORX Plant software.
Pengujian seismic shock test bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung dan panjang bore pile serta integritasnya. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan pukulan pada kepala pile sehingga terjadi getaran yang ditangkap transducer dan diolah komputer menjadi kurva hubungan admitansi dan frekuensi untuk menginterpretasikan daya dukung, panjang dan integritas pile.
Alkohol memiliki struktur yang mirip dengan air, dengan satu atom hidrogen diganti oleh gugus alkil. Alkohol dapat diklasifikasi berdasarkan jumlah karbon yang terikat pada karbon alkohol, dan jumlah gugus hidroksilnya. Alkohol bereaksi melalui dehidrasi, oksidasi, dan hidrasi. Konsumsi alkohol dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan menyebabkan berbagai efek samping seperti kerusakan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang stoikiometri, yang merupakan studi kuantitatif antara pereaksi dan hasil reaksi dalam suatu persamaan kimia. Dibahas pula definisi reaksi kimia, bobot atom, molekul, dan molar, persentase komposisi, persamaan kimia, dan yield reaksi. Diuraikan pula contoh perhitungan stoikiometri meliputi perhitungan jumlah atom, persentase komposisi, massa reaktan dan hasil, serta
1. The document discusses kinetics and factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions such as concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts.
2. It explains concepts such as the rate of reaction, instantaneous rate, rate laws, reaction order, molecularity, activation energy, and the Arrhenius equation.
3. Examples of zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions are provided along with explanations of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order reactions that can occur when one reactant is in excess.
Bab ini membahas tentang senyawa karbon dan golongannya, terutama alkohol dan eter. Senyawa karbon dikelompokkan berdasarkan gugus fungsionalnya, seperti alkohol (rumus umum R-OH), eter (R-O-R'), aldehid, keton, asam karboksilat, dan ester. Alkohol dan eter merupakan isomer karena memiliki rumus molekul yang sama tetapi gugus fungsional yang berbeda. Alkohol dapat mengalami
Laporan instrumen penentuan aluminium (iii) sebagai kompleks alizarin secar...Mifta Rahmat
Laporan praktikum ini memberikan ringkasan tentang penentuan kadar aluminium (III) sebagai kompleks alizarin secara spektrofotometri UV-Visible. Metode ini melibatkan pembentukan kompleks antara aluminium dan alizarin, yang menghasilkan warna merah. Absorbansi kompleks diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Visible untuk menentukan kadar aluminium. Sampel yang diuji meliputi air selokan, ledeng, sumur, empang dan air
This document provides sample problems and explanations for common acid-base chemistry concepts including:
- Calculating pH of solutions containing acids, bases, and salts using Ka/Kb and the buffer equation
- Titration calculations involving strong acids/bases to determine molarity
- Neutralization reactions between acids and bases
- Determining pH at the equivalence point or after a titration
The problems cover topics such as common ion effect, buffer capacity, acid-base titrations, polyprotic acid titrations, and calculating pH changes during titrations. Sample solutions are provided step-by-step to illustrate the various acid-base calculations.
Teori asam-basa menjelaskan tiga definisi tentang asam dan basa, yaitu menurut Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, dan Lewis. Arrhenius mendefinisikan asam sebagai zat yang melepaskan ion H+ dan basa sebagai zat yang melepaskan ion OH- dalam larutan. Bronsted-Lowry memperluas definisi dengan menyatakan asam sebagai donor proton dan basa sebagai penerima proton. Lewis melihat asam sebagai akseptor pasangan elektron dan
1) Furan and thiophene are 5-membered heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and sulfur respectively. They are prepared via various synthetic routes and undergo electrophilic substitution and addition reactions.
2) Furan and thiophene have several medicinal uses. Furan derivatives like furosemide and ranitidine are used as diuretics and antiulcer drugs. Thiophene derivatives are used as antibiotics, antihistamines, anticonvulsants and anti-inflammatory drugs.
3) The document discusses the structures, properties, synthesis and reactions of furan and thiophene. It also outlines some of their common medicinal applications.
The Brusselator is a simple oscillating chemical reaction model first described by Prigogine and Lefever in 1968. It involves an autocatalytic reaction between two chemical species, X and Y. The dynamics of the Brusselator can be described by a system of differential equations. The Brusselator exhibits oscillatory behavior depending on the parameters a and b. Stability analysis shows that oscillations occur when b is close to a+1, with the system stabilizing as b moves away from this value. The Brusselator serves as a basic model for understanding oscillating chemical reactions.
This document provides practice problems for organic chemistry students related to alkene reactions and mechanisms. It includes 24 practice reaction prediction problems, followed by multiple choice conceptual questions about alkene reactions, mechanisms, and organic synthesis. The document tests students' understanding of key organic chemistry concepts like regioselectivity, stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms, and multi-step synthesis.
The document outlines various addition reactions to alkenes and alkynes, including addition of HX, H2O, SO4, halogens, and oxidation reactions. It discusses important concepts like Markovnikov's rule, regioselectivity, stereochemistry including anti-Markovnikov additions from hydroboration-oxidation. A variety of methods are covered for converting alkenes and alkynes to alcohols, diols, dihalides, and cleaving carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Semester - I B) Reactive Intermediates by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
The document discusses various reactive intermediates in organic chemistry, focusing on carbocations and carbanions. It defines carbocations as organic ions with a positively charged carbon atom and carbanions as organic ions with a negatively charged carbon atom. It describes their structures, methods of generation, stability orders, and factors affecting stability such as inductive and resonance effects. Carbocations are more stable with electron-donating groups or resonance, while carbanions are more stable with electron-withdrawing groups or resonance. The document also provides examples and practice questions related to these reactive intermediates.
This document is a chemistry module for grade 11 students covering types of reaction enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond energy concepts. It contains 3 learning activities that discuss different types of reaction enthalpy including formation, decomposition, combustion, neutralization, vaporization, fusion, sublimation, and solvation enthalpies. Students will learn how to determine enthalpy of reaction based on experiments and standard state enthalpy changes. Hess's Law is also explained, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of each step in the reaction. Bond energy is defined as the energy associated with bond breaking or formation in chemical reactions.
The document is from Sonatrach, Algeria's national oil company, and discusses activities in their upstream division for oil and gas production in the Hassi R'Mel region. It contains design drawings of infrastructure that were output from CADWORX Plant software.
Pengujian seismic shock test bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung dan panjang bore pile serta integritasnya. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan pukulan pada kepala pile sehingga terjadi getaran yang ditangkap transducer dan diolah komputer menjadi kurva hubungan admitansi dan frekuensi untuk menginterpretasikan daya dukung, panjang dan integritas pile.
Alkohol memiliki struktur yang mirip dengan air, dengan satu atom hidrogen diganti oleh gugus alkil. Alkohol dapat diklasifikasi berdasarkan jumlah karbon yang terikat pada karbon alkohol, dan jumlah gugus hidroksilnya. Alkohol bereaksi melalui dehidrasi, oksidasi, dan hidrasi. Konsumsi alkohol dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan menyebabkan berbagai efek samping seperti kerusakan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang stoikiometri, yang merupakan studi kuantitatif antara pereaksi dan hasil reaksi dalam suatu persamaan kimia. Dibahas pula definisi reaksi kimia, bobot atom, molekul, dan molar, persentase komposisi, persamaan kimia, dan yield reaksi. Diuraikan pula contoh perhitungan stoikiometri meliputi perhitungan jumlah atom, persentase komposisi, massa reaktan dan hasil, serta
1. The document discusses kinetics and factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions such as concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts.
2. It explains concepts such as the rate of reaction, instantaneous rate, rate laws, reaction order, molecularity, activation energy, and the Arrhenius equation.
3. Examples of zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions are provided along with explanations of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order reactions that can occur when one reactant is in excess.
Bab ini membahas tentang senyawa karbon dan golongannya, terutama alkohol dan eter. Senyawa karbon dikelompokkan berdasarkan gugus fungsionalnya, seperti alkohol (rumus umum R-OH), eter (R-O-R'), aldehid, keton, asam karboksilat, dan ester. Alkohol dan eter merupakan isomer karena memiliki rumus molekul yang sama tetapi gugus fungsional yang berbeda. Alkohol dapat mengalami
Laporan instrumen penentuan aluminium (iii) sebagai kompleks alizarin secar...Mifta Rahmat
Laporan praktikum ini memberikan ringkasan tentang penentuan kadar aluminium (III) sebagai kompleks alizarin secara spektrofotometri UV-Visible. Metode ini melibatkan pembentukan kompleks antara aluminium dan alizarin, yang menghasilkan warna merah. Absorbansi kompleks diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Visible untuk menentukan kadar aluminium. Sampel yang diuji meliputi air selokan, ledeng, sumur, empang dan air
This document provides sample problems and explanations for common acid-base chemistry concepts including:
- Calculating pH of solutions containing acids, bases, and salts using Ka/Kb and the buffer equation
- Titration calculations involving strong acids/bases to determine molarity
- Neutralization reactions between acids and bases
- Determining pH at the equivalence point or after a titration
The problems cover topics such as common ion effect, buffer capacity, acid-base titrations, polyprotic acid titrations, and calculating pH changes during titrations. Sample solutions are provided step-by-step to illustrate the various acid-base calculations.
Teori asam-basa menjelaskan tiga definisi tentang asam dan basa, yaitu menurut Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, dan Lewis. Arrhenius mendefinisikan asam sebagai zat yang melepaskan ion H+ dan basa sebagai zat yang melepaskan ion OH- dalam larutan. Bronsted-Lowry memperluas definisi dengan menyatakan asam sebagai donor proton dan basa sebagai penerima proton. Lewis melihat asam sebagai akseptor pasangan elektron dan
1) Furan and thiophene are 5-membered heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and sulfur respectively. They are prepared via various synthetic routes and undergo electrophilic substitution and addition reactions.
2) Furan and thiophene have several medicinal uses. Furan derivatives like furosemide and ranitidine are used as diuretics and antiulcer drugs. Thiophene derivatives are used as antibiotics, antihistamines, anticonvulsants and anti-inflammatory drugs.
3) The document discusses the structures, properties, synthesis and reactions of furan and thiophene. It also outlines some of their common medicinal applications.
The Brusselator is a simple oscillating chemical reaction model first described by Prigogine and Lefever in 1968. It involves an autocatalytic reaction between two chemical species, X and Y. The dynamics of the Brusselator can be described by a system of differential equations. The Brusselator exhibits oscillatory behavior depending on the parameters a and b. Stability analysis shows that oscillations occur when b is close to a+1, with the system stabilizing as b moves away from this value. The Brusselator serves as a basic model for understanding oscillating chemical reactions.
This document provides practice problems for organic chemistry students related to alkene reactions and mechanisms. It includes 24 practice reaction prediction problems, followed by multiple choice conceptual questions about alkene reactions, mechanisms, and organic synthesis. The document tests students' understanding of key organic chemistry concepts like regioselectivity, stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms, and multi-step synthesis.
The document outlines various addition reactions to alkenes and alkynes, including addition of HX, H2O, SO4, halogens, and oxidation reactions. It discusses important concepts like Markovnikov's rule, regioselectivity, stereochemistry including anti-Markovnikov additions from hydroboration-oxidation. A variety of methods are covered for converting alkenes and alkynes to alcohols, diols, dihalides, and cleaving carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
Reaction Mechanism Generator: Cheminformatics for Kinetic ModelingRichard West
This is my 6-minute CINFlash Talk in the Cheminformatics session at the ACS Meeting in Boston, August 2010. For more about RMG visit http://facebook.com/rmg.mit or http://rmg.sourceforge.net/
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang alkohol dan eter, termasuk struktur, sifat fisik, penamaan, dan beberapa reaksi kimia alkohol seperti subtitusi, eliminasi, dan pembentukan ester."
Basic concepts of chemistry, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene, their preparation methods, properties and uses are explained. Isomerism in alkanes and alkynes also discussed.
Favorskii rearrangement is one the important reactions in organic chemistry. Let us have some prior understanding of its mechanism and its applications.
Reactions Involving Alkanes, Alkenes and Areneswewwchemistry
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary of reactions involving hydrocarbons, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus. Free-radical substitution mechanism of alkanes, electrophilic addition of alkenes and electrophilic (aromatic) substitution of arenes are covered. A brief discussion on the aromaticity of the benzene ring, and examples of activating and deactivating substituent groups are also included.
The document is a quiz on alkane and alkene properties and reactions. It asks about the physical properties of ethane and ethene, and the chemical reactions of alkanes and alkenes, including combustion of methane, substitution reactions of methane, and addition reactions of ethene. The answers provide the correct physical properties and structural and molecular equations for the reactions.
This document provides an introduction to alcohols. It begins by defining alcohols and phenols. It then discusses the classification of alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group. The document outlines some common nomenclature and naming conventions for alcohols and phenols. It also discusses some typical physical properties of alcohols like boiling point, solubility, and acidity due to hydrogen bonding. Finally, it briefly introduces some common preparation methods for alcohols like Grignard synthesis and hydrolysis of alkyl halides.
This PPT is usefull for aspirants of JEE-IIT, CSIR-NET and UPSC exams in CHEMISTRY section. It is also usefull for grduates and Post graduates students of Indian Universities.
Basic principles in organic chemistry --exercise with solutionssuresh gdvm
Basic principles in organic chemistry. basics of organic chemistry, types of organic compounds, effects in organic compounds such as inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, IUPAC nomenclature
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The document introduces organic chemistry, discussing the history and key figures in the field. It describes the properties of carbon that allow it to form many different compounds and categorizes the main types and sources of organic compounds, including naturally occurring, synthetic, and invented compounds. Organic compounds have applications in areas like medicine, pesticides, dyes, plastics, and more.
The document discusses several rearrangement reactions, including those that involve migration to electron deficient carbons, nitrogens, and oxygens. Specifically, it mentions that phenyl groups migrate more readily than other groups to carbon, describes the pinacole-pinacolone and benzilic acid rearrangements which involve carbon migration, and the Hofmann rearrangement where migration occurs to nitrogen when a carboxylic acid amide is treated with bromine under basic conditions. It also references the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation where migration happens to oxygen.
This document contains a syllabus for an organic chemistry course covering topics like fuels, organic compounds, hydrocarbons, alcohols, macromolecules, synthetic polymers, and natural macromolecules. Some key points include describing the fractional distillation of petroleum fuels, combustion reactions of methane and ethanol, addition and cracking reactions of alkenes, formation of ethanol by catalytic addition of steam to ethene, and properties of macromolecules built from monomer units like proteins formed from linked amino acids.
07 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes - Wade 7thNattawut Huayyai
This chapter discusses alkenes, which are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. It covers the structure and bonding of ethylene as well as the IUPAC nomenclature used for naming alkenes. The chapter also examines methods for synthesizing alkenes, including dehydrohalogenation reactions and dehydration of alcohols. It discusses substituent effects on the stability of double bonds and various physical properties of alkenes.
This document summarizes several organic rearrangement reactions: the Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, and Curtius rearrangement. The Cope rearrangement involves the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. The Claisen rearrangement is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that rearranges allyl vinyl ethers to γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyls. The Curtius rearrangement converts carboxylic acids to isocyanates through an acid azide intermediate. Mechanisms are provided for each reaction.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Alkanes and alkenes physical properties and chemical propertiesMRSMPC
Ethane has several physical properties: it has a low melting and boiling point, low density, is not soluble in water but is soluble in organic solvents, and cannot conduct electricity. The document also discusses the chemical properties of alkanes including writing equations for the combustion of methane and the step-by-step substitution reaction of methane with chlorine to form carbon tetrachloride. Additional reactions of ethene mentioned are its addition reactions with hydrogen, bromine, hydrogen chloride, steam, and acidified potassium permanganate.
The document discusses elimination reactions, specifically E1 and β-elimination reactions. It explains that E1 reactions proceed through a two-step unimolecular mechanism, with the first step being rate-determining. Factors that affect E1 reactions include the stability of the carbocation intermediate, steric effects, and the ability of the base to stabilize the carbocation. Rearrangements can also occur through carbocation migration to form more stable products.
This document outlines a 4 step process to synthesize R-(-)-sec-butylamine from 2-butanol:
1) Oxidation of 2-butanol to form 2-butanone using chromium reagents.
2) Reductive amination of 2-butanone to form racemic sec-butylamine.
3) Formation of diastereomeric salts with (R,R)-tartaric acid to separate the enantiomers.
4) Basic hydrolysis recovers the desired R-(-)-sec-butylamine enantiomer.
This document summarizes a study that used reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the methanol to olefin (MTO) process over ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. Three types of simulation models were used: methanol/acidic zeolite, ethene/methoxylated zeolite, and a complex methanol/ethene/acidic zeolite system. The simulations identified several reaction pathways and intermediates. Comparisons between the initial reactions of the pure systems found carbon chain growth to be the rate determining step, with a lower activation energy than methanol decomposition.
The document discusses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and provides information about analyzing 1H NMR spectra. It explains that 1H NMR spectra can reveal the number of different types of hydrogens, their chemical environment, relative abundances, and neighboring hydrogen splitting patterns. Examples are given to show how these factors appear in 1H NMR spectra and how they can be used to determine structural information about organic molecules. The document contains over 20 examples of 1H NMR spectra and interpretations.
1. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds that unambiguously describe their structure.
2. The IUPAC name includes the parent name for the longest carbon chain, prefixes to describe any substituents, and suffixes to indicate functional groups.
3. Examples of IUPAC names are 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane, 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-chlorocyclopentanone, 2-heptene, and 2-hexanol.
This document provides answers to a worksheet on organic chemistry nomenclature and structures. It lists the names of various organic compounds including butanoic acid, pent-1-ene, and methylpropanoate. It also gives the structural formulas for functional groups like alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, and amines. Additionally, it provides the IUPAC names for substituted alkanes and alkenes, and draws the structure of a haloalkane, alcohol, alkene, and carboxylic acid to illustrate their functional groups.
The document discusses addition reactions, which involve all atoms from reactants being added to unsaturated compounds to form products. There are three main types: electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, and free radical addition. Electrophilic addition involves an electrophile attacking the π bond. Nucleophilic addition involves a nucleophile attacking carbocations. Free radical addition occurs through radical intermediates formed from reactants. Addition reactions can result in stereospecific or non-stereospecific products depending on the mechanism and reactants involved.
The document summarizes the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement reaction, which converts an alcohol with two adjacent hydroxyl groups (a pinacol) into a ketone (a pinacolone) using an acid. It involves the following steps:
1) Protonation of one of the hydroxyl groups.
2) Loss of a water molecule.
3) Migration of an alkyl group to the carbocation formed.
4) Deprotonation to form the pinacolone product.
The reaction favors migration of groups that stabilize the carbocation intermediate best through resonance or inductive effects. For asymmetrical glycols, the group on the opposite side of
- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and include sucrose and lactose.
- Carbohydrates can exist as linear or cyclic structures. Cyclic forms include glucose existing as glucopyranose or glucfuranose.
- Structural isomers of carbohydrates differ in bonding configuration but have the same molecular formula. Examples include glucose and fructose.
The document contains notes from a chemistry class covering addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes. It discusses various addition reactions including halogenation, hydration, hydrohalogenation and their mechanisms. Markovnikov's rule for the addition of HX to alkenes is explained. The class covers stereochemistry of addition reactions and rearrangements. Free radical additions of HBr to alkenes resulting in anti-Markovnikov products are also discussed. The last sections cover hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes to form saturated hydrocarbons. Worked problems assigned from the textbook are listed.
The document lists various organic compounds and inorganic salts. It also contains tables that provide structural information about carbon hybridization and bonding for several molecules:
- Table 1 lists the number of sp3, sp2, and sp carbons and carbon-carbon and carbon-pi bonds for three molecules.
- Table 2 analyzes the hybridization of specific carbons in ethylene, ammonia, and water. It identifies the number of bonds to each carbon.
The document provides detailed structural data about carbon hybridization states and bonding configurations for several simple organic and inorganic compounds.
1. Addition reactions of alkenes include halogenation, halohydrin formation, hydrogenation, hydration, and hydroboration-oxidation.
2. Halogenation involves the addition of halogens such as bromine or chlorine to the double bond following a free radical mechanism.
3. Hydration can occur through acid-catalyzed addition of water, oxymercuration-demercuration which proceeds through a mercurinium ion, or hydroboration-oxidation which gives the opposite regioselectivity of hydration compared to other methods.
c. H2N∙, HO∙, H3C∙
The order of increasing reactivity (diminishing selectivity) is:
H2N∙ > HO∙ > H3C∙
The nitrogen radical is the most reactive due to resonance stabilization by the lone pair. The oxygen radical is more reactive than the methyl radical due to electronegativity effects.
F.Sc.Part.2 Ch.08 Exercise Solved by Malik XufyanMalik Xufyan
Three alkenes can be hydrogenated to form 2-methylbutane. The three alkenes are: 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 2-methyl-1-butene. Ethane can be converted to ethene, which can then be converted to ethyne and back to ethane through a series of reactions involving halogenation, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation. Starting from ethyne, many compounds can be synthesized including acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroprene, glyoxal, oxalic acid, acrylonitrile, ethane, and acetonitrile.
IB Chemistry on Free radical substitution, Addition and Nucleophilic substitu...Lawrence kok
This document describes various classes of organic compounds including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, and their properties. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds with the general formula CnH2n. Alcohols contain an -OH functional group and have the general formula CnH2n+1OH. Esters are formed from the condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols, producing water as a byproduct. Common chemical reactions for each class are also outlined such as combustion, addition, oxidation, and esterification
This document provides guidelines for naming aldehydes and ketones based on their structure. It explains that the name is comprised of a prefix, root, and ending. The prefix indicates any substituents and their location. The root is based on the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group. The ending "-al" denotes an aldehyde, while "-one" denotes a ketone. It provides examples of applying these rules to name different aldehydes and ketones based on their structure diagrams.
The racemic dibromide undergoes an E2 elimination with pyridine as the base to give the trans product selectively. This is because the anti-periplanar conformation required for E2 is favored for one enantiomer due to less steric interaction between the phenyl groups.
The meso dibromide cannot undergo such a stereospecific E2 reaction. Instead, it undergoes a thermally allowed homolytic cleavage of the weaker C-Br bond to eliminate Br2. This reaction does not require a particular transition state geometry.
This document summarizes key reactions of alkenes, including addition reactions and mechanisms. It discusses catalytic hydrogenation, electrophilic additions, hydroboration-oxidation, carbene and radical additions, polymerization, and the roles of alkenes in natural products like pheromones. It also provides examples of alkene reactions in nature, like steroid synthesis, and commercial applications, such as in polyethylene and margarine production.
IB Chemistry Nucleophilic Substitution, SN1, SN2 and protic solventLawrence kok
This document describes organic functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, and their characteristic properties and reactions. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds and have low reactivity. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bonds and undergo addition reactions more readily than alkanes. Alcohols contain an -OH group and can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids. Esters are formed from the condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols, producing water.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
Alkene
1. 8.1 Give the structure and name of the product that would be obtained from the ionic addition of
IBr to propene.
Answer:
Br I
I
I Br Br
( The
8.3 Provide mechanistic explanations for the following observations: a) addition of hydrogen
chloride to 3-methyl-1-butene produces two products : 2-chloro-3-methylbutane and
2-chloro-2-methylbutane.
(b) The addition of hydrogen chloride to 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene produces two products:
3-chloro-2,2-dimethylbutane and 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane. (The first explanations for the
course of both of these reactions were provide by F. Whitmore; see Section 7.7A.)
Answer:
(a) step 1:
C+
H+
;
C+
C+
C+
C+
Because the much more stable then the
step 2:
Cl
C+
+ Cl-
;
C+ + Cl+
Me Cl
2. (b) step 1:
C+
H+
rearrangement:
C+
C+
C+
C+
Because the much more stable then the
Step 2:
Cl
C+
+ Cl-
;
+ Cl-
C+
Me Cl
8.4 In one industrial synthesis of ethanol, ethene is first dissolved in 95% sulfuric acid. In a second
step water is added and the mixture is heated. Outline the reactions involved.
Answer:
H
OSO3H OH
8.6 Outline all steps in a mechanism showing how 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol is formed in the
acid-catalyzed hydration of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene.
Answer:
3. STEP 1
CH3 H
slow
CH3
H3C C C CH2 + H O H H
H H3C C C CH3 + O H
CH3
CH3 H
STEP2
CH3 CH 3
H FAST H
H3 C C C CH3 H3C C C CH 3
CH3 CH 3 (Rearrangement)
S TE P 3
H3C
H FAST H3C
H3C C C C H3 + H
O H3C C C C H3
C H3 H H
H O C H3
H
STEP4
H3C
H FAST H3C H
+ O H
H3C C C CH3 +
H H H3C C C CH3 H O H
H O CH3
HO CH3
H
8.7 The following order of reactivity is observed when the following alkenes are subjected to
acid-catalyzed hydration.
(H3C)2C CH2 > H3CHC CH2 > H2C CH2
Explain this order of reactivity.
Answer: The mechanism of hydration is to form carbocation. For the stability of the carboation is:
(H3C) 2C CH3 > H3CHC CH3 > H2C CH3
So the (H3C) 2C CH3 is the most stable, has the lowest energy, and the
(H3C)2C CH2 has the highest reactivity. And the H2C CH2 has the lowest
reactivity.
8.8 When 2-methylpropene (isobutylene) is dissolved in methanol containing a strong acid, a reaction
takes place to produce tert-butyl methyl ether, CH3OC (CH3)3. Write a mechanism that accounts for
this.
4. Answer:
H2C C CH3
H+ +
H3C C+ CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C C+ CH3 O CH3 H O+ CH3
+
CH3 H H3C C CH3
CH3
H O+ CH3
A- +
H3C C CH3 O CH3
CH3 H3C C CH3
CH3
8.9 In section 8.7 you studied a mechanism for the formation of one enantiomer of trans-1,
2-dibromocyclopentane when bromine adds to cyclopentene. Now write a mechanism showing
how the other enantionmer forms.
Br
+ Br
Br
Br2
Br-
8.10 Outline a mechanism that account for the formation of trans-2-bromocyclopentanol and its
enantiomer when cyclopentene is treated with an aqueous solution of bromine.
H2O
OH OH
+
Br Br
Br
8.11 When ethene gas is passed into an aqueous solution containing bromine and sodium chloride,
the products of the reaction are BrCH2CH2Br, BrCH2CH2OH, and BrCH2CH2Cl. Write
5. mechanisms showing each product is formed;
Answer:
Step1:
+
Br
+ _
H2C CH2 Br Br
Step2:
H H
+
Br
Br Br
Br
H H
+ H H
Br
Br Cl
Cl
H H
H H
+
Br
Br OH2
H 2O
H H
6. H H
H H
Br OH2
+ H2 O
Br OH
+ H3O
H H
H H
8.12 What products would you expect from each of the following reactions?
KOC(CH3)3
(a) trans-2-butene CHCl3
(b)
KOC(CH3)3
Cyclopentene CHBr3
CH2I2/Zn(Cu)
(c) cis-2-Butene diethylether
Answer:
(a)
H3C H
H CH3
H3C H
C C
KOC(CH 3)3 C C
CHCl3
H CH3 C
Cl Cl + enantiomer
(b)
KOC(CH3)3
CHBr3
H C H
(c) Br2
H H
H3C CH3
H H
C C CH2I2/Zn(Cu) C C
diethylether
H3C CH3 C
H H
8.13 Starting with cyclohexene and using any other needed reagents, outline a synthesis of
7. 7,7-dibromobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane.
Answer:
KOC(CH3)3 Br
CHBr3 Br
8.14 Treating cyclohexene with 1,1-diiodoethane and a zinc-copper couple leads to two isomeric
products. What are their structures?
Answer:
I
+ Zn(Cu)
CH CH3
I
CH3 H3C
H H
8.15 Starting with an alkene, outline syntheses of each of the following:
CH3
OH
OH
(a) CH3
CH2CH3
OH
OH
(b) H
OH
H
OH
(c)
8. Answer:
(a)
CH3
OH
KMnO4
OH-, H2 O
OH
CH3
(b)
H2C
OH
KMnO4
+ enantiomer
OH-, H2 O
OH
(c)
KMnO4
+ enantiomer
OH-, H2 O
OH
8.16 Explain the following facts: (a) Treating (Z)-2-butene with OsO4 in pyridine and then NaHSO3 in
water gives a diol that optically inactive and cannot be resolved. (b) Treating (E)-2-butene with OsO4
and then NaHSO3 gives a diol that optically inactive but can be resolved into enantiomers.
9. OH
CH3
H3C CH3
HO H
OsO4 H3C H
meso
NaHSO3 OH
HO H
H H
CH3
H3C H
OH CH3
HO H
H3C H
OH H OH
CH3
H3C H H CH3
OsO4 (+)
NaHSO3 OH
CH3
H CH3
H OH
H CH3
OH HO H
CH3
H3C H
8.17 Write the structure of the alkenes that would produce the following products when treated
with ozone and then with zinc and acetic acid.
( a ) CH3COCH3 and CH3CH(CH3)CHO
CH3 CH3
H3C C C C CH3
H H
( b ) CH3CH2CHO only ( 2 mol produced from 1 mol of alkene )
H2 H2
H3C C C C C CH3
H H
O
(c) and HCHO
CH2
8.19 Alkynes A and B have the molecular formula C8H14. Treating either compound A or B with
excess hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst leads to the formation of octane. Similar
treatment of a compound C(C8H12) leads to a product with the formula C8H16. Treating alkyne A
10. with ozone and then acetic acid furnishes a single product CH3CH2CH2CO2H. Treating alkyne C
with ozone and then water produces a single product HO2C(CH2)6CO2H, . Compound B has an
absorption in its IR spectrum at ~3300cm-1, what are compounds A,B and C.
Answer:
A:
B:
C:
8.21 White structural formulas for the products that form when 1-butene reacts with each of the
following reagents:
(a) HI
I
(b) H2, Pt
(c) Dilute H2SO4, warm
OH
(d) Cold concentrated H2SO
11. O
O S O
OH
(e) Cold concentrated H2SO4, then H2O and heat
OH
(f) HBr in the presence of alumina
Br
(g) Br2 in CCl4
Br
Br
(h) Br2 in CCl4, then KI in acetone
(i) Br2 in H2O
12. Br
OH
(j) HCl in the presence of alumina
Cl
(k) Cold dilute KMnO4, OH-
OH
OH
(l) O3, then Zn, HOAc
O
CHO ,
(m) OsO4, then NaHSO3/H2O
OH
OH
(n) KmnO4, OH-, heat, then H3O+
HCOOH
O
OH
8.22 White structural formulas for the products that form when cyclohexene reacts with each of
the following reagents:
13. (o) HI
I
(p) H2, Pt
(q) Dilute H2SO4, warm
OH
(r) Cold concentrated H2SO
O S O
OH
(s) Cold concentrated H2SO4, then H2O and heat
14. OH
(t) HBr in the presence of alumina
Br
(u) Br2 in CCl4
Br Br
Br Br
(v) Br2 in CCl4, then KI in acetone
(w) Br2 in H2O
15. Br Br
OH OH
(x) HCl in the presence of alumina
Cl
(y) Cold dilute KMnO4, OH-
OH
OH
(z) O3, then Zn, HOAc
O
O
(aa) OsO4, then NaHSO3/H2O
OH
OH
(bb) KmnO4, OH-, heat, then H3O+
16. OH
O
O
OH
8.23 Give the structure of the products that you would expect from the reaction of 1-butyne with:
(a) One molar equivalent of Br2
(b) One molar equivalent of HBr in the presence of alumina
(c) Two molar equivalent of HBr in the presence of alumina
(d) H2 (in excess)/Pt
(e) H2, Ni2B (P-2)
(f) NaNH2 in liquid NH3, then CH3I
(g) NaNH2 in liquid NH3, then (CH3)3CBr
Answer:
(a)
Br
H
Br
(b)
H
H
Br
(c)
Br
Br
(d)
(e)
17. H
H
H
(f)
(g)
Br
H
+
Na H
H
8.24 Give the structure of the products you would expect from the reaction (if any) of 2-butyne
with:
(a) One molar equivalent of HBr in the presence of alumina
(b) Two molar equivalents of HBr in the presence of alumina
(c) One molar equivalent of Br2
(d) Two molar equivalents of Br2
(e) H2, Ni2B (P-2)
(f) One molar equivalent of HCl in the presence of alumina
(g) Li/liquid NH3
(h) H2 (in excess)/Pt
(i) Two molar equivalents of H2, Pt
(j) KMnO4, OH-, then H3O+
(k) O3, HOAc
(l) NaNH2, liquid NH3
Answers:
(a)
Br
H3C C C CH3
H
(b)
18. H Br
H3C C C CH3
H Br
(c)
Br
H3C C C CH3
Br
(d)
Br Br
H3C C C CH3
Br Br
(e)
H3C CH3
H H
(f)
Cl
H3C C C CH3
H
(g)
H3C H
H CH3
(h)
H H
H3C C C CH3
H H
(i)
H H
H3C C C CH3
H H
19. (j)
O
H3 C C OH
(two molar equivalents)
(k)
O
H3 C C OH
(two molar equivalents)
(l) I think they cannot react with each other in this condition.
8.25 show how 1-butyne could be synthesized from each of the follow:
(a) 1-butene
(b) 1-chlorobutane
(c) 1-chloro-1-butene
(d) 1, 1-dichlorobutane
(e) Ethyne and ethylbramide
Answer:
(a) Br2 / CCl4 3 NaNH2 NH4Cl
Br
Na
Br
t-BuOK then as in (a)
(b) Cl
t-BuOH
2 NaNH2 NH4Cl
(c) Cl Na
Cl
3 NaNH2 NH4 Cl
(d) Cl Na
NaNH2 CH3CH2 Br
(e) H H
8.26 Starting with 2-methylpropene (isobutylene) and using any other needed reagents, outline a
synthesis of each of the following:
(a) (CH3)3COH (b) (CH3)3CCl (c) (CH3)3CBr (d) (CH3)3CF (e) (CH3)2C(OH)CH2Cl
Answer
(a)
60%H2SO4
(CH3)2CH=CH2 +H2O (CH3)3COH
(b)
(CH3)2 CH=CH2+HCl (CH3)3CCl
-30oC
20. (c)
(CH3)2CH=CH2+HBr (CH3)3CBr
(d)
(CH3)2CH=CH2 +HF (CH3)3 CF
(e) (CH3)2CH=CH2 +Cl2+H2O (CH3)2C(OH)CH2 Cl
8.27 Myrcene, a fragrant compound found in bayberry wax, has the formula C10H16 and is
known not to contain any triple bonds.
(a) What is the index of hydrogen deficiency of myrecene? When treated with excess hydrogen
and a platinum catalyst, myrcene is converted to a compound A with the formular C10H22.
(b) How many rings does myrcene contain?
(c) How many double bonds? Compound Acan be identified as 2,6-dimethyloctane. Ozonolysis
of myrcene followed by treatment with zinc and acetic acid yields 2 mol of formaldehyde
(HCHO), 1 mol of acetone (CHCOCH), and a third compound Bwith the formula C5H6O3.
(d) What is the structure of myrcene?
(e) Of compound B?
Answer:
(a) 3
(b) No
(c) 3
(d)
O
O O
(e)
8.28 When propene is treated with hydrogen chloride in ethanol, one of the products of the
reaction is ethyl isopropyl ether. Write a plausible mechanism that accounts for the formation of
this product.
Answer:
Step 1:
CH3CH CH2 + H Cl CH3CHCH3 + Cl
Step 2:
21. CH3CHCH3
CH3 CHCH3 + CH3CH2OH
OCH2CH3
H
Step 3:
CH3 CHCH3 CH3CHCH3
OCH2CH3 OCH2CH3
H
8.29 When, in separate reactions, 2-methylpropene, propene, and ethene are allowed to react with
HI under the same conditions (i.e., identical concentration and temperature), 2-methylpropene is
found to react fastest and ethene slowest. Provide an explanation for these relative rates.
Answer:
According to Markovnikov rule, in the addition of HI to the alkenes, the hydrogen atom adds to
the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms.
The reactions take place
CH3C CH2 + HI CH3CCH3 + I-
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH2 + HI CH3CHCH3 + I-
CH2 CH2 + HI CH3CH2 + I-
Because the 30 carbocation is the most stable carbocation and the 20 carbocation is more stable
than the 10 carbocation, the free energy in each reaction is 30 carbocation<20carbocation<10
carbocation. As a result, the 2-methylpropene found to react fastest and ethene slowest.
8.30 Farnesene (below) is a compound found in the waxy coating of apples. Give the structure and
IUPAC name of the product formed when farnesene is allowed to react with excess hydrogen in
the presence of a platinum catalyst.
Farnesene
Answer:
H3C H
(S)-2,6,10-Trimethyl-dodecane
22. H CH3
(R)-2,6,10-Trimethyl-dodecane
8.31 Write structural formulas for the products that would be formed when geranial, a component
of lemongrass oil, is treated with ozone and then with zinc and water.
H
O
Answer: The structure formulas for the products are the followings:
O
O O
O & O &
8.32 Limonene is a compound found in orange oil and lemon oil. When limonene is treated with
excess hydrogen and a platinum catalyst, the product of the reaction is
1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane. When limonene is treated with ozone and then with zinc and
water the products of the reaction are HCHO and the following compound. Write a structural
formula for limonene.
O O
O
H
Answer:
The structural formula is:
8.33 When 2,2-diphenyl-1-ethanol is treated with aqueous HI, the main product of the reaction is
1-iodo-1,1-diphenylethane. Propose a plausible mechanism that accounts for this product.
23. I
H aqueous
H2C C Ph + HI H3C C Ph (main product)
OH Ph Ph
Mechanism:
H aqueous H
H2 C C Ph + H I H2C C Ph + I-
OH Ph O+H2 Ph
H
H
H2C C Ph H 2+ C C Ph + H2O
O+H2 Ph Ph
H
H2+C C Ph H3C C+ Ph
Ph Ph
I
H3C C+ Ph + I- H3C C Ph
Ph Ph
8.34 When 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol is treated with concentrated HI, a rearrangement takes place.
Which alkyl iodide would you expect from the reaction? (Show the mechanism by which it is
formed.)
Answer:
The main product of the reaction is 3,3-dimethyl-2-iodobutane.
OH2
+
I
8.35 Pheromones are substances secreted by animals that produce a specific behavioral response
in other members of the same species. Pheromones are effective at very low concentrations and
include sex attractants, warning substances, and ”aggregation” compounds. The sex attractant
pheromone of the codling moth has the molecular formula C13H24O. On catalytic hydrogenation
24. this pheromone absorbs two molar equivalents of hydrogen and is converted to
3-ethyl-7-methyl-1-decanol. On treatment with ozone followed by treatment with zinc and water
the pheromone produce CH3CH2CH2COCH3, CH3CH2COCH2CH2CHO, and OHCCH2OH. (a)
Neglecting the stereochemistry of the double bonds, write general structure for this pheromone. (b)
The double bonds are known to be (2Z, 6E). Write a stereo-chemical formula for the codling moth
sex attractant.
Answer:
(a)
HO
(b)
HO
H
H
8.36.The sex attractant of the common housefly (Musca domestica) is a compound called muscalure.
H H
(CH2)12 (CH2)7
Muscalure is . Starting with ethyne and any other needed reagents, outline
a possible synthesis of muscalure.
Solution:
NaNH2 CH3(CH2)6CH2Br
HC C(CH2)7CH3
NaNH2 CH3(CH2)11CH2Br
C C(CH2)7CH3 CH3(CH2)12C C(CH2)CH3
Pb/BaSO4 H H
H2
(CH2)12 (CH2)7
25. 8.37 Starting with ethyne and 1-bromopentane as your only organic reagents (except for solvents)
and using any needed inorganic compounds, outline a synthesis of the compound shown below.
Answer:
liq.NH3
HC Na NH2 HC C Na
C H +
-33 ° C
CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2 Br + Na C CH
CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2C CH + HBr CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CBr CH2 +
HBr
Br Br
8.38 Shown below is the final step in a synthesis of an important perfume constituent, cis-jasmone.
Which reagents would you choose to carry out this last step?
O
O
CH2 C C CH2CH3
ANSWER:
The reagents should be (1) Raney Nickel / H2.
8.39 Write stereochemical formulas for all of the products that you would expect from each of the
following reactions. (You may find models helpful.)
(a)
CH3 CH3
H CH3
HO H H OH
C OsO4 C C
+
C NaHSO3 ,H2O C C
H3CH2C OH HO CH2CH3
H CH2CH3
H H
(b)
26. CH3 CH3
H CH3 HO H H OH
C OsO4 C C
+
C C C
NaHSO3,H2O
H OH HO H
H3CH2C H
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
(c)
H H
H CH3 Br CH3 H3C Br
C Br2,CCl4 C C
+
C C C
H Br Br H
H3CH2C H
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
(d)
H H
H CH3 Br CH3 H3C Br
C Br2,CCl4 C C
+
C C C
H3CH2C Br Br CH2CH3
H CH2 CH3
H H
8.41 When cyclohexene is allowed to react with bromine in an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride, the products are trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, trans-2-bromo-cyclohexanol, and
trans-1-bromo-2-chlorocyclohexane. Write a plausible mechanism that explains the formation of
this last product.
Answer:
Nu Br OH Cl
H H H
Br Br Br H + H + H
Br Br Br
H H H
Br Br Br
+ Br + OH + Cl
H H H
8.42 Predict features of their IR spectra that you could use to distinguish between the members of
the following pairs of compounds.
(a) Pentane and 1-pentyne
(b) Pentane and 1-pentene
27. (c) 1-Pentene and 1-pentyne
(d) Pentane and 1-bromopentane
(e) 2-pentyne and 1-pentyne
(f) 1-Pentene and 1-pentanol
(g) Pentane and 1-pentanol
(h) 1-Bromo-2-pentene and 1-bromopentane
(i) 1-Pentanol and 2-penten-1-ol
Answer:
(a) 1-pentyne (CHCCH2CH2CH3) has an absorbing peak about 2100-2260 cm-1
( C C ) and about 3300cm-1( C H).
(b) 1-pentene (CH2CHCH2CH2CH3) has an absorbing peak around 1620-1680cm-1
C H
C C
( ) and about 3010-3095cm-1( H ).
C C
-1
(c) 1-pentene (CH2CHCH2CH2CH3) has an absorbing peak in 1620-1680cm ( )
C H
and about 3010-3095cm-1( H ), but 1-pentyne (CHCCH2CH2CH3) has an
absorbing peak around 2100-2260 cm-1 ( C C ) and about
3300cm-1( C H).
(d) 1-bromopentane (CH2BrCH2CH2CH2CH3) has an absorption around 690-515 cm-1
C Br
( ).
(e) 2-Pentyne (CH3CCHCH2CH3) has 2100-2260 cm-1 ( C C ), but 1-pentyne
(CHCCH2CH2CH3) has 3300cm-1( C H).
C C
(f) 1-Pentene (CH2CHCH2CH2CH3) has 1620-1680cm-1 ( ) and about
C H
3010-3095cm-1( H ), but 1-pentanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH) has a broad absorption
-1
peak 3200-3600cm (OH).
(g) 1-pentanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH) has a broad band peak around 3200-3600cm-1(OH).
28. (h) 1-Bromo-2-pentene (CH2BrCHCHCH2CH3) has a double bond peak around 1620-1680cm-1
C C
( ), but 1-bromopentane doesn’t have.
C C
(i) 2-penten-1-ol has a double bond peak around 1620-1680cm-1 ( ) , but
1-pentanol doesn’t have.
8.43 The double bond of tetrachloroethene is undetectable in the bromine/carbon tetrachloride test for
unsaturation. Give a plausible explanation for this behavior.
Answer:
Because of the electron-withdrawing nature of chlorine, the density at the double bond is greatly
reduced and attacked by the electrophilic bromine doesn’t occur.
8.44 Three compounds A, B, and C all have the formula C6 H10. All three compounds rapidly
decolorize bromine in CCL4; all three are soluble in cold concentrated sulfuric acid. Compound A
has an absorption in its IR spectrum at about 3300cm-1, but compound B and C do not.
Compounds A and B both yield hexane when they are treat with excess hydrogen in the presence
of a platinum catalyst. Under these condition C absorb only one molar equivalent of hydrogen and
gives a product with the formula C6 H12. When A is oxidized with hot basic potassium
permanganate and the resulting solution acidified, the only organic product that can be isolated is
CH3(CH2)3CO2H. Similar oxidation of B gives only CH3CH2CO2H, and similar treatment of C
gives only HO2C(CH2) 4CO2H. What are structures for A, B, and C?
A:
B:
3-hexyne
C:
8.47 Use your answer to the preceding problem to predict the stereochemistry outcome of the addition
of bromine to maleic acid and to fumaric acid. (a) Which dicarbonoxylic acid would add bromine to
29. yield a meso compound? (b) Which will yield a racemic form?
OH O
maleic acid O OH
O
fumaric acid HO
OH
O
meso compound:
COOH
H COOH
Br2 H Br
meso compound
H Br
HOOC H
COOH
racemic form:
COOH COOH
H COOH
H Br Br H
Br2 +
Br H H Br
H COOH
COOH COOH
racemic form
8.48 An optically active compound A (assume that it is dextrorotatory) has the molecular formula
C7H11Br. A reacts with hydrogen bromide, in the absence of peroxides, to yield isomeric products,
B and C, with the molecular formula C7H12Br2. Compound B is optically active; C is not.
Treating B with 1 mol of potassium tert-butoxide yields (+)-A. Treating C with 1 mol of
potassium tert-butoxide yields (+)-A. Treating A with potassium tert-butoxide yields D (C7H10).
Subjecting 1 mol of D to ozonolysis followed by treatment with zinc and acetic acid yields 2 mol
of formaldehyde and 1 mol of 1,3-cyclopentanedione.
O O
1,3-Cyclopentanedione
Propose stereo chemical formulas for A, B, C, and D and outline the reactions involved in these
transformations.
Answer:
30. CH3 CH3 Br CH3 CH3
HBr
CH2 +
Br Br CH3 Br Br
(+)-A
B C
Br
CH3 Br CH3
t-BuOK
H2 C
CH2
CH3
Br CH3 Br
(+)-A (+)-A
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
t-BuOK
+ H2C
CH2
Br Br Br
Br
C (+)-A (-)-A
CH3
t-BuOK 1, O3
H2C CH2 O
CH2 2, Zn, HOAc O
D
Br
(+)-A
8.49 A naturally occurring antibiotic called mycomycin has the structure shown here. Mycomycin is
optically active. Explain this by writing structures for the enantiomeric forms of mycomycin.
HC C C C CH C CH CH CH CH CH CH2COOH
Answer:
The stereo structure for this molecule is
HC CH CH CH CH2COOH
H
C C C
H
HC C C C
The enantiomeric form is
HC CH CH CH CH2COOH
H
C C C
H
HC C C C
8.50 An optically active compound D has the molecular formula C6H10 and shows a peak at about
3300 cm-1 in its IR spectrum. On catalytic hydrogenation D yields E (C6H14). Compound E is
31. optically inactive and cannot be resolved. Propose structures for D and E.
Answers: D should be
CH3
CH2CH3
HC C
H ;
E should be
CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 .
8.51 (a) By analogy with the mechanism of bromine addition to alkenes, draw the likely
three-dimensional structures of A, B, and C.
Reaction of cyclopentene with bromine in water gives A.
Reaction of A with aqueous NaOH (1 equivalent, cold) gives B, C5H8O (no 3590 to 3650 cm-1 infrared
absorption). (See the squalene cyclization discussion for a hint.)
Heating of B in methanol containing a catalytic amount of strong acid gives C, C6H12O2, which does
show 3590 to 3650 cm-1 infrared absorption.
(b) Specify the R or S configuration of the stereocenters in your predicted structures for C. Would it be
formed as a single stereocenter or as a racemate?
(c) How could you experimentally confirm your predictions about the stereochemistry of C?
Answer:
H OH HO H
A Br H & H Br
B O
OCH3 H H OCH3
S S R R
C H OH OH H
(c) C, in contrast to its cis isomers, would exhibit no intramolecular hydrogen bonding, this
would be proven by the absence of infrared absorption in the 3500-3600 cm-1 region when studied as a
very dilute solution in CCl4. C would only show free –OH stretch at about 3625 cm –1.
8.52 Triethylamine, (C2H5)3N, like all amines, has a nitrogen atom that has an unshared pair of
32. electrons. Dichlorocarbene also has an unshared pair of electrons. Both can be represented as
shown below. Draw the structures of compounds Q, E, and R.
(C2H5)3N + CCl2 D (an unstable adduct)
Q E + C2 H4 (by an intramolecular E2 reaction)
H2 O R
E (Water effects a replacement that is the reverse of that used to make
gem-dichlorides.)
Answer:
H
H
H H
H H Cl
Cl
Cl N C N C
- C2H4 N C
N C Cl OH2
Cl
Cl
H2O
H H H
Cl
N C N C
N C
O O
OH H