Valerie Hill is an adjunct instructor and librarian who focuses her research on adopting virtual worlds for education and librarianship. Her presentation discusses emerging trends in virtual and digital media based on constructivism and adult learning theory, including apps, MOOCs, augmented reality, digital content curation, and serious gaming. She provides examples of virtual exhibits, conferences, and a certificate program on virtual worlds. Hill advocates balancing tradition with innovation and values interactive, problem-based learning that actively engages adult learners.

1. Valerie Hill, PhD
TWU School of Library and Information Studies
Adjunct Instructor
LISD Librarian
Librarianship Embraces Virtual Media
Based on Adult Learning Theory

2. After the Digital Revolution:
Emerging Trends and Changing Formats
• Apps & mobile devices
• MOOCs
• AR & Virtual Worlds
• Digital content &curation The broken glass metaphor: the structure of
knowledge appears broken because the information
• Serious gaming hierarchy has toppled. The “Gutenberg Parentheses”
are closed and the printed word is no longer king.

3. Print, electronic, digital, virtual, 3D,
augmented, mixed reality
Virtual experiences feel life-like through haptic technology.
(Hecher et al, 2011)

4. User-generated Content:
“the learning commons” & “the maker-space”

5. Do you have an online identity?
• Have you uploaded user-generated content
(Flickr, Youtube, blog, other)?
• Do you separate your personal/professional
identity online?

6. My research focus:
the adoption of virtual worlds for
education and librarianship

7. Are you comfortable with Web 3.0?
• Do you have an avatar (or does your
colleague, friend, child)?
• Have you visited a virtual world?

8. Constructivism and
Adult Learning Theory
Theorists: Knowles, Vygotsky, Dewey, Zemke
1. Adult learners need involvement in a problem-based learning situation
(Knowles, Dewey).
2. Adult learning is self-directed (Knowles, Zemke).
3. Adult learners seek collaboration with others having varying degrees of
knowledge and skills (Vygosky's ZPD).
4. Adult learners demonstrate prior knowledge and a "readiness to learn“
(Knowles, Zemke).
5. Adult learners thrive when actively engaged (Dewey).
6. Adult learners are motivated by personal interest (Knowles, Dewey, Zemke).

9. Lev Vygotsky
• Emphasized the social context of learning
• Critical importance of interaction with people,
including other learners and teachers, in
cognitive development, his theory is called
“social constructivism”
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

10. Malcolm Knowles
Knowles 6 principles ofAndrogogy
1. Adults are self directed and self motivated.
2. Adults bring life experiences and knowledge
to learning.
3. Adults are goal oriented.
4. Adults are relevancy oriented.
5. Adults are practical.
6. Adult learners like to be respected.

11. John Dewey “father of experiential education”
• Emphasized active engagement
• Personal interest in real life problems
• Creative interaction (teacher as a guide or
facilitator)

12. Ron & Susan Zemke
• Building on Knowles' Androgogy and the
theoretical framework of constructivism
• “Window of opportunity" when adults are
motivated to learn
• Motivated by personal growth or gain;
increased by curiosity

13. Online Learning and Distance
Education
The evolution of online courses across distance:
(Blackboard, Virtual Worlds, MOOCs)
Convenience of working online.
Shared “sense of presence”.

14. Can we deliver content (acquire,
create, share) of high quality through
virtual worlds?
University of Washington’s iSchool
Certificate in Virtual Worlds
Class of 2010

15. VCARA
San Jose State University School of Library and Information Studies
4th Annual VCARA Conference May 2013

16. 3D environments for education & libraries:
classes, content delivery, professional development, conventions, book discussions, exhibits

17. Texas Woman’s University
School of Library and Information Studies
Creative Arts & Research Symposium 2008-2012

18. ACRL Virtual World Interest Group
Gridhopping

19. 3D Exhibit Examples

20. Virtual Texas
Spring 2011
Exhibits and Live Tours held at the
Community Virtual Library Exhibition
Area.

21. Virtual Texas: A Library Exhibit and Museum
Antiquity Texas Museum built by a native Texan using Library of Congress blueprints.

22. Touring the Texas Capitol

23. Fall 2011
Virtual Tornado: a Library
Exhibit & Simulation

24. Teleport to a LIVE simulation with
rescue workers, vehicles, and victims.
Museum built by a simulation company (TRP360).

25. Maya Island Exhibit & Tours
CVL Exhibition Area Spring 2012
Museum built by UW Certificate Graduates.

26. Astronomy in Ancient Civilizations

27. Summer 2012
Museum built by Jo Teeuwisse, an historical consultant in Amsterdam.

28. Tours for Summer in Berlin 2012
July 14th 1pm and August 5th 1pm

29. Museum of Virtual Media
Tour Wednesday, Jan. 30th, 5-7pm in Second Life.

30. View machinima videos of 3D exhibits

31. Balancing
Tradition Innovation

32. MOOC:
massive open onine course

34. Anne Frank MOOC
An example of immersive
learning, where students
“enter” the cramped annex
where Anne Frank lived
in hiding.
Fall 2012
Educators met weekly for MOOC office hours
on Wed. evenings. Assignments presented in
a 3D virtual world.

35. New IL
Nomenclature
Information Literacy 3.0

36. Valuing our Physical World

37. The beautiful question may be addressed
in numerous formats: physical,
electronic, virtual, or augmented.
“It may be that the great age of libraries is waning,
but I am here to tell you that the great age of
librarians is just beginning. It’s up to you to
decide if you want to be a part of it.”
~T. Scott Plutchak

38. Discussion
Q&A

39. Bibliography
Antiquity Texas. (2010). http://antiquitytexas.wordpress.com/about-2/ [accessed December 15, 2012]
Dalgarno, Barney, and Mark J. W. Lee. (2010). What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? British Journal of Educational
Technology 41, (1) (01): 10-32.
Dewey, John. (1916). Democracy and education. The Free Press, New York.
Dresang, Eliza T. (2005). The information-seeking behavior of youth in the digital environment. Library Trends 54, (2): 178-196.
Farley, Kathryn, Michael Nitsche, Jay Bolter and Blair MacIntyre. (2009). Augmenting Creative Realities: The Second Life Performance Project.
Leonardo 42, no. 1: 96-7.
Hecher, M. M., Möstl, R. R., Eggeling, E. E., Derler, C. C., &Fellner, D. W. (2011). 'Tangible Culture' - Designing virtual exhibitions on multi-
touch devices. Information Services & Use, 31(3/4), 199-208.
Hew, KheFoon, and Wing Sum Cheung. (2010). Use of three-dimensional (3-D) immersive virtual worlds in K-12 and higher education settings:
A review of the research. British Journal of Educational Technology 41, (1) (01): 33-55.
Hill, Valerie, and Hyuk-Jin Lee. (2009). Libraries and immersive learning environments unite in second life. Library Hi Tech 27, (3): 338-56.
Hill, Valerie. (2011) “Virtual tornado hits the library”, Learning Technology IEEE, 13 (4), 42-45.
Huang, H. (2002). Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 33(1),
27.
Jamaludin, Azilawati, Yam San Chee, and Caroline Mei Lin Ho. (2009). Fostering argumentative knowledge construction through enactive role
play in second life. Computers & Education 53, (2) (9): 317-29.
Klomp, R. W., Spitalnick, J. S., &Reissman, D. B. (2011).Virtual Classroom Immersion Training.T+D, 65(1), 38-43.
Malcom Knowles. (2007). Adult Learning Theory and Principles.
http://www.qotfc.edu.au/resource/index.html?page=65375 [accessed December 15, 2012]
Lateef, F. (2010). Simulation-based learning: Just like the real thing. Journal Of Emergencies, Trauma & Shock, 3(4), 348-352.
Plutchak, T. Scott. (2007). The Librarian: Fantastic Adventures in the Digital World. Serials, 20(2), 87-91.
Slone, Debra. (2009). A Methodology for Measuring Usability Evaluation Skills Using the Constructivist Theory and the Second Life Virtual
World. Journal of Usability Studies, 4 (4) 178-188.
Stanziola, J. (2008). What will be the needs of library, museum and archives users in the next 10 years? research implications. Library &
Information Research, 32(100), 13-19.
SylaiouStyliani, LiarokapisFotis, Kotsakis Kostas, PatiasPetros, (2009). Virtual museums, a survey and some issues for consideration. Journal of
Cultural Heritage, 10 (4): 520-528.
Taouabit Boland, I. (2009). Efficacy of the 3D Multi-User Virtual Environment (MUVE) Second Life for learning in cognitive constructivist and
social constructivist activities. Ph.D. diss., Capella University.
Teeuwisse, Jo. (2012). http://www.ghostsofhistory.co.uk/who-are-we/bio/ [accessed December 15, 2012]
TRP360. (2012). http://www.trp360.com/ [accessed December 15, 2012]
Vygotsky, Lev. (1978). Mind in society Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Webber, Sheila and Diane Nahl. (2011). Sustaining Learning for LIS through use of a Virtual World. IFLA Journal (37)(1): 5-15.
Zemke , Ron and Susan. (1995). http://setur.khi.is/fullordinsfraedsla/NoN/Itarefni/Zemke_WhatDoWeKnow.pdf [accessed December 15,
2012]

40. Photo Credits
Creative Commons photos from:
http://photopin.com/
http://www.bigfoto.com/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/luc/1824234195/ (avatar photo by the hundreds)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ipalatin/2921557412/ (bookshelf photo)
http://photopin.com/search/distance-education (VWdistanceed)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/daves-f-stop/7255333900/ (librarytradition)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/5tein/2176406692/ (distanceed)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/2537873504/ (innovation)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gforsythe/8028605773/ (moocblob)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualpanic/2271636207/ (windowsandlight)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/viamoi/2937397649/ (robotwaterleaves)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ecstaticist/3134361265/ (timeflowsriverleaf)