This document summarizes a study on producing glazed tiles using incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and clay. Three proportions of clay were replaced with ISSA to produce biscuit tiles, which were then glazed. Four colorants were used in glazes applied at different concentrations to the biscuit tiles. The study found that replacing clay with ISSA increased water absorption and decreased strength of biscuit tiles. However, applying glaze improved water absorption and strength. Different glaze colors and concentrations also affected properties like abrasion resistance and acid-alkali resistance. Bending strength was highest for tiles with red glaze. In general, glazing enhanced the properties and potential uses of tiles containing ISSA
IRJET- Comparative Study on Black Cotton Soil Bricks using Fly Ash and Cr...IRJET Journal
This study investigated producing bricks from locally available black cotton soil and industrial waste materials like fly ash. 54 brick specimens were made with varying proportions of black soil and fly ash. The bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and density. Test results found bricks with 60% black soil and 40% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength at 3.82 N/mm2, exceeding standard bricks. Water absorption was highest at 12.32% for 20% black soil and 80% fly ash bricks. All brick compositions showed no efflorescence. The study concluded bricks made from black soil and fly ash have sufficient strength and properties for construction use.
Partial Replacement of Cement to Concrete by Marble Dust PowderIJMTST Journal
The document discusses a study on partially replacing cement with marble dust powder in concrete. Marble dust powder is a waste material from marble cutting that causes environmental pollution if disposed improperly. The study aims to analyze the behavior and properties of concrete made by partially replacing cement with marble dust powder at different proportions ranging from 0-25%. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete mixtures. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased with marble dust powder content up to an optimum level, beyond which strength started decreasing. Using marble dust powder as a partial cement replacement improved the properties of concrete while also providing an environmentally friendly way to reuse an industrial waste.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR Chandan Kumar.D
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE WASTE, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AND FULLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY CRUSHED STONE DUST
Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of ConcreteIEI GSC
Presentation on Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete by Tirth Doshi guided by Dr Urmil Dave & Prof Tejas Joshi at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document discusses the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete. Some common industrial wastes that can be used include fly ash, red mud, microsilica, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, and metakaolin. Using these materials improves the performance of concrete while also providing environmental benefits such as reducing the use of raw materials and fossil fuels in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document reviews the effects of different waste materials on the properties of concrete such as workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity.
Partial Use of stone dust in concrete as an alternative of sandRohan chansoriya
Partial Use of stone dust in concrete as an alternative of sand
Stone dust can serve as a partial substitute for sand in concrete. Using stone dust from 10-50% as a replacement for sand can increase the compressive strength of concrete cubes by 8-27% at 7 and 28 days. However, workability decreases with higher replacement levels, requiring a higher dosage of superplasticizer. This increases the cost of the concrete by 5-8%. Stone dust meets Indian standards for use as a fine aggregate in concrete and can help conserve natural resources while providing an economic use of waste stone dust from crushing zones. Further testing is needed to determine the optimal replacement level and quality control measures for site use.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
IRJET- Comparative Study on Black Cotton Soil Bricks using Fly Ash and Cr...IRJET Journal
This study investigated producing bricks from locally available black cotton soil and industrial waste materials like fly ash. 54 brick specimens were made with varying proportions of black soil and fly ash. The bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and density. Test results found bricks with 60% black soil and 40% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength at 3.82 N/mm2, exceeding standard bricks. Water absorption was highest at 12.32% for 20% black soil and 80% fly ash bricks. All brick compositions showed no efflorescence. The study concluded bricks made from black soil and fly ash have sufficient strength and properties for construction use.
Partial Replacement of Cement to Concrete by Marble Dust PowderIJMTST Journal
The document discusses a study on partially replacing cement with marble dust powder in concrete. Marble dust powder is a waste material from marble cutting that causes environmental pollution if disposed improperly. The study aims to analyze the behavior and properties of concrete made by partially replacing cement with marble dust powder at different proportions ranging from 0-25%. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete mixtures. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased with marble dust powder content up to an optimum level, beyond which strength started decreasing. Using marble dust powder as a partial cement replacement improved the properties of concrete while also providing an environmentally friendly way to reuse an industrial waste.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR Chandan Kumar.D
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE WASTE, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AND FULLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY CRUSHED STONE DUST
Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of ConcreteIEI GSC
Presentation on Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete by Tirth Doshi guided by Dr Urmil Dave & Prof Tejas Joshi at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document discusses the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for cement in concrete. Some common industrial wastes that can be used include fly ash, red mud, microsilica, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, and metakaolin. Using these materials improves the performance of concrete while also providing environmental benefits such as reducing the use of raw materials and fossil fuels in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document reviews the effects of different waste materials on the properties of concrete such as workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity.
Partial Use of stone dust in concrete as an alternative of sandRohan chansoriya
Partial Use of stone dust in concrete as an alternative of sand
Stone dust can serve as a partial substitute for sand in concrete. Using stone dust from 10-50% as a replacement for sand can increase the compressive strength of concrete cubes by 8-27% at 7 and 28 days. However, workability decreases with higher replacement levels, requiring a higher dosage of superplasticizer. This increases the cost of the concrete by 5-8%. Stone dust meets Indian standards for use as a fine aggregate in concrete and can help conserve natural resources while providing an economic use of waste stone dust from crushing zones. Further testing is needed to determine the optimal replacement level and quality control measures for site use.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
This document provides an overview of green concrete, which is a more sustainable type of concrete made with recycled and waste materials. It discusses how green concrete uses materials like recycled demolition waste, fly ash, and quarry dust as partial substitutes for cement, making production more eco-friendly while remaining comparable in cost. The document outlines the objectives, advantages, disadvantages and applications of green concrete, and provides examples of previous literature on the topic. It concludes that green concrete has significant potential to reduce environmental impacts compared to traditional concrete, while remaining economically viable.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and S...ijtsrd
In the last decades, the use of residue in construction industry, especially as additives in concrete, has been subject of many researches as it may lead several improvements in the concrete properties, besides reducing the environmental pollution. The world rice harvest is estimated in 600 million tons per year. In terms of production sugarcane tops the crop ranking order. In India alone there grows 352 million tons of sugarcane and processed by 138 sugar mills. Considering that 22 of the grain is husk. So both the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse ash are complete waste and can be used as substitutes in concrete. The RHA and Sugarcane bagasse ash were trialed to replace concrete with various ratios of RHA 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 with fine aggregates and SCBA 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 with cement. The water cement ratio in all the mixes was maintained at 0.55. From the experimentations it was inferred the modified specimen resulted in number of improvement of properties of cement. The observed increase in compressive strength of concrete is maximum, when the conventional concrete is modified with 15 SCBA and 30 RHA. With this percentage modification there seen increase in both 28 as well as 7 days compressive strength. There observed considerable reduction in slump value yet keeping the mix workable or in other words we can say that modification of concrete by SCBA and RHA do not adversely affect the workability. The 28 day split tensile strength test revealed that the inferences of compressive strength test and split tensile strength were somehow similar to one another. More the application of SCBA and RHA, lesser are their disposal problems and thus results in reduction of carbon credits by these waste products. This research promoted an ecological way of waste management and sustainable construction. Sultan Singh | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29774.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29774/analysis-of-the-characteristic-behaviour-of-concrete-with-rice-husk-ash-and-sugarcane-bagasse-ash/sultan-singh
Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of waste glass powder, ggbs, fly ash on the properties of concretebhimaji40
The document discusses the use of waste glass powder, fly ash, and GGBS as partial replacements for cement in concrete. The objectives are to determine the optimal percentage replacements and their effects on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The methodology describes tests conducted to evaluate the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, pullout strength, water absorption, rebound hammer test, and chloride permeability of concrete mixtures with varying replacement levels of cement. The results show improvements in strength and durability up to 15% replacement, with workability decreasing as the percentage of replacements increases.
This document provides an introduction to quarry stone dust and fly ash as alternative materials to river sand in concrete production. It discusses research showing quarry stone dust and fly ash can replace up to 40% and 20% of sand respectively while maintaining or increasing strength. The document outlines the physical requirements and benefits of using fly ash, including increased workability, strength over time, and durability. It notes fly ash reduces permeability, corrosion of steel reinforcement, efflorescence, shrinkage, and heat of hydration while increasing resistance to sulfate attack, freezing and thawing, and alkali-silica reaction.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of surface treatment on the settlement of sand reinforced with coir mats. Coir mats were treated with sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin to make their surface hydrophobic and increase frictional interaction with soil.
2) Model footing tests were conducted by placing treated and untreated coir mats at different depths in sand beds. Settlement reduction factor was calculated to evaluate the performance of mat reinforcement.
3) The results showed that surface treatment of coir mats significantly increased the settlement reduction factor compared to untreated mats. Surface treatment improved the interaction between the reinforcement and soil, leading to reduced settlement under load.
Foundry sand is a high-quality silica sand used to make molds for metal casting. It typically contains silica sand, bentonite clay, water, and coal. Approximately 9-10 million tons of foundry sand is discarded each year. Some discarded foundry sand can be reused in construction after testing shows metals and chemicals meet environmental thresholds. Using foundry sand in construction has advantages like reducing costs and waste compared to using only virgin materials. It can be used in highway bases and embankments if designed correctly.
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
The document discusses the use of various industrial wastes as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It describes the physical and chemical properties of wastes like waste foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, ISF slag, bottom ash, and palm oil clinker. It examines how replacing sand with these wastes affects the fresh and hardened properties of concrete, including slump, density, strength, and durability. Replacing up to 30% of sand with steel slag or 20% with waste foundry sand can improve concrete properties. Concrete with copper slag or bottom ash shows higher slump, while palm oil clinker concrete has lower density. The document concludes many wastes can be utilized in concrete without compromising quality.
1) The document studies the use of marble powder as a partial replacement for cement in normal compacting concrete.
2) Five concrete mixes were tested with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with marble powder to determine compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days.
3) The results showed that compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths generally increased up to 10% replacement of cement with marble powder compared to the normal mix without replacement. Higher replacements of 15% and 20% typically showed reduced strengths compared to the 10% replacement mix.
This document summarizes a student project that investigates using granite cutting dust (GCD) and steel fibers to create an economical and stronger concrete. The project will test different replacement percentages of sand with GCD and steel fibers to determine optimum amounts. Tests will examine the composite material's compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, corrosion resistance, acid resistance, water absorption and sorptivity. If successful, the concrete could be used for industrial flooring, pavements, tunnel linings and other applications.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
The document discusses the aging of bitumen, which is used as a binder in asphalt pavements. It explains that bitumen undergoes both short-term and long-term aging through oxidation and loss of volatiles over time when exposed to heat, light, and oxygen. This aging causes changes in the properties of bitumen like decreased penetration and ductility, and increased softening point, which can lead to deterioration of the pavement. The document also discusses methods to prevent or reduce bitumen aging, like the use of rejuvenators, fillers, and bitumen emulsions in pavement construction and maintenance.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
This document discusses the aging of bitumen binders used in asphalt pavements. It covers factors that affect the aging process like temperature and air voids. Experimental methods for short-term aging using thin film oven tests and long-term aging using pressure aging vessels are described. Test results on modified binders show changes in properties like penetration, viscosity, and softening point with aging. The concept of rejuvenation treatments to restore aged binders and extend pavement life is also introduced.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Compaction and Seepage Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with BentoniteIRJET Journal
1) The study examines the compaction properties and seepage characteristics of mixtures of fly ash and bentonite.
2) Testing showed that as bentonite content increased, maximum dry density of the mixtures increased while optimum moisture content decreased.
3) A 20% bentonite-fly ash mix produced the lowest permeability and is suitable as a subgrade material or landfill liner, meeting criteria for liners of permeability less than 1x10-7 cm/sec.
The document discusses a study on using melt-densified post-consumer recycled plastic bags as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Melt-densified aggregates (MDA) were prepared by melting plastic bags in a furnace at 160°C. Concrete mixtures with 0-20% replacement of conventional aggregates with MDA were tested. Test results showed that as MDA replacement increased, compressive strength and density decreased. With 20% replacement, compressive strength dropped 44% and density dropped 3.2%. The study concludes that MDA can partially replace conventional aggregates to reduce concrete weight while providing a way to dispose of plastic waste.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides an overview of green concrete, which is a more sustainable type of concrete made with recycled and waste materials. It discusses how green concrete uses materials like recycled demolition waste, fly ash, and quarry dust as partial substitutes for cement, making production more eco-friendly while remaining comparable in cost. The document outlines the objectives, advantages, disadvantages and applications of green concrete, and provides examples of previous literature on the topic. It concludes that green concrete has significant potential to reduce environmental impacts compared to traditional concrete, while remaining economically viable.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and S...ijtsrd
In the last decades, the use of residue in construction industry, especially as additives in concrete, has been subject of many researches as it may lead several improvements in the concrete properties, besides reducing the environmental pollution. The world rice harvest is estimated in 600 million tons per year. In terms of production sugarcane tops the crop ranking order. In India alone there grows 352 million tons of sugarcane and processed by 138 sugar mills. Considering that 22 of the grain is husk. So both the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse ash are complete waste and can be used as substitutes in concrete. The RHA and Sugarcane bagasse ash were trialed to replace concrete with various ratios of RHA 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 with fine aggregates and SCBA 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 with cement. The water cement ratio in all the mixes was maintained at 0.55. From the experimentations it was inferred the modified specimen resulted in number of improvement of properties of cement. The observed increase in compressive strength of concrete is maximum, when the conventional concrete is modified with 15 SCBA and 30 RHA. With this percentage modification there seen increase in both 28 as well as 7 days compressive strength. There observed considerable reduction in slump value yet keeping the mix workable or in other words we can say that modification of concrete by SCBA and RHA do not adversely affect the workability. The 28 day split tensile strength test revealed that the inferences of compressive strength test and split tensile strength were somehow similar to one another. More the application of SCBA and RHA, lesser are their disposal problems and thus results in reduction of carbon credits by these waste products. This research promoted an ecological way of waste management and sustainable construction. Sultan Singh | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29774.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29774/analysis-of-the-characteristic-behaviour-of-concrete-with-rice-husk-ash-and-sugarcane-bagasse-ash/sultan-singh
Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of waste glass powder, ggbs, fly ash on the properties of concretebhimaji40
The document discusses the use of waste glass powder, fly ash, and GGBS as partial replacements for cement in concrete. The objectives are to determine the optimal percentage replacements and their effects on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The methodology describes tests conducted to evaluate the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, pullout strength, water absorption, rebound hammer test, and chloride permeability of concrete mixtures with varying replacement levels of cement. The results show improvements in strength and durability up to 15% replacement, with workability decreasing as the percentage of replacements increases.
This document provides an introduction to quarry stone dust and fly ash as alternative materials to river sand in concrete production. It discusses research showing quarry stone dust and fly ash can replace up to 40% and 20% of sand respectively while maintaining or increasing strength. The document outlines the physical requirements and benefits of using fly ash, including increased workability, strength over time, and durability. It notes fly ash reduces permeability, corrosion of steel reinforcement, efflorescence, shrinkage, and heat of hydration while increasing resistance to sulfate attack, freezing and thawing, and alkali-silica reaction.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of surface treatment on the settlement of sand reinforced with coir mats. Coir mats were treated with sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin to make their surface hydrophobic and increase frictional interaction with soil.
2) Model footing tests were conducted by placing treated and untreated coir mats at different depths in sand beds. Settlement reduction factor was calculated to evaluate the performance of mat reinforcement.
3) The results showed that surface treatment of coir mats significantly increased the settlement reduction factor compared to untreated mats. Surface treatment improved the interaction between the reinforcement and soil, leading to reduced settlement under load.
Foundry sand is a high-quality silica sand used to make molds for metal casting. It typically contains silica sand, bentonite clay, water, and coal. Approximately 9-10 million tons of foundry sand is discarded each year. Some discarded foundry sand can be reused in construction after testing shows metals and chemicals meet environmental thresholds. Using foundry sand in construction has advantages like reducing costs and waste compared to using only virgin materials. It can be used in highway bases and embankments if designed correctly.
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
The document discusses the use of various industrial wastes as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It describes the physical and chemical properties of wastes like waste foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, ISF slag, bottom ash, and palm oil clinker. It examines how replacing sand with these wastes affects the fresh and hardened properties of concrete, including slump, density, strength, and durability. Replacing up to 30% of sand with steel slag or 20% with waste foundry sand can improve concrete properties. Concrete with copper slag or bottom ash shows higher slump, while palm oil clinker concrete has lower density. The document concludes many wastes can be utilized in concrete without compromising quality.
1) The document studies the use of marble powder as a partial replacement for cement in normal compacting concrete.
2) Five concrete mixes were tested with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with marble powder to determine compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days.
3) The results showed that compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths generally increased up to 10% replacement of cement with marble powder compared to the normal mix without replacement. Higher replacements of 15% and 20% typically showed reduced strengths compared to the 10% replacement mix.
This document summarizes a student project that investigates using granite cutting dust (GCD) and steel fibers to create an economical and stronger concrete. The project will test different replacement percentages of sand with GCD and steel fibers to determine optimum amounts. Tests will examine the composite material's compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, corrosion resistance, acid resistance, water absorption and sorptivity. If successful, the concrete could be used for industrial flooring, pavements, tunnel linings and other applications.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
The document discusses the aging of bitumen, which is used as a binder in asphalt pavements. It explains that bitumen undergoes both short-term and long-term aging through oxidation and loss of volatiles over time when exposed to heat, light, and oxygen. This aging causes changes in the properties of bitumen like decreased penetration and ductility, and increased softening point, which can lead to deterioration of the pavement. The document also discusses methods to prevent or reduce bitumen aging, like the use of rejuvenators, fillers, and bitumen emulsions in pavement construction and maintenance.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
This document discusses the aging of bitumen binders used in asphalt pavements. It covers factors that affect the aging process like temperature and air voids. Experimental methods for short-term aging using thin film oven tests and long-term aging using pressure aging vessels are described. Test results on modified binders show changes in properties like penetration, viscosity, and softening point with aging. The concept of rejuvenation treatments to restore aged binders and extend pavement life is also introduced.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Compaction and Seepage Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with BentoniteIRJET Journal
1) The study examines the compaction properties and seepage characteristics of mixtures of fly ash and bentonite.
2) Testing showed that as bentonite content increased, maximum dry density of the mixtures increased while optimum moisture content decreased.
3) A 20% bentonite-fly ash mix produced the lowest permeability and is suitable as a subgrade material or landfill liner, meeting criteria for liners of permeability less than 1x10-7 cm/sec.
The document discusses a study on using melt-densified post-consumer recycled plastic bags as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Melt-densified aggregates (MDA) were prepared by melting plastic bags in a furnace at 160°C. Concrete mixtures with 0-20% replacement of conventional aggregates with MDA were tested. Test results showed that as MDA replacement increased, compressive strength and density decreased. With 20% replacement, compressive strength dropped 44% and density dropped 3.2%. The study concludes that MDA can partially replace conventional aggregates to reduce concrete weight while providing a way to dispose of plastic waste.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
The document experimentally studies the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Glass powder was used to replace cement at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures were then tested at ages up to 28 days and compared to a control concrete without glass powder. The results showed that glass powder can be used as a cement replacement up to a particle size of less than 75μm to prevent alkali-silica reaction, without negatively impacting the strength of the concrete. Using glass powder as a partial cement replacement provides an environmentally friendly way to utilize waste glass in concrete production.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
IRJET- Replacement and Analysis of Clay Bricks by Replacement of Clay with In...IRJET Journal
This document discusses replacing clay with industrial wastes in clay bricks. It aims to utilize locally available waste materials as clay replacements to address clay shortages and reduce environmental threats from wastes. Four waste materials are selected for replacement testing: m-sand, rice husk ash, kiln sand, and wood ash. Bricks with these replacements are produced and tested for properties like density, crushing strength, and water absorption according to industry standards. The results are examined to evaluate using waste materials instead of clay in clay bricks.
Consolidation and rebound characteristics of expansive soil by using lime and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of partial replacement of sand with ceramic fine aggregate in concrete. Several mix designs were tested with 0%, 10%, and 20% replacement of sand with ceramic fine aggregate. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete cubes, cylinders, and prisms were tested after 28 days of curing. The results showed that the strengths decreased slightly with the increase in percentage of ceramic fine aggregate replacement, but did not change significantly with variations in cement content. The study concluded that partial replacement of sand with up to 20% ceramic fine aggregate has a minor effect on the strength of concrete.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
Use of sewage sludge ash in building materials1PAVITRA GOYAL
Sewage sludge ash is a byproduct of incinerating dewatered sewage sludge. Previous research has found it can be used to make construction bricks and concrete when mixed with clay. This document reports on research into using sewage sludge ash in brick making. Tests found that bricks containing up to 20% ash by weight exhibited sufficient compressive strength. Higher ash content decreased plasticity and increased water absorption but also reduced shrinkage during firing. The optimum use of sludge ash in brick making is 20-50% by weight to replace clay.
Comparative Study on Fly Ash Bricks and Conventional Clay BricksBhagyashreeNagpure2
The document compares fly ash bricks and conventional clay bricks. Three key points:
1) Fly ash bricks were found to have higher compressive strength (8.11 MPa) than clay bricks (2.38 MPa) based on testing. Fly ash bricks also absorbed less water (10.62%) than clay bricks (16.04%) indicating lower dampness.
2) Fly ash bricks are more environmentally friendly as they utilize an industrial waste (fly ash), whereas clay brick production damages the environment.
3) The conclusion is that fly ash bricks are superior to clay bricks for construction due to their higher strength, lower dampness, lighter weight, and environmental friendliness. Fly ash bricks fulfill
Effect of silica fume on the strength of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
The replacement of sand/cement by certain percentage of silica fumes, resulted in the improvement in compressive strength of the mortar. Silica fumes to the highly pozzolanic materials because it consists essentially of silica in non- crystalline form with a high specific surface. It is used to improve the mechanical properties of the concrete. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of silica fume on the compressive strength of mortar. Three proportions of mixes viz mix 1:3, mix 1:4 and mix 1:6 with different percentages of silica fumes replacement with sand/cement were used. The maximum increase in strength at the age of 28 days when sand is replaced by 15% of silica fume has been observed as 40% and in case of cement replaced with 15% of silica fume, the observed increase in compressive strength of mortar comes out to be 28%.
A quantitative cost analysis shows that with the replacement of cement and sand by silica fume, the in cost is more when sand is replaced and it is less when cement is replaced.
Keywords: pozzolanic, silica fumes, non- crystalline, compressive strength
Experimental Studies on Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash based GeomaterialsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Use of conventional materials is increasing day by day due to rapid infrastructural growth which increases the cost of materials and increases the cost of construction. Hence utilization of Sugar cane bagasse ash waste materials without causing threat to environment solves the problems of disposal and also can provide economical materials. In this study glass fiber, sugarcane bagasse ash and blast furnace slag were used and cement used for binding purpose. Different mix ratio was prepared to understand the effect of addition of glass fibre on sugar cane bagasse ash based materials under compressive loading. The mix ratio was taken 0.2 to 1.0% for the research work. Blast furnace slag was added 10% to weight of sugar cane bagasse ash. The sample were tested for compressive loading for 7, 14, 28 days respectively. The density is most important parameter of materials. It was observed that the density of materials significantly influences with addition of glass fibre. The density of materials decreases with percentage of glass fiber increase. The density of materials varies between 901.1 kg/m3 to 741.10kg/m3The compressive strength also significantly affected by percentages of glass fibre. The compressive strength ranging 82 kPa to 798 kPa.The compressive strength increases up to certain mix ratio then decrease continuously. The stiffness of sugar cane bagasse ash specimens reinforced with glass fiber at cement 20% more than 15% and 10%.The stiffness also increase with the curing period. The maximum load was observed at 0.6% mix ratio. The stress strain behavior was observed to be nonlinear.
This document examines using coal ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Coal ash was substituted for cement at rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight. Testing found that concrete with a 5% substitution of coal ash exhibited only a slight decrease in compressive strength of 2% at 28 days while gaining improved workability. Higher substitution rates of 10% and 15% coal ash led to greater decreases in compressive and tensile strength. The study concludes that a 5% substitution of coal ash for cement provides benefits of reduced cost and improved workability with minimal strength impacts, representing an effective use of a waste material that addresses sustainability.
Sustainable production of fired clay bricks using waste foundry sand and sili...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using waste foundry sand and silica fume as replacements for clay in traditional fired clay bricks. Up to 50% of the clay was replaced with these industrial wastes. Bricks with 25% replacement of foundry sand and 15% replacement of silica fume performed best, meeting the compressive strength requirements for class II bricks. Masonry specimens constructed with these optimized bricks also met the compressive strength requirements. The study demonstrated the potential for more sustainable brick production using industrial wastes.
Examining the Use of Pond Ash and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Place of Cement and ...IRJET Journal
This document examines using pond ash and rice husk ash to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete. It discusses how replacing up to 15% of cement with rice husk ash and up to 10% of fine aggregates with pond ash can increase the compressive strength of concrete while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The document provides background on rice husk ash and pond ash, including their particle sizes and chemical compositions. It also reviews several other studies that examined using these materials to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete mixes.
The utilization of waste produced by industries and agriculture has been focused, to reduce it for agriculture and economical reasons. The waste product from sugarcane factory (SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH) is causing serious pollution which is replaced in cement concrete. Bagasse is sugar factories byproduct.
Bagasse can be used for energy generation. The ash which is obtained from the boiler is a waste product known a Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. It has high volume of Sio2. Use of SBA as partial replacement of fine aggregate will help to improve quality of concrete. SCBA is replaced by cement in concrete with 0%, 5%, to 30% ratios. In addition to this 10% silica fume is added to the composition. Due to improper compaction of concrete may have pores & capillary spaces, which leads to low strength of concrete. Tests compaction factor test and slump cone test are conducted for fresh concrete as all as harden concrete tests like compressive strength, sorptivity and water absorption are also conducted.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modification of clayey soil using fly asheSAT Journals
Abstract Soil modification refers to the process of enhancing physical, chemical and mechanical properties of soil to maintain its stability. In this research, an attempt has been made to improve the engineering properties of locally available clayey soil by making a composite mix with waste river sand and fly ash in appropriate proportions. A series of proctor compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and falling head permeability tests were carried out. It was revealed that both strength and permeability characteristics of clayey soil improve on addition of local sand and fly ash. Thus, a suitable mix proportion of clayey soil-sand-fly ash for various geotechnical applications like construction of embankments, low cost rural roads etc. can be obtained. The main objective of this research work is to obtain an improved construction material by making the best use of available clayey soil & sand and to make the effective utilization of fly ash. Keywords: Clayey soils, river sand, fly ash, UCS and permeability.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Al4301201204
1. Beulah. M et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.201-204
www.ijera.com 201 | P a g e
Glazed Sludge Tile
Dayalan J*, Beulah. M**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore
** Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Christ University Faculty of Engineering, Bangalore
ABSTRACT
In this article, glaze with different colorants was applied to tile specimens manufactured by incinerated sewage
sludge ash (ISSA) and Clay. Improvements using different amounts of colorants, and glaze components and
concentrations on tile bodies were investigated. Three different proportions of clay (by weight ratio) were
replaced by ISSA. Tiles of size 10cm *10cm*1 cm were made and left in an electric furnace to make biscuit
tiles at 800°C. Afterwards, four colorants, Fe2O3 (red), V2O5 (yellow), and CoCO3 (blue) and three different
glaze concentrations were applied on biscuit tile specimens. These specimens were later sintered into glazed
tiles at 1050°C. The study shows that replacement of clay by sludge ash had adverse effects on properties of
tiles. Water absorption increased and bending strength reduced with increased amounts of sludge ash. However,
both water absorption and bending strength improved for glazed ash tiles. Abrasion of grazed tiles reduced
noticeably from 0.001 to 0.002 g. This implies glaze can enhance abrasion resistance of tiles.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since Chennai city is extending its zones for
the growth of heavy population, the government in
Tamil Nadu has been very positive in the
construction of sanitary sewer and wastewater
treatment plants. With this increases in house
connections, the amounts of wastewater and sewage
sludge will likely increase as well. It is becoming
harder to find land to be used as sanitary landfill for
dry sludge cakes in Chennai city. As a result, how to
efficiently reclaim from sewage sludge is important,
the sewage is incinerated which reduces its volume
building bricks are also manufactured by mixing dry
sewage sludge with clay comprising 30-40% of dry
sludge seen as the optimum amount. The properties
such as bending strength and abrasion of ash bricks
met the standards and properties of sludge bricks
were found to be way below average [1]. Using
sewage sludge as construction materials are
commonly seen in research. However, high-priced
tiles manufactured by sewage sludge and clay were
studied less. Bio-solid ash was used to make tiles
which showed water absorption and bending strength
met the requirements of standard specifications. But
when different amounts of ISSA (incinerated sewage
sludge ash) were added to clay to manufacture biscuit
tiles, shortcomings such as higher water absorption,
abrasion, and excessive pores were noticed [2]. In
order to solve such shortcomings, we mix ISSA with
clay to make glazed tiles. Results indicated that
application of glaze to biscuit tiles could improve
drawbacks such as water absorption and abrasion. It
also slightly increased the bending strength of tiles.
In addition, bending strengths of tiles with various
amounts of ash added when sintered at same
temperature also proved good. When glazes were
applied on the surface of ash tiles, a hard dense
impermeable layer formed after being fired in a kiln
at high temperature. This layer provided glazed ash
tiles with better resistance in physical and chemical
erosions. Moreover glaze with application of
different colorants potentially make ash tile more
colorful and meet specific requirements for tile
usages. Hence, glaze not only improves beauty and
increases the economic value of ash tiles, but also
improves the extent and uses for reclamation of
sewage sludge. In this study, improvements on the
appearances and properties of biscuit ash tiles
through applications of different colorants are
investigated.
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1 Materials:
2.1.1 ISSA, Clay with sludge ash:
Dewatered sewage sludge samples were
obtained from a local municipal wastewater treatment
plant. These samples are dried at room temperature
and incinerated at kiln at 800°C.Incinerated sludge
ash passing 200mm sieve was collected and
properties such as unit weight (2.71 g/cm3), specific
weight (2.67), specific surface area (4860 cm2/g),
and pH values (5.97–6.02) were obtained. The
specific weight (2.52) and specific surface area (5398
cm2/g) of clay were also determined. The plasticity
index of clay, which is decided by the Atterberg
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Beulah. M et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.201-204
www.ijera.com 202 | P a g e
Fig.1 Wet Sludge collected from STP (sewage
treatment plant)
Limits test, was 19.11 and reduced to 16.94
when 30% of ash was mixed with clay. This
indicated that ash can lower the plasticity of mixture.
Further, both chemical components of clay and ISSA
are shown in Table.1.
Table.1 Colorant components result in tile
materials
Colorants
Components
Clay Sludge
ash
Clay with
30%sludge
ash added
Al 17.54 21.3 21.81
Si 38.64 14.35 28.56
O 38.64 30.1 24.47
Fe 8.16 22.26 13.48
Na 0.67 6.45 2.75
Ca 0.76 1.01 1.49
Mg 1.53 3.29 4.76
K 4.41 -- 2.69
As seen in the table, thequantities of each
component in ISSA were more than those in clay,
with the exceptions of Si.
2.2 Methodology
In this study, three different proportions of
ash, 0%, 30% and 45% were prepared for mixing
with clay. The optimum amount of water for air in
the mixture was expelled using a De-airing vacuum
pug mill to knead the mixture for about 16 min and
then pressed by a pressing machine with an averaged
vertical pressure of 300 kg/cm2
to make strips with a
thickness of 1 cm. Tiles of size 10 cm x 10 cm x 1 cm
were made then, tile specimens were left in an
electric furnace to make biscuit tiles at 800°C.
Temperatures in the furnace were raised at a rate of 2
°C/min before reaching 800°C and at 1°C/min
thereafter. A sintering temperature of 1050°C is to be
obtained. When temperature is higher than 1000°C,
pure clay tile body has a better bending strength; and
when temperature is more than 1100°C, melting
phenomenon was observed for tiles with 30% ash
added and large strains in tiles were noticed when
45% ash was added. The wet glaze can easily,
uniformly, and effectively sinter into the surface of
ash tiles at 1050°C. Besides temperature, the choice
of glaze is another controlled experimental variable.
In this study, glaze was formulated by mixing base
glaze together with different glaze colorants. Four
different glaze concentrations of 0, 0.03, 0.06, and
0.1 g/cm2 were applied on biscuit ash tiles. In order
to investigate the influences of different glaze
colorants on properties of ash tiles, four glaze
colorants with different amounts (in percentage) were
applied: 2% of iron oxide Fe2O3 (red colorant), 6% of
vanadium oxide V2O5 (yellow colorant) and 0.5% of
cobalt carbonate CoCO3 (blue colorant). A series of
tests and inspections such as appearance and
dimensions, shrinkage measurement, water
absorption test, weight loss on ignition test, bending
resistance, abrasion resistance, and acid–alkali
resistance tests were performed to determine
properties of glazed ash tiles.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Penetration test
To help investigate the effects of ash
replacement on water when used in making a mixture
of ash clay paste, penetration tests were performed on
specimens of mixture (150 mm in height) with 0%
and 30% ash added. If the amount of water applied
was higher than 45%, liquefied phenomena were
noticed in the mixtures and 150 mm of penetration
depth was easily reached. The depth of penetration
for the mixture with 30% ash added was less when
the same amount of water was used. This implies that
the replacement of ash could reduce the plasticity of
mixture and lead specimens to a semi-solid state.
3.2 Tile water absorption
Water absorption is used to estimate the
pore ratio of tile specimens. High water absorption in
tile is characterized by a high pore ratio. The water
absorption of tile earthenware should be less than
16%. Water absorption of tiles increased by about 3–
4% with the addition of ash, However, glaze formed
a thin film, which helped protect the surface and
reduce water absorption of ash tiles. The water
absorption for 30% ash tile specimens was 13%
before glaze was applied, and became less than 10%
with the application of glaze. It also indicates that
water absorption decreased with the increase of glaze
concentration application. Furthermore, all glaze
colors tested helped reduce more than 2–3% of water
absorption. Performances of different colors were
closely related to components of glaze as well as
degrees of crystallization during the firing process.
3.3 Warp measurement
Since, shrinking force increased with glaze
thickness in per unit area, the increment of warpage
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of specimens became larger with higher glaze
concentration. The red glazed tile had the least
increment. The addition of ash also increased the
warpage of tiles and the amounts increased ranged
from 0.3 to 1.0 mm. Therefore, ash can improve the
melting property of tile bodies. This melting
crystallization can even make tiles denser. These
phenomena of warpage became more noticeable as
greater amounts of ash were added.
3.4 Abrasion of tile surface
The durability and hardness of tiles are
determined by abrasion, which is influenced by daily
human activities. Abrasion types such as drag
motion, friction, and impact are commonly seen in
daily life. Hence, requirements for tile abrasion are
decided by locations and frequencies of different
activities. The abrasion of tile earthenware should be
less than 0.1 g. The abrasion of tile with 30% ash
added was twice that of the controlled group (clay tile
with no glaze).This indicates that simply replacing
part of the clay with ash in tiles was insufficient for
resisting abrasion and weathering process. After
application of different glazes on ash tiles, abrasion
resistance of tiles improved about 10–20 times more
than ash tiles without glaze applied. This result
matched closely to tiles with glaze applied in the
controlled group. It can be seen that application of
glazes to ash tiles was important in abrasion
resistance. Further, different glaze colors had similar
effects on abrasion resistance, even though the red
color was slightly better.
3.5 Tile weight loss on ignition
Weight loss on ignition is to measure the
weight differences in tile specimens before and after
firing. As stated before, sewage sludge was
incinerated at about 800°C before applying it to
manufacture tiles. In this manner, organic materials
in sludge samples were burnt away. The only source
of organic materials came from the clay used in
making ash tiles. Hence, weight loss on ignition
reduced with an increase in amount of ash added, and
the amount reduced was about 2–3%. Further, glaze
concentrations had a slight influence on weight loss
on ignition. This was due to glaze composed of high-
temperature oxides such as SiO2 and Al2O3. Most
oxides in glaze can be burnt, but not incinerated at
1050°C. The reduction in weight loss on ignition
caused by glaze is about 0.3–0.5%, and rose with the
increase of glaze concentrations. In addition,
differences in the reduction of weight loss on ignition
among various glaze colors are little, about 0.05–
0.1%. This indicates that different colorants have a
very small effect on weight loss on ignition.
3.6 Bending strength of tile
Bending strength is affected by the pore
distributions and the vitrification level of the tile
body. Different bending strengths of tiles are listed in
regulations according to the location and frequency
of application. For example, bending strengths of
wall tile earthenware ranges from 60 to 100 kgf/cm2
and 100 kgf/cm2
for floor tile earthenware.
Theoretically, if glazes were applied to tiles, bending
strength would reduce with increased thickness.
However, bending strengths of glazed tiles improved
to about 5–10 (kgf/cm2
). Glazes melted tightly into
tile bodies in the sintering process at high
temperatures. After crystallizations were rearranged,
melted glazes formed a hard layer on the surfaces of
tile, which could improve the bending strength of
tiles. By comparing the effects of different glaze
colors on bending strength, red glaze gives a better
performance. Since, red colorant contains iron oxide,
which could lower sintering temperature, interface
adhesion between red glaze and tile bodies improved
most. Hence, its bending strength increased.
Therefore, the bending strengths of tiles with ash
added were less than tiles without ash added.
3.7 Acid–alkali resistance of tiles
Tiles are easily eroded by activated chemical
solutions such as grease and detergent. The object of
acid–alkali resistance test is to examine any
discoloring or other abnormal reactions that occurred
to the surface of glazed tile. Na, one of the glaze
components, dissolves in acid easily, possibly leading
to discoloring of the glazed surface. Applying
concentration equivalent to or less than 0.03 g/cm2
causes the glazed surface of tiles to fail in acid–alkali
resistance tests. This was due to the effect of Na. A
higher concentration of glaze was needed for tiles to
show better performance in acid–alkali resistance
tests. At 0.06 g/cm2
, all yellow glazed tile specimens
performed well in acid–alkali resistance tests,
implying that vanadium oxide in the yellow colorant
was better in resisting acid–alkali.
3.8 Break Strength:
Tiles used on floors and walls must be able
to withstand the expected load bearing capacity of
various installations. In order to determine the
strength and durability of the tile, a standard test
method is used to evaluate individual pieces. A force
is applied to an unsupported portion of the tile
specimen until the breakage occurs. The ultimate
breaking strength is then recorded in pounds per
square inch. Final selection of the tile should be
based upon the breaking strength and the appropriate
installation method.
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3.9 Coefficient of Friction:
Tiles used on commercial and residential
floors should provide a safe walking surface in wet
and dry conditions. By measuring the coefficient of
friction, a quantitative number can be determined. To
determine this, a 50 pound weight is placed on a
neolith heel and is pulled across the surface both wet
and dry. The maximum amount of force (pounds)
needed to initiate the weight is then recorded. This
measurement is divided by the amount of weight
(50lbs.) and referred to as the static coefficient of
friction value.
3.10Tile durability:
P.E.I. Wear Rating System – To help select suitable
tiles for specific applications tiles are rated theP.E.I.
(Porcelain Enamel Institute) scale. The tiles are
evaluated for wear resistance on a scale from 1
(lowest) to 5 (highest).
P.E.I. 1 - Tiles suitable only for residential
bathrooms where softer footwear is worn.
P.E.I. 2- Tiles suited general residential
traffic, except kitchens, entrance halls, and
other areassubjected to continuous heavy use.
P.E.I. 3 - Tiles suited for all residential and
light commercial interiors such as offices,
receptionareas and boutiques.
P.E.I. 4 - Suited for all residential interiors
and moderate traffic commercial applications.
P.E.I. 5 -Group V Recommended for all
interior residential and commercial
uses.Ourglazed sludge tile comes under the
category of P.E.I. 3.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, results obtained on the basis of
experimental data are directed towards comparing
various amount of ISSA added to the tile body, as
well as different colorants and quantities of glaze
concentration applied to the surface of biscuit tile
bodies. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Test results indicate that glaze formed a thin film
that could protect the surface and reduce water
absorption in ash tiles. They also show that water
absorption decreased with an increase in glaze
concentration applied. However, different
colorants had very small effects on weight loss
on ignition.
2. Comparison of the effects of different glaze
colors on bending strength showed that red glaze
gave a better performance. Since red colorant
contains iron oxide thereby lowering the
sintering temperature, interface adhesion
between red glaze and tile bodies improved
most. As a result, bending strength also
increased.
3. In this study, red glazed ash tiles were most
stable in ageing resistance tests, followed by
blue, yellow. With the help of iron oxide, red
glaze makes glaze crystallization better. A more
excellent light fastness of ash tiles surfaces was
produced.
4. Applying a concentration of less than or equal to
0.03 g/cm2 caused the glazed surface of ash tiles
to fail in the acid–alkali resistance tests due to
the effect of Na. A higher glaze concentration
was needed for ash tiles to show better
performance in acid–alkali resistance tests. At
0.06 g/cm2, all yellow glazed ash tiles specimens
performed well in acid–alkali resistance tests,
which imply that vanadium oxide in yellow
colorant was better in resisting acid–alkali.
REFERENCES
[1] Deng-Fong Lin (Author), Huan-Lin Luo ,
Yeong-Nain Sheen.(2005), “Glazed tiles
manufactured from incinerated sewage
sludge ash and clay”, Journal of the Air &
Waste Management Association.163-172
[2] Lin D.F, Chang W.C., Yuan. C,Luo
H.L.(2007), “Production and
characterization of glazed tiles containing
incinerated sewage sludge”,Journal of the
Air& Waste Management Association, 502-
507.
[3] Gabriele Tonello, Erika Furlani, Dino
Minichelli, Sergio Bruckner, Stefano
Maschio, Lucchini E, (2010), “Fast Firing of
Glazed Tiles Containing Paper Mill Sludge
and Glass Cullet”, Advances in Science and
Technology, 68, 108
[4] Dilek Sanin William W. Clarkson, P. Aarne
Vesilind, “Sludge Engineering: The
Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater”.
[5] Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and
Reuse-George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L.
Burton, H. David Stensel.
[6] Making & Installing Handmade Tiles (A
Lark Ceramics Book) by Angelica PozoThe
Tile: Making, Designing and Using by
Kenneth Clark.
[7] Use of Sewage Sludge Products in
Construction: C608 by A. P. Gunn, R. E.
Dewhurst, A. Giorgetti and et al. (Jul 2004)