1) A planet's atmosphere is determined by its gravity - large planets with strong gravity can hold thicker atmospheres than low-mass planets with weak gravity.
2) Atmospheric pressure depends on the thickness of the atmosphere, which is influenced by a planet's gravity. Stronger gravity holds more gas and increases atmospheric pressure.
3) On Earth, air pressure is caused by the weight of air molecules pulled down by gravity. Higher elevations have lower pressure since there is less air above, while low elevations have higher pressure due to more air.
Physical laws related to gases (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Physical laws related to gases
Gases diffuse from an area of Higher concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration gradient.
The pressure with which a gas tends to come out of the gas mixture is called partial pressure.
Total partial pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of partial pressures of the gases in the mixture e.g. atmospheric pressure is the sum of partial pressure of gases in atmosphere.
Pressure is caused by multiple impacts of moving molecules against a surface.
Partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the concentration of the gas molecules
Concentration of dissolved gas = Pressure X solubility coefficient
Or
Partial Pressure of a gas = Concentration of dissolved gas/ solubility coefficient
Concentration of dissolved gas = Pressure X solubility coefficient
Or
Partial Pressure of a gas = Concentration of dissolved gas/ solubility coefficient
If the partial pressure is greater in the gas phase in the alveoli, as is normally true for oxygen, then more molecules will diffuse into the blood than in the other direction.
If the partial pressure of the gas is greater in the dissolved state in the blood, which is normally true for carbon dioxide, then net diffusion will occur toward the gas phase in the alveoli
At normal body temperature of 37°C the vapor pressure is 47 mm of Hg.
The vapor pressure of water depends entirely on the temperature of the water.
The greater the temperature, the greater the kinetic activity of the molecules and, therefore, the greater the likelihood that the water molecules will escape from the surface of the water into the gas phaseIt is defined as:
“ It is a constant, which is the measure of a substance diffusing through the concentration gradient.”
Physical laws related to gases (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Physical laws related to gases
Gases diffuse from an area of Higher concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration gradient.
The pressure with which a gas tends to come out of the gas mixture is called partial pressure.
Total partial pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of partial pressures of the gases in the mixture e.g. atmospheric pressure is the sum of partial pressure of gases in atmosphere.
Pressure is caused by multiple impacts of moving molecules against a surface.
Partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the concentration of the gas molecules
Concentration of dissolved gas = Pressure X solubility coefficient
Or
Partial Pressure of a gas = Concentration of dissolved gas/ solubility coefficient
Concentration of dissolved gas = Pressure X solubility coefficient
Or
Partial Pressure of a gas = Concentration of dissolved gas/ solubility coefficient
If the partial pressure is greater in the gas phase in the alveoli, as is normally true for oxygen, then more molecules will diffuse into the blood than in the other direction.
If the partial pressure of the gas is greater in the dissolved state in the blood, which is normally true for carbon dioxide, then net diffusion will occur toward the gas phase in the alveoli
At normal body temperature of 37°C the vapor pressure is 47 mm of Hg.
The vapor pressure of water depends entirely on the temperature of the water.
The greater the temperature, the greater the kinetic activity of the molecules and, therefore, the greater the likelihood that the water molecules will escape from the surface of the water into the gas phaseIt is defined as:
“ It is a constant, which is the measure of a substance diffusing through the concentration gradient.”
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening medium through which the heat is transferred.
Demografische evolutie in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest - Voorstelling in de Commissie voor Brussel en de Vlaamse Rand (maart 2015)
Spreker : Astrid Sierens
Evolution démographique en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - Présentation à la Commission du Parlement Flamand (Commissie voor Brussel en de Vlaamse Rand) (mars 2015)
Intervenant : Astrid SIERENS
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening medium through which the heat is transferred.
Demografische evolutie in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest - Voorstelling in de Commissie voor Brussel en de Vlaamse Rand (maart 2015)
Spreker : Astrid Sierens
Evolution démographique en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale - Présentation à la Commission du Parlement Flamand (Commissie voor Brussel en de Vlaamse Rand) (mars 2015)
Intervenant : Astrid SIERENS
•China risks affect base metal basket
•Copper under threat from structural unwinding of financing
•Gold and Platinum benefit from Ukrainian tension
•Most metals still too high for yearly target
Lors de la Chaire Quetelet 2015, qui avait pour thème « la démographie locale », l’Institut Bruxellois de Statistique et d’Analyse a présenté l’exposé suivant : « Capter les disparités territoriales du boom démographique bruxellois : le Monitoring des Quartiers, un outil interactif d’aide à la décision. »
Intervenants : Carole THAYS et Jean-Pierre HERMIA
Tijdens de CHAIRE QUETELET 2015 over de lokale demografie, heeft het Brusselse Instituut voor Statistiek en Analyse de volgende presentatie: “De territoriale verschillen van de Brusselse demografische boom begrijpen: de Wijkmonitoring, een interactieve beslissingsondersteunende tool” voorgesteld.
Sprekers : Carole THAYS en Jean-Pierre HERMIA
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
Earth’s atmosphere is slightly warmer than what it should be due to direct solar heating because of a mild case of greenhouse effect…
The ground is heated by visible and (some) infrared light from the Sun.
The heated surface emits infrared light.
The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (N2 and O2) are not good greenhouse gas.
The small amount of greenhouse gases (H2O, CO2) traps (absorb and re-emit) the infrared radiation, increasing the temperature of the atmosphere…
This is for educational purposes about our environment as well as the things that contribute to all living thing on earth. Hope you get some sort of knowledge from it :).
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Air pressure
1. Submitted To,
Smt Linimol KS
(lecture and my teacher in physical
science)
SNTC Sreekandewaram,poochakkal p.o.,
Cherthala - 688526
Submitted By,
Syamaprasad.S
physical science
Rg.no:1821438302
2. • Atmosphere is kept by the planet’s gravity
– Low mass (small) planets= low gravity
=almost no atm.
– High mass (large) planets = high gravity
= thick atm.
• Gravity and pressure
– Air pressure depends on how much gas there
is i.e. The atmospheric thickness.
3. Gravity and Atmospheric Pressure
• The stronger the gravity, the more gas is held by the
planet and also increases the weight of atmosphere on
unit area
6. Gravity pulls the air moleculesGravity pulls the air molecules
toward the earth, giving themtoward the earth, giving them
weight. The weight of the airweight. The weight of the air
molecules all around us ismolecules all around us is
called the air pressure.called the air pressure.
8. Atmospheric Pressure
Gas pressureGas pressure
depends on bothdepends on both
density anddensity and
temperature.temperature.
Adding airAdding air
moleculesmolecules
increases theincreases the
pressure in apressure in a
balloon.balloon.
Heating the airHeating the air
also increasesalso increases
the pressure.the pressure.
9. Air pressure isAir pressure is
equal in allequal in all
directions.directions.
Pressure = force per unit areaPressure = force per unit area
12. In 1643, Evangelista TorricelliIn 1643, Evangelista Torricelli
invented the barometerinvented the barometer
13. Torricelli’s barometerTorricelli’s barometer
used a glass columnused a glass column
suspended in a bowl ofsuspended in a bowl of
mercury. The pressuremercury. The pressure
of the air moleculesof the air molecules
pushed the mercury uppushed the mercury up
into the glass tube.into the glass tube.
The weight of the mercury in
the tube was equal to the
weight of the air pressing
down on the mercury in the
dish.
15. The Mercury BarometerThe Mercury Barometer
Good:Good: Bad:Bad:
•Simple to constructSimple to construct
•Highly accurateHighly accurate
•Glass tube is fragileGlass tube is fragile
•Mercury isMercury is veryvery toxictoxic!!
17. Most aneroidMost aneroid
barometers have abarometers have a
needle which can beneedle which can be
set to remember theset to remember the
previous reading.previous reading.
18. An aneroid barometerAn aneroid barometer
uses a cell which hasuses a cell which has
had most of the airhad most of the air
removed.removed.
As the air pressureAs the air pressure
around the cellaround the cell
increases, it pressesincreases, it presses
on the cell, whichon the cell, which
causes the needle tocauses the needle to
move.move.
Television weather forecasters usually give barometricTelevision weather forecasters usually give barometric
pressure in inches of mercury. However, meteorologistspressure in inches of mercury. However, meteorologists
measure atmospheric pressure inmeasure atmospheric pressure in millibars.millibars.
MILLIBARS
19.
20.
21.
22. Changing PressureChanging Pressure
AA falling barometerfalling barometer = decreasing air pressure.= decreasing air pressure.
This usually means:This usually means:
Falling barometer readings usually
indicate the approach of an area of
low pressure. Low pressure readings
are usually associated with storm
systems. Tornadoes and hurricanes
can produce very low barometric
readings.
Editor's Notes
Your weight is the result of gravity pulling your mass down on the bathroom scales. Note that weight has units of a force, such as pounds.
Air pressure can be thought of as the column of air rising above us. As we go up in altitude, we get closer to the top of the column. Thus there are fewer molecules of air above us to be pulled down by gravity, so the air “weighs” less. Therefore, pressure always decreases as one goes up.
Because air is a fluid, force applied in one direction is distributed equally in all directions. Thus the downward pull of gravity on air molecules produces air pressure in all directions.
Torricelli didn’t actually build a barometer, but he gave detailed instructions on how to build one, so he is given credit for the invention. He was actually trying to prove the existence of a vacuum. Many scientists in his day didn’t believe that a vacuum could exist, hence the phrase, “nature abhors a vacuum.”
The abbreviation “Hg” is the chemical symbol for mercury. Some kinds of pressure reading instruments, including some barometers, use the abbreviation “mmHg,” meaning “millimeters of mercury.” 760 mmHg is considered the standard “normal” atmospheric pressure at sea level. This unit is called a “torr,” after Torricelli.
To construct a mercury barometer, fill a tube with a liquid. Invert then tube in a dish of liquid holding your thumb over the top of the tube until the the tube is immersed in the bowl of liquid, the atmospheric pressure will keep the liquid in the tube from emptying such that the weight of the liquid in the tube equalize with the atmospheric pressures. (Do not do this with mercury because of its toxicity)
Mercury was used because it is a very heavy liquid, so the tube could be relatively short. The tube in a mercury barometer still has to be over a meter long. Students may want to try building a barometer using colored water. How high would the tube need to be? Merucy is about 11 times more dense than water. What if they used milk or some other liquid, would the height be the same?
Although mercury has been used for hundreds of years, its toxic effects have only been fully realized in the last few decades. Students should NEVER handle mercury or broken mercury thermometers or barometers. Mercury should also never be thrown in the trash or washed down the drain, since it moves easily up the food chain from fish to humans. A local health department or environmental professional can assist with disposal of old or broken mercury instruments. GLOBE instrument specifications call for organic-fluid (non-mercury) or digital thermometers, except for the analog min/max thermometer, which is mounted in a shelter and is not handled by the students.
Knowing how the air pressure is changing is as important as knowing the actual barometric reading. The set needle allows students to compare the current reading to the previous one. If the current reading is less than the previous one, the barometric pressure is falling. If the current reading is more than the previous one, the pressure is rising. If it is the same as the previous reading, the pressure is said to be steady. Weather forecasters often use the phrases “falling barometer,” “rising barometer,” or “steady barometer” as a way of referring to the change in atmospheric pressure.
The word “aneroid” means “no air,” and refers to the partial vacuum inside the cell. The aneroid cell is shaped like a bellows, so that it can flex as air pressure changes. Increasing air pressure compresses the cell, causing the needle to register a change. Decreasing pressure allows the cell to expand, causing the needle to move in the opposite direction.
The use of inches of mercury is a hold-over from the days of mercury barometers. It refers to the actual height of mercury in the glass tube. Millibars are metric system units, and as such are readily understood by scientists around the world.
As we have noted earlier, higher elevations have fewer air molecules pressing downward, and so atmospheric pressure is lower. This means a barometer will read lower as it is carried to a higher elevation. Airplanes use a special type of barometer, called an altimeter, to measure altitude.
Rising barometer readings indicate that a high pressure system is approaching. Higher atmospheric pressure is usually associated with fair weather and clearing skies.
Falling barometer readings usually indicate the approach of an area of low pressure. Low pressure readings are usually associated with storm systems. Tornadoes and hurricanes can produce very low barometric readings.