The document discusses Binding Theory, which was proposed by Noam Chomsky. Binding Theory explores the principles governing the structural relationships between pronouns, anaphors, and their antecedents within a sentence. It defines key terms like pronouns, anaphors, antecedents, and R-expressions. It also discusses concepts like coindexation, binding domains, and the three principles of Binding Theory - Principle A governing anaphor binding, Principle B governing pronoun binding, and Principle C governing R-expression binding. Overall, the document provides an overview of Binding Theory, its key components, and how different types of referring expressions are bound or free within a sentence based on Binding Theory.

1. The Book of:Andrew Carnie
presented by: Zafreen Ali Mirza
BINDING THEORY

2. CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
Introduction
R-expression, Anaphora, Pronouns
Coindex and Antecedents
Index, Pronominal, coindexed
Binding Thoery
Binder and Bindee
Locality conditions on Binding
anaphora
5
6
The distribution of Pronouns
The distribution of R-expression

3. R-expression, Anaphora, Pronouns
Introduction

4. Binding Theory
The theory is proposed by “NOAM CHOMSKY”, the theory is a linguistic framework that
explores the principle governing the structural realtionships between pronoun, anaphors, and
their antecedents within a sentence.
• Pronoun: word like he, she, it, they etc. that refers back to previously mentioned Nouns or
Noun phrases.
• Anaphora: words like herself, himself, themselves, itself etc. which refers back to the
main subject or the doer of an action in a particular sentence.
• Antecedents: it can be said as the noun or noun phrase to which a pronoun or anaphor
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5. R-expression
An R-expression refers to a category of noun phrases that includes referential expressions
such as proper names, definite descriptions, and some indefinite noun phrases. R-expressions
are called "R" because they are thought to be "referential”.
For Example:
John said he was tired. (John said was tired)
Every student must complete their assignment.
In Binding theory, pronouns must be bound by a preceding noun phrase withinthe same
sentence that refers to the specific entity in the given phrase. Click here to add content of the text，
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6. The prominent term in Binding Theory:
• Anaphor: An NP that obligatorily gets its meaning from another NP in the sentence.
e.g. Mark hit himself while playing football.
Mark hit while playing football. (Reflexive pronoun)
(antecedent)
i.e. An anaphora must be bound by a preceding noun phrase that is in the same clause as the
anaphor.
• Pronoun: An NP that may (but need not) get its meaning from another NP in the sentence.
e.g. Sarah saw herself, and she was suprised.
i.e. “she” cannot be bound by the anaphor “herself” beacuse here the she refers to the
different entity or individual mentioned in the given discourse.
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7. The notion Coindex and
Antecedent

8. • Antecedent: An NP that gives its meaning to another noun in the sentence.
e.g. John bought a book. He enjoys reading it.
John antecedent for the pronoun He
It refers back to the noun phrase a book which serves as an antecedent.
i.e it should be ensure that the anaphora or pronoun is appropriately bound its antecedent
within a same clause or sentence.
• Index or Indices: An index serves as a marker or label that connects two expression,
indicating that they refer to the same individual or entity in the particular sentence or
phrase.
e.g. a- Susan think that Mary likes the chocoloate
[Susan]i think that [Mary]j likes [the chocolate]k .
b- Ali said that he wrote a biography.
[Ali]i said that [he]i wrote a [biography]j.
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9. Coindex: Two NPs are said to be coindexed if they same index in the particular sentence or
clause.
e.g. a- Susan think that Mary likes the chocoloate.
[Susan]i think that [Mary]j [likes the chocolate]k .
b- Ali said that he wrote a biography.
[Ali]i said that [he]i wrote a [biography]j.
i.e. in (b) Ali and he are coindexed.
where as, in (a) Susan and Mary are not coindexed.
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10. Binding Theory

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12. Locality conditions on
the Binding of Anaphors

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14. The distribution of
Pronouns

15. Binding principle B: A pronoun must be free in its binding domain.
E.g. a- Johni saw himi in the mirror.
b- *Johni saw himj in the mirror
Pronoun like him cannot be bound, the sentence (a) may only have the meaning
where the him refers to someone other than John.
i.e. pronoun can not be bound with antecedent that is a clause mate.
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16. The distribution of R-
expression

17. Binding principle C: An R-expression must be free.
e.g. John saw John’s reflection in the mirror.
In the given sentence the separate NP entities has been mentioned, R-expression
recieve their meaning from outside the sentence(i.e. from the context). However, R-
expressions are neither pronoun nor anaphors.
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18. THANK YOU