Capital or equity is the money an owner puts into a business to start operations. When the owner converts capital into assets like cash, land, buildings, or inventory to start a business activity, it is recorded through journal entries that debit the asset accounts and credit the capital/equity account. As the business operates, additional assets may be acquired through retained earnings or by taking on liabilities like loans which are recorded by debiting assets and crediting the liability accounts.

1. Assets and liabilities

2. • ASSETS
•CAPITAL
•LIABILITY

3. ASSET
• When you start business you convert your
money or borrowed money into business
assets.

4. Which is the first asset of a business?

5. • First asset of a business is cash.

6. ASSETS
• Cash.
• Land.
• Building.
• Machinery , etc……..

7. CAPITAL
• The money which an owner arranges for the
business is called capital.
• If owners keeps money in his pocket ,it is money
not capital.
• When money is put into a business activity, its
name will be capital.
• When capital is converted into business activity, it
is converted into assets.

8. When one starts business, he will become
different entity from the business for
accounting purpose.
 Owner of business.
 Business.

9. If one starts business with Rs.10 M of his own
money, how will he record it?

10. Business manager or accountant will
record it in this way .
• What has come to him ?
• Where has it come?

11. Business started with Rs.10M.
Where has it come ? What has come ?
(Rs in Millions)
Source of Cash ? Cash 10

12.  If the source of cash is owner.
 For accounting purpose, it is called Capital
or Equity.

13. Business manager or accountant will
record it in this way .
( Rs. in millions)
Capital : 10 Cash: 10
__ ___
Total 10 Total 10

14. With Rs.10M, business activity starts with
buying of land for Rs.2M.
How will it be recorded ?

15. CAPITAL CONVERSION INTO ASSETS
CAPITAL ASSETS
Rs. Rs.
Capital : 10 millions. Cash: 8 millions.
Land: 2 millions
__ ___
Total 10 Total 10

16. CAPITAL CONVERSION INTO ASSETS
CAPITAL ASSETS
Rs. Rs.
Capital : 10 millions. Cash 6 millions.
Land 2 millions.
Building 2 millions.
__ ___
Total 10 Total 10

17. CAPITAL ASSETS
Rs. Rs.
Capital : 10 millions. Cash - millions.
Land 2 millions.
Building 2 millions.
Inventory 8 millions
__ ___
Total Total 12

18. CAPITAL & LIABILITIES ASSETS
Rs. Rs.
Capital 10 millions. Cash - millions.
Loan 2 millions Land 2 millions.
Building 2 millions.
Inventory 8 millions
___ ___
Total 12 Total 12

19. CAPITAL CONVERSION INTO ASSETS
CAPITAL& LIABIULITIEES ASSETS
Cash
Land
Building
Furniture
Inventory.

20. ASSET
• Asset is every conversion of money which
helps to earn lawful profit.

21. ASSETS
LONG TERM ASSETS/FIXED ASSETS.
CURRENT ASSETS.
OTHER ASSETS
TANGIBLE ASSETS.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS.

22. LONG TERM ASSETS/FIXED ASSET
• Such assets which life is long.
• Such assets are not consumed in a period of a
year.
• Land , building , plant and machinery are fixed
assets.
• Such assets can not easily be converted into
cash.

23. CURRENT ASSETS
• The life of such assets is not more than a year.
• Such asset can easily be converted into cash.
• Cash, Account receivable , inventory,
marketable securities.

24. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
• Account receivable are also called debtors.
• Suppose you have sold some goods on credit in
November.
• Money will be received after three months.
• Your accounts are closed in December.
• Such receivable money is called account
receivable.
• If it is receivable from more persons, it is called
accounts receivable.

25. INVENTORY
• Business raw material placed in the business
wherehouse.
• Sometimes such purchases are made in bulk and
are gradually used.
• The goods produced in a factory are also placed
in the wherehouse.
• All material purchased and goods produced and
placed in wherehouse and named as inventory.
• Work-in- process is also included in Inventory.

26. MARKETABLE SECURITIES
• Usually business buys shares, debentures of
other companies or bonds issued by Govt. for
earning profit.
• Such shares , debentures or bonds are
marketable and can be sold at any time.

27. PREPAID EXPENSES
• Advance income tax paid.
• Advance sale tax paid.
• Payment made to a contractor but services
yet to be acquired.

28. OTHER ASSETS
• Patent.
• Trade marks.
• Goodwill.

29. PATENTS
• Rights for exclusive use of your invention.
• Right for using your new recipe.
• It requires registration from registrar of
patents.

30. TRADE MARK
• It is name of your product. It is symbol used
on your product. It is any sign used by you for
marketing your product.
• It requires registration from registrar Trade
Mark.

31. GOOD WILL
• Good will is reputation of your business which
you earn over the years.
• When you buy some reputed business, you
pay goodwill.

32. TANGIBLE ASSETS
• The assets which can be touched.
• Land, building, cash,etc.

33. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
• Such assets can not be touched.
• Goodwill.
• Patent.
• Trademarks.

34. LIABILITIES
• Liability means borrowed money/ loan.
• Liability means material or services purchased
on credit where money is yet to be paid.
• Bank loans, private loans, payment due for
purchases, etc.

35. WHY DO YOU NEED LOAN?
WHY DO YOU BUY THINGS ON
CREDIT?

36. WHY LIABILITY?
• You may have potential or expertise but not
money.
• Your goods have demand and you have
capacity to produce but no money.
• Borrowed money or deferred payment helps
you in such situation.

37. KINDS OF LIABILITY
• LONG TERMS LIABILITIES.
• MEDIAM TERMS LIABILITIES.
• CURRENT LIABILITIES.

38. LONG TERM LIABILITIES
• Such liabilities may be payable over the
period of 5 to 25 years or more.
• Long term bank loans.
• Debentures.

39. DEBENTURES
• They are issued by limited companies and
interest is paid against them.
• Companies issue debenture certificates against
receipt of money.
• These are issued against over all assets of the
company.
• Debentures are having different kinds.
• They may be traded like shares.

40. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOAN AND
DEBENTURE
• Loans are securitized against particular
assets.
• Mostly banks issue loans against mortgages
and pledges.
• Debentures are issued not against a
particular asset, they are issued on security
of whole company.

41. MEDIAM TERMS LIABILITIES
• Such liabilities are payable between 01 to 05
years.
CURRENT LIABILITIES
• Such liabilities are payable within 01 year.
• Short term loans.
• Accounts payable.
• Unpaid utility bills.
• Unpaid wages.

42. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
• Suppose you have purchased raw material for
your factory in November and is payable
within 06 months.
• Your accounts are closed in December.
• Such payments are shown as Accounts
payable.

43. CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING ITEMS INTO
LIABILITIES AND ASSETS
• Motor vehicles.
• Premises.
• Accounts payable.
• Inventory.
• Accounts receivable.
• Owing to bank.
• Cash at bank.
• Loan from A.
• Loan to B.
• Computer.
• Outstanding fees of a consultant.
• Patents.
• Goodwill.
• Capital.

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