Agriculture is responsible for 60% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Applications of agrochemicals, heavy machinery used, fuel consumption, and various farm operations lead to C02 and N2O emissions. Lowland paddy emits a major amount of methane. A carbon footprint measures this quantity of Carbon dioxide generated from various agricultural inputs through life cycle assessment. Detailed Study of agrarian carbon footprint will help to select such cultivation practices that will emit the least Greenhouse gas and maintain sustainable ecological balance.
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Dong Hongmin Ph.D, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture (IEDA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
"Carbon footprint assessment and mitigation options of dairy under Chinese conditions," presented by DONG Hongmin (CAAS) at the CCAFS project meeting with CAAS, CAU & WUR in Beijing, January 15th 2019.
Part of the Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions Project. Implemented by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciecnces (CAAS), China Agricultural University (CAU) & Wageningen University and Research (WUR). In collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program for Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC).
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Kees de Koning, Chairman Steering Committee Sino Dutch Dairy Development Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre
This is a presentation made by David Newman, Vice president of ISWA, at the “ISWA Beacon Conference on Globalisation, Urban Metabolism and Waste Management” held on 3 & 4 of July 2012 in Singapore. The presentation is divided in two parts (Part A & Part B). Part A presents global factors, data and environmental aspects related to waste management while Part B identifies local actions on waste management with global effects.
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Dong Hongmin Ph.D, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture (IEDA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
"Carbon footprint assessment and mitigation options of dairy under Chinese conditions," presented by DONG Hongmin (CAAS) at the CCAFS project meeting with CAAS, CAU & WUR in Beijing, January 15th 2019.
Part of the Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions Project. Implemented by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciecnces (CAAS), China Agricultural University (CAU) & Wageningen University and Research (WUR). In collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program for Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC).
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Kees de Koning, Chairman Steering Committee Sino Dutch Dairy Development Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre
This is a presentation made by David Newman, Vice president of ISWA, at the “ISWA Beacon Conference on Globalisation, Urban Metabolism and Waste Management” held on 3 & 4 of July 2012 in Singapore. The presentation is divided in two parts (Part A & Part B). Part A presents global factors, data and environmental aspects related to waste management while Part B identifies local actions on waste management with global effects.
Significant offset of long-term potential soil carbon sequestration by nitrou...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Emanuele Lugato, from JRC - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presented by Agus Purnomo (DNPI) on ICCC Coffee Morning on Climate Change series Leadership & Engagement in Conservation & Sustainable Development of the Future of Indonesia, June 5, 2014 at DNPI office
Agricultural practices that store organic carbon in soils: is it only a matte...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Claire Chenu, from INRA - France, in FAO Hq, Rome
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
Professor Richard Eckard's extensive presentation details a host of event and organisations geared around understanding greenhouse gases in agriculture and working towards an adaptive, productive future.
Resolving False Petroleum Hydrocarbon Detections in South American Rainforest...Francine Kelly-Hooper, PhD
This 2015-2016 study focused on a South American rainforest that had been impacted by historical crude oil releases. Organic background soils (turba/peat) caused false detections of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH/PHC). GC-FID chromatograms and carbon ranges identified uncontaminated soils and calculate true TPH/PHC concentrations in contaminated soils. 1,199 (22%) of the 5,568 soil samples had falsely exceeded the regulatory limit. This finding reduced the remediation area.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is GHG Quantification Approaches by Bandhu Raj Baral, soil science ph D student at the Agriculture and Forestry University in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.
This presentation details the overall profile of the environment sector. It highlights the overview of the sector and also lays down guidelines for environment conservation. Lastly, it presents the current business and growth opportunities in the sector for sustainable development.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
Presented by Erin Swails and Kristell Hergoualc’h, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
The world is running short of time and option at social and economic front in view of high risks related with global warming and climate change, which is a result of the “enhanced greenhouse effect” mainly due to human induced release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). The GHGs inventories are going on all over the world and every possible method to control them are being recognized and evaluated. Carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product (Pandey et al., 2011). The crop production contributes significantly to global carbon emissions at different stage of crop through the production and use of farm machinery, crop protection chemicals such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, and fertilizer (Hillier et al., 2012). Pathak et al.(2010) calculated the carbon footprint of 24 Indian food items and reported that in the production of these food item 87% emission came from food production followed by preparation (10%), processing (2%) and transportation (1%). Maheswarappa et al. (2011) reported that the C-sustainability index (increase in C output as % of C-based input) of Indian agriculture has decreased with time (from 7 in 1960-61 to 3 in 2008-9). Agricultural uses, including both food production and consumption, contribute the most reactive nitrogen (Nr) to the global environment. Once lost to the environment, the nitrogen moves through the Earth’s atmosphere, forests, grasslands and waters causing a cascade of environmental changes that negatively impact both people and ecosystems. Leach et al. (2012) developed a tool called N-Calculator, a nitrogen footprint model that provides information on how to reduce Nr to the environment. Therefore, Quantification of GHGs from each stage of lifecycle of a product gives complete picture of its impact on global warming and provides necessary information to develop low C technology and mitigation option not only for industrial product but also for agricultural produce. The C and N footprint for a given field will allow growers, advisors and policy makers to make informed decisions about management to optimize crop production, biodiversity and carbon footprint.
Presentation by Akiko Nagano, Deputy Director for Climate Change Negotiations, Environment Policy Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan. The presentation was part of the Webinar on Soil carbon in the Nationally Determined Contributions hosted by CCAFS, the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and the 4 Per Mille Initiative and held on Earth Day, 22 April 2020.
Significant offset of long-term potential soil carbon sequestration by nitrou...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Emanuele Lugato, from JRC - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presented by Agus Purnomo (DNPI) on ICCC Coffee Morning on Climate Change series Leadership & Engagement in Conservation & Sustainable Development of the Future of Indonesia, June 5, 2014 at DNPI office
Agricultural practices that store organic carbon in soils: is it only a matte...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Claire Chenu, from INRA - France, in FAO Hq, Rome
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
Professor Richard Eckard's extensive presentation details a host of event and organisations geared around understanding greenhouse gases in agriculture and working towards an adaptive, productive future.
Resolving False Petroleum Hydrocarbon Detections in South American Rainforest...Francine Kelly-Hooper, PhD
This 2015-2016 study focused on a South American rainforest that had been impacted by historical crude oil releases. Organic background soils (turba/peat) caused false detections of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH/PHC). GC-FID chromatograms and carbon ranges identified uncontaminated soils and calculate true TPH/PHC concentrations in contaminated soils. 1,199 (22%) of the 5,568 soil samples had falsely exceeded the regulatory limit. This finding reduced the remediation area.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is GHG Quantification Approaches by Bandhu Raj Baral, soil science ph D student at the Agriculture and Forestry University in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.
This presentation details the overall profile of the environment sector. It highlights the overview of the sector and also lays down guidelines for environment conservation. Lastly, it presents the current business and growth opportunities in the sector for sustainable development.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
Presented by Erin Swails and Kristell Hergoualc’h, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 13th, 2020
The world is running short of time and option at social and economic front in view of high risks related with global warming and climate change, which is a result of the “enhanced greenhouse effect” mainly due to human induced release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). The GHGs inventories are going on all over the world and every possible method to control them are being recognized and evaluated. Carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product (Pandey et al., 2011). The crop production contributes significantly to global carbon emissions at different stage of crop through the production and use of farm machinery, crop protection chemicals such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, and fertilizer (Hillier et al., 2012). Pathak et al.(2010) calculated the carbon footprint of 24 Indian food items and reported that in the production of these food item 87% emission came from food production followed by preparation (10%), processing (2%) and transportation (1%). Maheswarappa et al. (2011) reported that the C-sustainability index (increase in C output as % of C-based input) of Indian agriculture has decreased with time (from 7 in 1960-61 to 3 in 2008-9). Agricultural uses, including both food production and consumption, contribute the most reactive nitrogen (Nr) to the global environment. Once lost to the environment, the nitrogen moves through the Earth’s atmosphere, forests, grasslands and waters causing a cascade of environmental changes that negatively impact both people and ecosystems. Leach et al. (2012) developed a tool called N-Calculator, a nitrogen footprint model that provides information on how to reduce Nr to the environment. Therefore, Quantification of GHGs from each stage of lifecycle of a product gives complete picture of its impact on global warming and provides necessary information to develop low C technology and mitigation option not only for industrial product but also for agricultural produce. The C and N footprint for a given field will allow growers, advisors and policy makers to make informed decisions about management to optimize crop production, biodiversity and carbon footprint.
Presentation by Akiko Nagano, Deputy Director for Climate Change Negotiations, Environment Policy Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan. The presentation was part of the Webinar on Soil carbon in the Nationally Determined Contributions hosted by CCAFS, the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and the 4 Per Mille Initiative and held on Earth Day, 22 April 2020.
Abstract— Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice paddy fields produces methane and is considered one of the most prevalent sources for atmospheric methane. Methane from the rice paddy fields escapes to the atmosphere primarily by diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. This paper aimed at the inventarisation of greenhouse gas emissions from the flooded rice paddy fields using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines - Tier 1 approach for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-use sector. The methane emission from rice paddy fields for the year 1990-1991 was 1.255 Gg or 31.364GgCO2e, while 2012-2013 accounts for 0.269Gg or 6.725GgCO2e. The overall decrease of 21.44% of methane emissions from rice paddy fields was observed during the last two and half decade. The rice paddy fields are decreased over the years due to rapid expansion of the built-up environment in the outskirts of the urban area.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Agricultural Hotspots in the Tropics: mitigation pathways by Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, a CLIFF student with CCAFS.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
In order to make the best use of the agricultural waste which is generated in our farm. There are some techniques and methods to make the best use of these wastes into a source of nutrient for plant growth and development.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Carbon footprints and carbon sequestration.pptxshivalika6
Climate change being today’s major issue is concerned with the unprecedented increase in natural resource exploitation and uncontrolled population increase, reaching in an irreversible point. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) responsible for such changes are emitted by a variety of natural as well as anthropogenic sources.
Agriculture sector shares a major proportion in total GHG emission. As the food demand is increasing with the rising population, the proportion of GHG emissions from agricultural sector is also increasing.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Agrarian Carbon Footprint:
A global issue
Dewali Roy
Roll No:11878
PhD 1st year
Division of Soil Science and
Agricultural Chemistry
ICAR-Indian Institute of
Agriculture
Pusa, New Delhi
3. Seminar Outline
Introduction
Concepts of Agrarian Carbon Footprint (CF)
Estimation of CF
Global & Indian scenario of agrarian CF
Contribution of agricultural inputs to CF
Mitigation strategies to reduce CF
Policy to reduce Indian agrarian CF
Conclusions
Future thrust
5. Benbi et al. (2018)
Introduction
10%–14% of global
anthropogenic GHG emissions
and 19% in India(FAO, 2017)
6. Concept of Carbon Footprint(CF)
“CF is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions
that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over
the life stages of a product”. (Wiedmann and Minx, 2008).
In Agriculture point of view CF is a-
Component of life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Measures GHGs emissions during each operations and input related to crop
production.
Usually expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 -eq) .
8. The calculation and evaluation of carbon footprint are carried out using life cycle
assessment (LCA).
The CF is calculated by the respective coefficients of CO2 -equivalent (CO2 –eq )
or carbon emission (CE) factor for all the agricultural inputs causing GHG emission.
(IPCC 1997, 2006, 2014).
CF from agriculture:
1.CF= Agricultural input× emission factor
2.CF= Agricultural input× GHG emission coefficients/(Grain yield)
(Lal 2003)
Estimation of Agrarian CF
9. CFN is the carbon footprint from direct N2O emissions from N fertilizer
application (in t CE) can be calculated by this equation-
FN = Quantity of N fertilizer (t) applied for crop production.
dN= Emission factor for N2O emission induced by N fertilizer application (tN2O–
N t-1 N fertilizer)
44/28 = Molecular weight of N2 in relation to N2O
298= Net global warming potential (GWP) in a 100-year horizon
12/44= Molecular weight of CO2 used to derive the CE of N2O
Cheng et al. (2011)
Estimation of Agrarian CF from N2O emissions
10. In order to estimate methane (CH4) emission from rice cultivation (CFM) the
following equation is used-
16/12 and 44/12= Factors based on molecular weights of CH4 and CO2.
dM= Emission factor (0.17 t/ha for India).
25= Net GWP of methane over a 100-year horizon.
Cheng et al. (2011)
Estimation of Agrarian CF from CH4 emission
11. GHG emission from burning of crop residues:
Y= Crop Production.
Rf= Residue to crop ratio.
DMf = Dry matter fraction.
Bf = Fraction burnt.
Of = Fraction actually oxidized.
Ef = Emission factors for the GHG
Estimation of Agrarian CF from residue burning
IPCC (2006)
13. Emission Source Emission Factor Reference
N fertilizer 6.38 t CO2 eq/ t Lu et al. (2008)
P fertilizer 6.38 t CO2 eq/ t West and Marland
(2002)
K fertilizer 441.03 kg CO2 eq/ t West and Marland
(2002)
Insecticide 1.32 t CO2 eq/ t Hillier et al. (2009)
Herbicide 23.10 t CO2 eq/ t Hillier et al. (2009)
Fungicide 11.59 t CO2eq/ t Hillier et al. (2009)
Plastic film 2.50 t CO2 eq/ t Yang (1996)
Diesel oil for machinery 2.63 kg CO2 eq/l IPCC (2006)
Electricity for irrigation 1.85 kg CO2 eq/kw/hr Zou et al. (2007)
Labour 0.92 kg CO2 eq/day/person Yang et al. (2005)
Direct N2O from fertilizer Dry crop land- 0.01 t N2O/N
t/fertilizer t
Paddy-0.0073 t N2O/N t/fertilizer t
IPCC (2006)
Zou et al. (2007)
CH4 emission from rice 1.30 kg CH4 /ha/day Yan et al. (2005)
Emission factors of agriculture inputs used in the estimation
18. Crop Total CF/area
(Tg CE/ha)
Paddy rice 23.75
Wheat 4.03
Sorghum 5.94
Finger millet 2.09
Maize 3.01
Pearl millet 3.43
Red gram 2.98
Black gram 3.07
Lentil 3.45
Sunflower 6.14
Groundnut 6.16
Soybean 3.82
Rapeseed and mustard 3.37
CF of crops studied over 50 years (1960 – 2010) in India
Shah and Devakumar
(2018)
20. Synthetic fertilizers
Crop residue burning
Machinery
Fossil fuel/ diesel/ electricity
Herbicides and pesticide
Continuous low land paddy cultivation
Livestock and enteric fermentation
Non judicious application of irrigation
Devakumar et al. (2018)
The major inputs contributing to Agrarian CF are:
21. Share of different inputs towards total CF
Jat et al. (2018)
MMuMb= Maize-mustard-mung bean
MWMb=Maize-wheat-mung bean
22. Zhang et al. (2017)
Carbon emission and carbon sequestration components in China
23. .
21 to 24% of total agricultural emission in India is from lowland paddy (INCCA, 2015).
Rice-523 million tons CO2 -e/year (FAO, 2015)
India is the world's leading emitter of rice-generated CH4 (27%) (FAOSTAT, 2018).
Rao et al.
(2018)
Energy intensity and total GHG emissions of cereals
24. Gas 1990 2000 2010 2015
Rice Residue CO2
CO
CH4
N2O
11,419
339
11.7
0.6
16,059
477
16.5
0.8
17,617
418
14.5
0.8
15,616
371
12.8
0.8
Wheat Residue CO2
CO
CH4
N2O
3728
226
6.6
0.2
477
290
8.5
0.2
5053
307
9.0
0.2
4929
299
8.8
0.2
Sugarcane
Residue
CO2
CO
CH4
N2O
288
18
0.5
0.01
373
23
0.7
0.02
200
12
0.4
0.01
306
19
0.6
0.01
Emission of GHGs (Gg yr−1) from residue burning in Punjab
(1980 to 2015)
Benbi et al. (2018)
25. Carbon footprint of major crops grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions
Carbon footprint (t CE/ha/year)
Major Crops Irrigated Rainfed
Paddy 4.09 ± 0.15 1.55 ± 0.09
Maize 0.17 ± 0.05 0.14 ± 0.04
Wheat 0.01 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03
Cotton 0.17 ± 0.13 0.11 ± 0.07
Sunflower 0.08 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.15
Devakumar et al. (2018)
In India,
contribution of
irrigation to
GHG emission
is 1 - 13%,
except for wheat
and rice
26. How it is
possible?
Reduction of
agricultural CH4 and
N2O emissions by 48%
and 26% respectively
within 2030 is required
to limit global warming
temp to 1.5 °C (FAOSTAT
2017)
Mitigation measures
to reduce CF from
agriculture
27. If CO2 uptake is higher than CO2
released- Carbon Sink
If CO2 uptake is lower than CO2
released- Carbon Source
Sequestrating- 0.1 to 1.0 t C ha−1 every year.
Potential to sequestrate 0.37 and 1.15 Gt C ha−1 annually
(Paustian et al. 2016) . 1 ton of SOM
is emitting
about 3.6 t of
CO2
(Meena et al.
2016).
29. Opinion Percentage(%) in
mitigation
Constraints
1. Methane from rice field
•Intermittent drying 25-30 Assured irrigation
•Direct-seeded rice 30-40 Machine, herbicide
•SRI (system of rice intensification) 20-25 Labour, assured irrigation
2. Methane from ruminants
• Balanced feeding 5-10 Cost, open grazing
• Feed additives 5-10 Cost, biosafety
• Efficient animals 10-20 Cost, acclimatization
3. Nitrous oxide from soil
• Site-specific N use 10-15 Awareness, fertilizer
policy
• Nitrification inhibitor 10-15 Cost, incentive
4. Carbon sequestration in soil
• Conservation agriculture 15-20 Continuity, small holding
• Organic farming 15-25 Manure availability, cost
Potential and constraints of greenhouse gas mitigation options
Pathak et al. (2014)
30. Mitigation Strategy Total emission
(kg CO2-eq/ha)
Percentage reduction
in emission intensity
Yield optimized N rate 1560 26
Economically optimized N
rate
1390 13.2
Use of controlled release
fertilizer
1507 5.9
Fertigation 1567 2.1
Legume crop rotation 1539 3.9
Solar power irrigation
pump
1470 8.1
Bio fuel powered farm
machinery
1546 3.4
Reduction in emissions due to the implementation of mitigation strategies
Hedayati et al. (2019)
31. Global warming potential (GWP) for three rice rotations
Janz et al. (2019)
=DS CH4 Emission
=WS CH4 emission
=DS N2O emission
=WS N2O emission
Paddy rice-paddy
rice
Paddy rice- aerobic rice
Paddy rice- maize
Three residue
management treatments
(C: Control, S: Straw,
M+S:Mungbean+Straw)
for land-preparation,
growing season,
and fallow period in dry
(DS) and wet Season
(WS).
mg
CO
2
-eq/ha
32. FP=Farmers practice; mid drain, midseason drainage; DSR=Direct-
seeded rice; TPR= Puddled transplanted rice; ZT=Zero tillage.
Global warming potential (GWP) of rice-wheat system under different resource conservation
technologies (RCT)
Pathak et al.
(2014)
33. Yadav et al. (2018)
Status of carbon footprint (CO2 eq kg/ha) under no tillage (NT) and conventional
tillage (CT)
Depth: 0 to 30 cm
Soil type: Clay loam.
CT-RI: CT with 100% residue incorporation (RI)
NT-RR: NT with 100% residue retention (RR)
34. Area-scaled N2O fluxes
(kg N2O–N ha−1 )
Area-scaled GWP N2O fluxes
(kg CO2 eq ha−1 )
Arable
Organic Non organic Organic Non organic
Mean SD
2.97 1.00
Mean SD
3.14 1.15
Mean SD
1209 470
Mean SD
1473 536
Grassland 0.89 0.16 5.64 2.52 418 76 2643 1118
Rice-paddies 5.33 4.60 2.28 0.30 2497 2152 1068 142
Effect of organic farming to reduced GHG emission
The mean cumulative area scaled annual (N2O) and (CH4) fluxes of the organic and non-
organic treatment for the different land uses.
Skinner et al. (2014)
Area-scaled CH4 fluxes
(kg CH4–C ha−1 )
Area-scaled GWP CH4 fluxes
(kg CO2-eq ha−1)
Arable
Organic Non organic Organic Non organic
Mean SD
−0.61 0.13
Mean SD
−0.54 0.11
Mean SD
−20.2 4.2
Mean SD
−18.0 3.6
Rice-paddies 180.68 27.29 145.70 7.23 6023 910 4857 241
35. Effects of biochar application on seasonal total CH4
emissions
Sun et al. (2019)
Eight biochar treatments (two feedstocks × two pyrolysis
temperatures × two application rates). Two control treatments:
(1) No application of urea-N fertilizer or biochar (control 1,
CK)(2) Application of urea-N but no biochar (control 2, CKU)
36. Research and Policy Options for GHGs Mitigation in Indian Agriculture
INCCA (2019)
The three Kyoto mechanisms include –
Joint Implementation (JI)
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
International Emission Trading (IET)
National Initiative on Climate resilient agriculture (NICRA).
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
Carbon Trading
37. Conclusions
High level of GHG emission from agriculture sector is causing serious threat globally
towards Global warming potential.
Estimation of CF from agriculture thus accruing a considerable attention.
Among all the agricultural inputs, synthetic fertilizers(N fertilizer) contributes the
maximum CF followed by diesel consumption, residue burning and continuous lowland
Paddy cultivation.
Increasing the carbon sequestration potential through resource conserve
technology(RCT) is a potential tool to deal with rising Agrarian CF.
Appropriate use of N fertilizer, crop diversification, lowland paddy management, biochar
application and organic farming are recommended measures for lowering the CF from
agriculture.
Adaption of such management strategies before cultivation are the key factors under
climate smart agriculture to reduce agriculture CF.
38. Future Thrust
Developing simple methodologies for quantifying GHGs emission from
agriculture and reducing uncertainties in emission coefficients.
Developing simulation models for integrated, regional assessment of GHGs
emission and mitigation coupling with remote sensing, GIS and web-
enabled reporting tools.
Assessing the technical, economic and socio-cultural feasibilities of
different GHGs mitigation technologies.