The document describes a student project to develop an A-GPS (Assisted GPS) system. 10 computer science students developed a GPS calculations module for a GSM network and an application to demonstrate its use. The project involved designing and implementing an A-GPS server to provide assisted GPS data to terminals, as well as a simulation tool to test the server's performance and an application called Trace Tool for demonstrating and testing the system.
A Review on Comparison of the Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETEditor IJCATR
In Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) with high number of nodes and high mobility the routing of packets is a difficult task. In this paper, we are reviewing different geographic routing protocols as geographic routing are efficient for highly mobile nodes and made the communication scalable. Different protocols compared are The Distance Routing Effect Algorithm (DREAM), Location Aided Routing (LAR) Calculation, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing(GPSR) as of late new convention comes which is exceedingly proficient is the Adaptive position update (APU) strategy and further the improved APU strategy and on the basis of performance metrics the protocols are compared and reveals that the Improved APU strategy gives the high packet delivery ratio, lower delay and low energy consumption.
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT Adaptive position update for geograp...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Improvising Network life time of Wireless sensor networks using mobile data a...Editor IJCATR
Energy consumption becomes a primary concern in a Wireless Sensor Network. To pursue high energy saving at sensor
nodes, a mobile collector should traverse the transmission range of each sensor in the field such that each data packet can be directly
transmitted to the mobile collector without any relay.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
A Review on Comparison of the Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETEditor IJCATR
In Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) with high number of nodes and high mobility the routing of packets is a difficult task. In this paper, we are reviewing different geographic routing protocols as geographic routing are efficient for highly mobile nodes and made the communication scalable. Different protocols compared are The Distance Routing Effect Algorithm (DREAM), Location Aided Routing (LAR) Calculation, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing(GPSR) as of late new convention comes which is exceedingly proficient is the Adaptive position update (APU) strategy and further the improved APU strategy and on the basis of performance metrics the protocols are compared and reveals that the Improved APU strategy gives the high packet delivery ratio, lower delay and low energy consumption.
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT Adaptive position update for geograp...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Improvising Network life time of Wireless sensor networks using mobile data a...Editor IJCATR
Energy consumption becomes a primary concern in a Wireless Sensor Network. To pursue high energy saving at sensor
nodes, a mobile collector should traverse the transmission range of each sensor in the field such that each data packet can be directly
transmitted to the mobile collector without any relay.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Introduction
Background
WSN Design Issues: MAC Protocols, Routing Protocols, Transport Protocols
Performance Modeling of WSNs: Performance Metrics, Basic Models, Network Models
Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span
Practical Example.
Analyzing the performance of the dynamicIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we are focused to analyse the performance of the two dimensional dynamic
Position Location and Tracking (PL&T) of mobile nodes. The architecture of the dynamic PL&T
is developed based on determining the potential zone of the target node (s) and then tracking
using the triangulation. We assume that the nodes are mobile and have one omnidirectional
antenna per node. The network architecture under consideration is cluster based Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) where at an instance of time, three nodes are used as reference nodes to track
target node(s) using triangulation method. The novel approach in this PL&T tracking method is
the “a priori” identification of the zone of the target node(s) within a circle with a reasonable
radios, and then placing the three reference nodes for the zone such that a good geometry is
created between the reference nodes and the target nodes to improve the accuracy of
triangulation method. The geometry of the reference nodes’ triangle is closer to equilateral
triangle and all potential target nodes are inside the circle. We establish the fact that when the
target node is moving linearly, the predictive method of zone finding is sufficient to track the
target node accurately. However, when the target node changes the direction, the predictive
method of zone finding will fail and we need to place the three references outside the zone such
that proper geometry with no one angle is less than 30 degrees is maintained to get accurate
PL&T location of the target node at each instance of time. The new zone is always formed for
each instance of time prior to triangulation.
In this paper, we demonstrate the accuracy of integrated zone finding and triangulation for
detecting the PL&T location the node at each instance of time within 1.5 foot accuracy. It should
be noted that as the target node is tracked continuously by applying the integrated zone finding
and triangulation algorithm at different instances of time, one foot accuracy can no longer be
maintained. Periodically, the good PL&T data on each node has to be established by
reinitializing the PL&T locations of the nodes including those that are used as reference nodes.
In this paper, the performance of the dynamic PL&T system is derived using Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel; and using AWGN plus Multi-path fading channel. The impact
of multipath fading on tracking accuracy is analysed using Rician Fading channel for MANET
applications outdoors. Our real time simulations show the PL&T tracking accuracy for the
mobile target nodes in both cases to be within 1.5 foot accuracy.
IP based communications over satellitesBektaş Şahin
IP based communications over satellites is a hard task however emerging technologies improve it's viability. This presentation gives some insight about how it is done and showcase some of the problems and solution approaches. Also some constellations are given as examples to how this process is done.
CONSENSUS BASED DATA AGGREGATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijdpsjournal
Our planet is abundant with raw data and to monitor the available data properly, processing of the enormous raw data is very vital. One of the key things in development of mankind and the nature is to acquire as much data as possible and to react appropriately in accordance with the studied data. It’s nothing but diagnosis of the physical world by studying the data acquired from them in order to take proper measures that can help in treating them better. Large volume of data incurs high energy consumption for its transmission and thus results in decrease of overall network lifetime.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of multiple sensor nodes that all together forms a network for transmitting data acquired by each sensor node to sink known as Base Station (BS). In hierarchical routing acquired data are sent via relay agents like Cluster Heads (CH). The Cluster Heads must be customised with computations and formulations, which will help in aggregating the gathered data, in order to reduce energy consumption while transmitting the data further in the network while maintaining the data integrity to withhold the significance of every single value in a data set.
A CROSS LAYER PROTOCOL BASED ON MAC AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR HEALTHCARE APPL...ijassn
Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in healthcare systems has had a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks like sensor data processing, health states decision making and emergency message sending are done by a remote server. Many patients with lots of sensor data consume a great deal of communication resources, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the decision time and notification time. A healthcare application for elderly people using WSN has been simulated in this paper. A WSN designed for the proposed healthcare application needs efficient MAC and routing protocols to provide a guarantee for the reliability of the data delivered from the patients to the medical centre. Based on these requirements, A cross layer based on the modified versions of APTEEN and GinMAC has been
designed and implemented, with new features, such as a mobility module and routes discovery algorithms have been added. Simulation results show that the proposed cross layer based protocol can conserve energy for nodes and provide the required performance such as life time of the network, delay and reliability for the proposed healthcare application.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
This ppt is about Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL),which is a means of determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting this info to a point where it can be stored & used with certain software and database applications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Introduction
Background
WSN Design Issues: MAC Protocols, Routing Protocols, Transport Protocols
Performance Modeling of WSNs: Performance Metrics, Basic Models, Network Models
Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span
Practical Example.
Analyzing the performance of the dynamicIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we are focused to analyse the performance of the two dimensional dynamic
Position Location and Tracking (PL&T) of mobile nodes. The architecture of the dynamic PL&T
is developed based on determining the potential zone of the target node (s) and then tracking
using the triangulation. We assume that the nodes are mobile and have one omnidirectional
antenna per node. The network architecture under consideration is cluster based Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) where at an instance of time, three nodes are used as reference nodes to track
target node(s) using triangulation method. The novel approach in this PL&T tracking method is
the “a priori” identification of the zone of the target node(s) within a circle with a reasonable
radios, and then placing the three reference nodes for the zone such that a good geometry is
created between the reference nodes and the target nodes to improve the accuracy of
triangulation method. The geometry of the reference nodes’ triangle is closer to equilateral
triangle and all potential target nodes are inside the circle. We establish the fact that when the
target node is moving linearly, the predictive method of zone finding is sufficient to track the
target node accurately. However, when the target node changes the direction, the predictive
method of zone finding will fail and we need to place the three references outside the zone such
that proper geometry with no one angle is less than 30 degrees is maintained to get accurate
PL&T location of the target node at each instance of time. The new zone is always formed for
each instance of time prior to triangulation.
In this paper, we demonstrate the accuracy of integrated zone finding and triangulation for
detecting the PL&T location the node at each instance of time within 1.5 foot accuracy. It should
be noted that as the target node is tracked continuously by applying the integrated zone finding
and triangulation algorithm at different instances of time, one foot accuracy can no longer be
maintained. Periodically, the good PL&T data on each node has to be established by
reinitializing the PL&T locations of the nodes including those that are used as reference nodes.
In this paper, the performance of the dynamic PL&T system is derived using Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel; and using AWGN plus Multi-path fading channel. The impact
of multipath fading on tracking accuracy is analysed using Rician Fading channel for MANET
applications outdoors. Our real time simulations show the PL&T tracking accuracy for the
mobile target nodes in both cases to be within 1.5 foot accuracy.
IP based communications over satellitesBektaş Şahin
IP based communications over satellites is a hard task however emerging technologies improve it's viability. This presentation gives some insight about how it is done and showcase some of the problems and solution approaches. Also some constellations are given as examples to how this process is done.
CONSENSUS BASED DATA AGGREGATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijdpsjournal
Our planet is abundant with raw data and to monitor the available data properly, processing of the enormous raw data is very vital. One of the key things in development of mankind and the nature is to acquire as much data as possible and to react appropriately in accordance with the studied data. It’s nothing but diagnosis of the physical world by studying the data acquired from them in order to take proper measures that can help in treating them better. Large volume of data incurs high energy consumption for its transmission and thus results in decrease of overall network lifetime.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of multiple sensor nodes that all together forms a network for transmitting data acquired by each sensor node to sink known as Base Station (BS). In hierarchical routing acquired data are sent via relay agents like Cluster Heads (CH). The Cluster Heads must be customised with computations and formulations, which will help in aggregating the gathered data, in order to reduce energy consumption while transmitting the data further in the network while maintaining the data integrity to withhold the significance of every single value in a data set.
A CROSS LAYER PROTOCOL BASED ON MAC AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR HEALTHCARE APPL...ijassn
Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in healthcare systems has had a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks like sensor data processing, health states decision making and emergency message sending are done by a remote server. Many patients with lots of sensor data consume a great deal of communication resources, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the decision time and notification time. A healthcare application for elderly people using WSN has been simulated in this paper. A WSN designed for the proposed healthcare application needs efficient MAC and routing protocols to provide a guarantee for the reliability of the data delivered from the patients to the medical centre. Based on these requirements, A cross layer based on the modified versions of APTEEN and GinMAC has been
designed and implemented, with new features, such as a mobility module and routes discovery algorithms have been added. Simulation results show that the proposed cross layer based protocol can conserve energy for nodes and provide the required performance such as life time of the network, delay and reliability for the proposed healthcare application.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
This ppt is about Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL),which is a means of determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting this info to a point where it can be stored & used with certain software and database applications.
-> Explanation of various techniques for Localization like Triangulation and Proximity Based Techniques. (OTDOA/ AOA/ GSM Fingerprinting/Hybrid technologies, etc.)
-> Working of GPS and its drawbacks.
-> AGPS- working and advantages.
-> E911 call processing in AGPS.
->Location Based Services in 4G
A Novel Range-Free Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor NetworksGiselleginaGloria
This paper present a low-cost yet effective localization scheme for the wireless sensor networks. There are many studies in the literature of locating the sensors in the wireless sensor networks. Most of them require either installing extra hardware or having a certain amount of sensor nodes with known positions. The localization scheme we propose in this paper is range-free, i.e., not requiring extra hardware devices, and meanwhile it only needs two anchor nodes with known position. Firstly, we install the first anchor node at the lower left corner (Sink X) and the other anchor node at the lower right corner (Sink Y). Then we calculate the minimum hop counts for each unknown node to both Sink X and Sink Y. According to the minimum hop count pair to Sink X and Sink Y of each node, we can virtually divide the monitored region into zones. We then estimate the coordinate of each sensor depending on its located zone. Finally, we adjust the location estimation of each sensor according to its relative position in the zone. We simulate our proposed scheme and the well-known DV-Hop method. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme is superior to the DV-Hop method under both low density and high density sensor deployments.
A comprehensive insight towards pre-processing methodologies applied on GPS d...IJECEIAES
Reliability in the utilization of the Global Positioning System (GPS) data demands a higher degree of accuracy with respect to time and positional information required by the user. However, various extrinsic and intrinsic parameters disrupt the data transmission phenomenon from GPS satellite to GPS receiver which always questions the trustworthiness of such data. Therefore, this manuscript offers a comprehensive insight into the data preprocessing methodologies evolved and adopted by present-day researchers. The discussion is carried out with respect to standard methods of data cleaning as well as diversified existing research-based approaches. The review finds that irrespective of a good number of work carried out to address the problem of data cleaning, there are critical loopholes in almost all the existing studies. The paper extracts open end research problems as well as it also offers an evidential insight using use-cases where it is found that still there is a critical need to investigate data cleaning methods.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
NOVEL POSITION ESTIMATION USING DIFFERENTIAL TIMING INFORMATION FOR ASYNCHRON...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
Minimization of Handoff Latency by Co-ordinate Evaluation Method Using GPS Ba...VLSICS Design
Handoff has become an essential criterion in mobile communication system, specially in urban areas, owing to the limited coverage area of Access Points (AP). Handover of calls between two BS is encountered frequently and it is essentially required to minimize the delay of the process. Many solutions attempting to improve this process have been proposed but only a few use geo-location systems in the management of the handover. Here we propose to minimize the handoff latency by minimizing the number of APs scanned by the mobile node (MN) during each handoff procedure. We consider the whole topographical area as a two dimensional plane. By GPS, we can note down the co-ordinates of the MN at any instant. The average rate of change of its latitudinal distance and longitudinal distance with a specific time period is evaluated at the end of the given time period. With the knowledge of the given parameter, it is possible to determine the latitude and longitude of the MN after a particular instant of time. Hence the direction of motion of the MN can be determined which in turns gives the AP towards which the MN is heading towards. This reduces the number of APs to be scanned. Thus, on an overall basis, the handoff latency can be reduced by almost half to one third of its value.
MINIMIZATION OF HANDOFF LATENCY BY CO-ORDINATE EVALUATION METHOD USING GPS BA...VLSICS Design
Handoff has become an essential criterion in mobile communication system, specially in urban areas, owing to the limited coverage area of Access Points (AP). Handover of calls between two BS is encountered frequently and it is essentially required to minimize the delay of the process. Many solutions attempting to improve this process have been proposed but only a few use geo-location systems in the management of the handover. Here we propose to
minimize the handoff latency by minimizing the number of APs scanned by the mobile node (MN) during each handoff procedure. We consider the whole topographical area as a two dimensional plane. By GPS, we can note
down the co-ordinates of the MN at any instant. The average rate of change of its latitudinal distance and longitudinal distance with a specific time period is evaluated at the end of the given time period. With the knowledge of the given parameter, it is possible to determine the latitude and longitude of the MN after a particular instant of time. Hence the direction of motion of the MN can be determined which in turns gives the AP towards which the MN is heading towards. This reduces the number of APs to be scanned. Thus, on an overall basis, the handoff latency can be reduced by almost half to one third of its value.
Recently technological and population development, the usage of vehicles is rapidly increasing and at the
same time the occurrence accident is also increased. Hence, the value of human life is ignored. No one can prevent
the accident, but can save their life by expediting the ambulance to the hospital in time. The objective of this
scheme is to minimize the delay caused by traffic congestion and to provide the smooth flow of emergency
vehicles. The concept of this scheme is to green the traffic signal in the path of ambulance automatically so that
the ambulance can reach the spot in time and human life can be saved. The main server finds the ambulance
through mail. At the same time, it controls the traffic light according to the ambulance location and thus arriving at
the hospital safely. This scheme is fully automated, thus it locates emergency vehicle and controls the traffic
lights, provide the shortest path to reach the hospital in time.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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Agps05
1. Developing A-GPS as a Student Project
Bahram Bahar, Adam Bolcsfoldi, Jonas Falkevik, Roger Jakobsen, Kristoffer
Kobosko, Jimmy K¨llstr¨m Alexander Harju, Andreas Hasselberg, Johan
a o
Persson, Mattias Wadman
Olle G¨llmo, Anders Hessel, Leonid Mokrushin, Paul Pettersson
a
Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University
P.O. Box 337, S-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
Email: {baba0967, adbo1405, jofa4567, roja5225, krko7365, jika8285,
alha3869, anha0825, jope2553, mawa0881}@student.uu.se,
{crwth,hessel,leom,paupet}@it.uu.se
Abstract. The project consists of ten fourth-year computer science stu-
dents at Uppsala Universitet developing an A-GPS (Assisted-GPS) sys-
tem. During the fall term of 2005 the students have developed a module
for GPS-calculations in a GSM-network and an application that demon-
strates a possible way of using the calculations module. This paper de-
scribes the design, the development process and the results of the project.
1 Introduction
GPS is a system designed for positioning objects on and around the earth. The
system is based on one way communication where the satellite provides the GPS
receiver with the satellite’s position along with other information the can be used
to decide the distance between the satellite and the GPS receiver. A benefit of
this design is that there is now communication from the GPS receivers to the
satellites, ensuring that the satellites can not be affected by the GPS receivers.
The design however also has two great disadvantages: a receiever can not prompt
a satellite for data as it is needed, but instead has to wait for the satellite to
broadcast the necessary information. The other great disadvantage is that the
information used to calculate the distance between the satellites and the receiver
is much harder to retrieve than the lesser data of the satellite’s position.
2 Preliminaries
2.1 GPS
The system is based on a minimum of 24 satellites that moves in 6 orbital
tracks. Each satellite moves at approximately 2 km/s at an altitude of 20200
km, broadcasting signals continuously. It is known for every broadcasted signal,
which satellite emitted it and at what time. Given the position of a satellite
and a sufficient chunk of a signal, a GPS receiver can confine its position to
2. the surface of a sphere. This is calculated knowing how fast the signal travels
coupled with the time at which the signal was sent by the satellite.
Other aspects that must be taken into consideration is the distortion asso-
ciated with the signal traveling through the atmosphere and the distance the
satellite has traveled since the signal was sent. The scope of possible positions
is reduced for ever satellite this is calculadet. It requires suffcient information
from four satellites to be collected in order pinpoint the position of a receiver.
2.2 Assisted-GPS
In an Assisted-GPS system, the terminal is aided during some of the stages
of the positioning process. The aid provided depends on the terminal’s needs.
However, all A-GPS terminals receive information on which satellites that are
above the horizon from an estimate of the terminal’s position, calculated using
knowledge of the GSM-network’s infrastructure. This information can be hard
for the terminal itself to receive from the satellites if the terminal doesn’t have
sufficiently clear sight to the satellites.
2.3 Erlang
Erlang [1] is a ”concurrent functional programming language”. It is designed
to perform multiple distributed tasks concurrently. This is achieved by making
processes lightweight by limiting them to solely using stack based memory. Er-
lang needs a run-time environment since it is by default an interpreted language.
Open Telecom Platform [2] is a library developed by Ericsson AB that defines a
large portion of Erlangs behaviour, since much of Erlang development is based
on this library.
Mnesia Mnesia is a real-time distributed database management system, imple-
mented in Erlang. It is especially appropriate for telecommunication applications
and other Erlang applications with need of continuous operation and that exhibit
soft real-time properties.
2.4 Project Course
The A-GPS project stems from a project course at Uppsala University. During
the start of the course lectures about projects where held. The purpose of the
project is to learn how to work in and plan a large project.
3 How A-GPS Works
3.1 The server
The A-GPS system adds a server to the existing GPS system. The server uses a
GSM-network for communication with the terminal, and the Internet for retrieval
of satellite position information. Therefore the A-GPS server must be placed in
between a GSM-network and the Internet.
3. 3.2 Traffic
The terminal to be positioned will first receive a message via WAP-push which
contains information on where to connect. The terminal then connects using
GPRS and the protocol SUPL (Secure User Plane Location), used for transmit-
ting data between the terminal and the server.
When connected, information about the terminal’s location in the GSM-
network is collected by the server. Provided with that information, the server
gets current GPS-satellite data relevant to the terminal’s location. The server
then sends assistance data to the terminal corresponding to its requirements.
Upon receiving the assistance data, the terminal starts to listen for satellites
for retrieving pseudo-ranges, which are used to calculate the actual position.
These calculations can be done either by the phone itself or by the server. If it
is calculated on the server, the terminal sends the pseudo-ranges to the server
for processing. If not, the calculated position is sent.
3.3 Assistance data
Assistance data contains information about the satellites that are above the
horizon from the terminals point of view. There are thre advantages of receiving
assistance data using GPRS over the GSM-network.
– GPRS is package based, where as the GPS-system broadcasts the corre-
sponding information, reducing the risk of losing data.
– The GSM network has better coverage indoors, also contributing to a reduced
risk of losing data.
– Only relevant information is provided, reducing the amount of processing for
the terminal.
The protocol used for assistance data is the Radio Resource Location Services
Protocol [3]. RRLP is a general protocol that can be used for many different
purposes of mobile location communication.
4 System Description
4.1 A-GPS server
Assistance data retrieval Only a few of the required parameter in the RRLP-
protocol are actually mandatory. It is the task of the developer determine what
information the terminal needs for pseudo distance measurement.
The developed application uses Mnesia to store data about the satellites.
The data is collected from NASAs ftp archive (cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov), which holds
hourly updates of the satellites position as well as other data. This is done peri-
odically at an interval of 30 minutes, to ensure the most recent data available is
used. The data is then processed and put in the Mnesia database. Also stored is
a table containing a geographical grid where every cell/record has a list of satel-
lites currently visible from within that cell, calculated using the data collected
from the ftp archive. This process runs every ten seconds to ensure that the data
is correct.
4. Request handling The part of the A-GPS server handling requests from the
MLC has two major components: the traffic manager and the calculation man-
ager. Both are separate long running processes that spawn rocesses, called han-
dlers, to do the actual work. In a distributed Erlang environment, the managers
could easily be replaced by other handlers on different Erlang nodes when han-
dling high traffic loads.
Traffic manager The traffic manager waits for positioning requests from the
MLC. To be able to handle multiple requests at the same time it will spawn a
separate traffic handler process for each new request.
Traffic handler The traffic handler takes care of the RRLP communication
with the terminal and performs encoding, decoding and segmentation of mes-
sages. On initiation, it will call the calculation manager to start a new Calcula-
tion handler dedicated to this position request and ask it to calculate assistance
data. On response, it will send the data together with a position request to the
terminal. Upon receiving the position response from the terminal, it will, de-
pending on response type, ask the calculation handler for position calculations
and wait for it to response with position, or if the terminal did the positioning
it will directly send the position to the MLC.
Calculation manager The calculation manager waits for requests from traf-
fic handlers, and as the traffic manager it will also spawn seperate calculation
handlers to handle the requests.
Calculation handler The calculation handler takes care of all satellite and
GPS related calculations. Upon being called, it waits for assistance data or po-
sition measurement requests from its traffic handler.
A-GPS server environment simulation The SMLC Simulation Tool main
purpose is to measure the performance of the A-GPS server. This is done by,
during some time interval, creating a large number of positioning requests and
measure the response time for each. The time for each step in the positioning
is measured, except for the data transfer to and from the terminal and the
time it takes for the GPS-chip to locate the satellites. These values are instead
simulated with fixed values that either can be configured before and/or changed
in run-time.
The results of a simulation can be logged to a file and the current status of
the benchmark can be printed to the console. This information can be printed
continuously at a configurable interval that can be changed in run-time. Func-
tionality for changing the interval of positioning requests to at least one per
millisecond, and for changing the positioning method between MS-based and
MS-assisted has also been implemented. The number of visible satellites for the
terminal can also be changed in run-time.
For each positioning request, the number of satellites in view for the terminal,
the positioning method, the time spent for each step of the positioning and the
time spent in total is logged. The current number of position requests and the
current number of positions received is continuously printed to the console. As
well as the current minimum, maximum and average positioning time. Provided
5. that the number of requests does not grow at a higher rate than the number
of responses, the system is stable. Because of this important characteristic, also
the difference is printed to the console each interval.
The simulator is implemented as a finite state machine and simulates both an
SMLC and a terminal. A new process is spawned for each position request. This
approach is made possible thanks to lighweight property of Erlang-processes. The
logging is performed using events and an event manager that can log to either
the console, a file or both. The simulator acts as, and consequently uses the same
protocols for communication, as the MLC. Further information is available in
the the ”Communication with MLC”-section.
Communication with MLC An application initiates a positioning request byt
sending a WAP-push SMS to the MLC, prompting it to connect to a specified
address and port. Once the connection is established the SUPL protocol is used
for information exchange. The calculation of position on the A-GPS server is
started by the MLC using a remote procedure call.
After a link has been established, all communication is done with an interface
using process communication. Information is packed with the Radio Resource
Location Protocol (RRLP). The MLC puts all RRLP messages sent from the A-
GPS server in a SUPL message, and forwards it to the terminal. The simplicity
of process communication in Erlang enables distribution of the A-GPS server
and the MLC on different nodes without effort.
The RRLP protocol specifies five different messages including ”Measure Po-
sition Request”, ”Measure Position Response”, ”Assistance Data”, ”Assistance
Data Acknowledgment” and ”Protocol Error”. ”Measure Position Request” is
sent from the A-GPS server to the terminal and includes assistance data. It may
be preceded by up to seven ”Assistance Data” messages, due to the maximum
size of a message. The terminal responds to all ”Assistance Data” messages with
an ”Assistance Data Acknowledgment”. The terminal responds to a request with
a ”Measure Position Response”-message that includes either a pseudo range in-
formation or a position, depending on the method of positioning. In either case,
the terminal might respond with a ”Protocol Error” indicating an error with the
data sent.
Calculations The calculations that are implemented in the A-GPS server can
be divided into three different groups.
– Matrix and Vector calculations library As most other 3D calculation systems,
the calculations the system is dependent on matrix and vector algebra in
order to calculate positions, distances and angles. The matrix algebra library
contains several functions, ranging from simple functions such as one that
creates a new matrix to more complex ones, e.g. one which calculates the
inverse of a matrix through the method of gauss elimination. The vector
algebra library contains functions of which many are used by the matrix
algebra library.
6. – Geodetics and angles The geodetics and angles calculation and conversion
modules are used in order to wander between the different coordinate system
formats used in the system. Currently the system uses a number of different
formats, namely, cartesian, radian-based ellipsoidal and degree-based ellip-
soidal. These formats are based on the same system, the WGS84 ellipsoid.
Further conversions and transformations to systems based on other ellipsoids
are in the module transforms. These systems however are not used by the
position calculation itself, but rather to convert the position so that it fits
the maps used in Trace tool.
– Assistance data calculations In order to cut down the satellite signal search
time for the Mobile Station, functionality for checking whether a satellite
is in view or not has been implemented. It also checks the health of the
satellite. The The satellite’s positions are cached in the database and then
used to determine which satellites are visible in each grid. The Assistance
data calculations module uses the vector and matrix algebra modules to a
very high extent.
– Position calculations The most complex function of the whole calculations
part of the system is the one that calculates the position of the receiver.
It uses almost all other functions in the modules. The algorithm behind it
uses the least squares method on matrices in order to calculate a correction
to an initial ’wrong’ position in X, Y, Z dimensions and a time error. By
iterating over the difference between each time the error is corrected, a fixed
point is reached. And the final correction is added to the position. As inputs
the function takes a set of satellite observations data. The algorithm heavily
depends on the matrix, vector and geodetic modules.
4.2 Trace Tool
Trace Tool was designed to be used for demonstrating and testing the A-GPS
server. It consists of a map renderer, a map database and a tracer.
Map-renderer The map-renderer’s main task is to convert a GenMap-file (Gen-
eral Map format) to Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and Portable Network
Graphics (PNG) files. Batik, a SVG-package for java, was used to implement
the SVG generation and manipulation. The SVG can be used to generate PDF-
documents. The PNG:s are used to generate images that are intended to be
displayed on the web interface. The GenMap-files are adapted to the limited
resources of the mobile appication.
Map database generation The map database stores map data in three for-
mats, SVG, PNG and GenMap. The database stores complete tilings of images
of the world at multiple zoom levels. The images are saved in files and in paths
in a way that they can be identified by what area they cover.
7. Map database usage The requests to the map database consitsts of three
fields: a centerpoint, a zoom-level and an image-format. The image files corre-
sponding to the portion of the map requested is extracted, tiled properly, and
returned.to build a map.
Map conversion Lanm¨teriet and other parties delivering geographical data
a
do so using one of the two common GIS formats ESRI Shape or MapInfo. This
implementation of Tracetool focuses soley on ESRI Shape since it is the only
format Lantm¨teriet uses. ESRI Shape is a relatively primitive binary format.
a
It uses shape files, containing the geographical data set, and database files (in
dBase format) containing so-called Attribute data, i.e. miscellaneous information
about each geographic entity in the shape file.
Furthermore, ESRI Shape uses a complicated system of varying bit order
in all of its fields. Since no Java API for handling ESRI Shape input data was
availiable, it was decided that the C API Shapelib was to be used. In a Java
project such as Trace Tool, this means the neccessary bindings between C and
Java code need to be provided. The approach was to use Java Native Interface
(JNI), which would link the C-code of the importer, compiled as a dynamic
loadable library, with the Java Virtual Machine.
The importer, called libgenmap, uses a filter file in a readable XML format
to translate the shape and attribute data to a generic map format in XML called
GenMap. The filter file sets the rules for the conversion. Since Shape data can
exist in every language rules for translating element names into english as well
as drawing data, such as stroke width and color in the filter file, is provided. By
making it possible to create one filter file per shape file provider, it is ensured
that Trace Tool works with any provider of geographical data, always generating
map data of the same kind for use of Trace Tool, as long as the ESRI Shape
standard is complied with. After the translation process, the resulting map data
is delieverd to Trace Tool in the generic XML-based GenMap format, where it
is added to the geographical database.
Tracing of subscribers Traces are iplemented by running separate threads for
each tracing, that each make positioning requests at a fixed interval. A trace-
thread runs during the whole duration of the trace and stores each successful
positioning in a database. The traces can then be retrieved by the GUI and
plotted as a path on the map or exported for external analysis.
Mobile application The mobile interface is an elementary positioning applica-
tion developed for the J2ME [4] MIDP 2.0 [5] platform. It displays the position
of an AGPS-client along with a map of the surroundings. The view can be nav-
igated by zooming and scrolling. The position is retrieved from an AGPS-server
and the map data from a specialized server.
Web interface The web interface contains functionality for managing sub-
scribers as well as starting, stopping and showing traces. The interface commu-
8. nicates soley with Trace Tool using XML. It uses sockets to send commands to
Trace Tool, and receives either the requested information or a status code of the
requested command.
The web interface is a single user interface and therefore does not handle
different interface users. The web interface is developed in Java and generates
XHTML. A signle file contains all text to be displayed in the user interface,
which provides an easy way of changing the language.
Command line interface A command line interface for Trace Tool has been
implemented to control the core features of the system. In addition to the com-
mands available in the web interface, the command line interface enables func-
tionality for map generation and generating test pictures.
5 Evaluation and Testing
5.1 Evaluating calculations libraries
For evaluating the correctness of the calculations library, a test server was used.
The test Server runs test suites, written in Erlang so that every function con-
stitues a test, and logs the result to text and HTML files. During testing a few
bugs where found and the error management where looked over.
5.2 A-GPS server
The A-GPS server’s external interfaces were tested by using the simulation tools.
The quality of computation, computation performance and RRLP error detec-
tion was tested.
6 Conclusion
The A-GPS server The implementation of the A-GPS server can on a whole
be regarded as a success. Even though one part of the assistance data can’t be
determined properly the server’s performance exceeded our expectations. The A-
GPS server meets the performance requirements thanks to the supervisor/worker
implementation. The communication between the MLC and terminal was imple-
mented successfully.
Calculations All vector, matrix, and positioning algorithms were implemented
and tested. When a complete positioning was made using real data in the correct
format, the retrieved position was within the required margin of error.
9. The simulation tools The SMLC simulation tool was used both as a test
tool of concurrent communication and performance of the A-GPS server. In
the future, it will be possible to use the SMLC simulation tool to measure the
response time of a complete positioning communication sequence of a live A-
GPS server. Due to lack of terminals that supported SUPL communication the
WAP-push component weren’t properly tested.
Trace tool During the early stages of the project the purpose of the application
part was more or less arbitrary. Consequently, it was decided that a map display
and positioning was to be developed. It was to consist of a web application and
a mobile application that communicate with a map data server. The mobile
application was decided to be bare bone, while the web application should offer
account features, allowing the user to store and track mobile phone number etc..
These ideas were however revised roughly halfway through on account of Mobile
Arts requesting a tool for tracing positioning. The trace tool now implements
much of the functionality requested by Mobile Arts.
10. References
1. Joe Armstrong, Bjarne Dacker, Thomas Lindgren, and H ˚ kan Millroth. Open-
a
source erlang - white paper. http://www.erlang.org/white paper.html.
2. Seved Torstendahl. Open telecom platform.
http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/review/1997 01/files/1997012.pdf,
1997.
3. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3ggp ts 44.031 v7.2.0.
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/44031.htm.
4. Sun Microsystems. Java 2 platform, micro edition. http://java.sun.com/j2me.
5. Sun Microsystems. Java 2 platform, micro edition.
http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr118/.